. . . . . . "20537542"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "\u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0636\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0632\u0648\u062F \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062A\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0634\u062D\u064A\u0645 (POL). \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062A \u062C\u0632\u0621\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062B\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628. \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062F\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064A \u00AB\u0645\u062D\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u00BB \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0646\u062A\u062C \u060C \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u062F\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062E\u0632\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0648\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u062A\u064A\u0629. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628\u060C \u062D\u062F\u062F\u062A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u0627\u062F \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062A\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628\u060C \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A \u0628\u0647\u062C\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940. \u0628\u0639\u062F \u062F\u062E\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 (\u062F\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1941) \u060C \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062A \u0647\u062C\u0645\u0627\u062A \u00AB\u00BB \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 - \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943. \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0647\u062F\u0641\u062A \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u063A\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064A\u062C \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0644 1945. \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u062A\u0628\u0627\u064A\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062F \u0623\u0647\u062F\u0627\u0641 POL\u060C \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062F\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0647\u0632\u064A\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062C\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0636\u062F \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0639\u062F\u0627\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1944. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062B\u0644: \n* \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0644\u0625\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u0623\u063A\u0633\u0637\u0633 - \u0633\u0628\u062A\u0645\u0628\u0631 1941) \u0644\u062A\u0623\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064A \n* \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0636\u062F \u062C\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 (1941-1942) \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \n* \u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062E\u062A \u0646\u062D\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 ( \u0643\u064A\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u062F\u064A\u0644\u0648\u064A\u0633 ) \u0641\u064A \u0635\u064A\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1942 \n* \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1944\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062D\u0631\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "--08-01"^^ . . . . "Les bombardements strat\u00E9giques alli\u00E9s contre les ressources p\u00E9troli\u00E8res de l'Axe (en anglais, Oil Campaign of World War II) proc\u00E8dent d'une campagne militaire de bombardement strat\u00E9gique contre les pays de l'Axe qui visait \u00E0 r\u00E9duire leurs r\u00E9serves de produits p\u00E9troliers (p\u00E9trole brut, hydrocarbures et lubrifiants). Les bombardements ciblaient les raffineries de p\u00E9trole, les sites de synth\u00E8se de l'essence, les d\u00E9p\u00F4ts et les installations connexes. Un important raid survint pendant l'op\u00E9ration Tidal Wave en 1943 : il s'agissait de la premi\u00E8re attaque \u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur d'un pays sous contr\u00F4le allemand. Le \u00AB dernier raid strat\u00E9gique majeur \u00BB de cette campagne eut lieu contre une raffinerie norv\u00E9gienne en avril 1945."@fr . . "during World War II"@en . . . . . ";RAF Bomber Command: 158 strikes" . . "--05-15"^^ . . . "See Defence of the Reich"@en . "" . . . . "Kampanye minyak Perang Dunia II"@in . . . "The Allied oil campaign of World War II pitted the RAF and the USAAF against facilities supplying Nazi Germany with petroleum, oil, and lubrication (POL) products. It formed part of the immense Allied strategic bombing effort during the war. The targets in Germany and in Axis-controlled Europe included refineries, synthetic-fuel factories, storage depots and other POL-infrastructure. The strategic importance of oil resources in World War II also showed in campaigns such as:"@en . . . . . "Les bombardements strat\u00E9giques alli\u00E9s contre les ressources p\u00E9troli\u00E8res de l'Axe (en anglais, Oil Campaign of World War II) proc\u00E8dent d'une campagne militaire de bombardement strat\u00E9gique contre les pays de l'Axe qui visait \u00E0 r\u00E9duire leurs r\u00E9serves de produits p\u00E9troliers (p\u00E9trole brut, hydrocarbures et lubrifiants). Les bombardements ciblaient les raffineries de p\u00E9trole, les sites de synth\u00E8se de l'essence, les d\u00E9p\u00F4ts et les installations connexes. Un important raid survint pendant l'op\u00E9ration Tidal Wave en 1943 : il s'agissait de la premi\u00E8re attaque \u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur d'un pays sous contr\u00F4le allemand. Le \u00AB dernier raid strat\u00E9gique majeur \u00BB de cette campagne eut lieu contre une raffinerie norv\u00E9gienne en avril 1945."@fr . . "Oil campaign"@en . . . . . . "1940-05-15"^^ . . . . . "; in 1945 : 175 strikes (31 RAF)" . . "Allied victory"@en . "; US : 5,400 aircraft lost" . "Campanha de petr\u00F3leo da Segunda Guerra Mundial"@pt . . . . "* Richard Peirse \n* Carl Spaatz \n* Arthur Harris"@en . . "Bombardements strat\u00E9giques alli\u00E9s contre les ressources p\u00E9troli\u00E8res de l'Axe"@fr . . . . "" . "\u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . "27091"^^ . . . "; US : 5,400 aircraft lost"@en . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . "Oil campaign"@en . . "; USAAF : 347 strikes\n; RAF Bomber Command : 158 strikes\n; in 1945 : 175 strikes"@en . . . . . . . . . "the Strategic Bombing Campaign in Europe"@en . . . "Kampanye minyak Perang Dunia II oleh Sekutu:11 merupakan aksi pasukan RAF dan USAAF terhadap fasilitas yang memasok Jerman Nazi dengan produk minyak bumi dan pelumas. Kampanye ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang dahsyat selama PD II. Target pengeboman ini adalah Jerman dan \"Poros Eropa\", yang meliputi kilang minyak, pabrik yang memproduksi bahan bakar sintetis, depot penyimpanan minyak, dan sumber daya infrastruktur minyak lainnya. Sebelum perang, Britania Raya telah menyelidiki ketergantungan Jerman terhadap minyak dan produknya untuk pengoperasian mesin perang, dan pengeboman strategis dimulai dengan serangan RAF terhadap Jerman pada tahun 1940. Setelah AS memasuki kancah peperangan pada Desember 1941, ia melancarkan pengeboman presisi siang hari \u2013 seperti Operasi Tidal Wave terhadap kilang di Rumania pada tahun 1943. Serangan strategis besar terakhir dalam teater perang Eropa menargetkan kilang di Norwegia pada bulan April 1945. Kepentingan strategis dalam Perang Dunia II juga ditunjukkan dalam kampanye seperti: \n* (Agustus-September 1941) untuk menguasai akses ke ladang minyak Persia \n* Serangan strategis Jepang terhadap Hindia Belanda (1941-1942) untuk membuka akses ke sumber daya minyak dan karet yang diembargo \n* Serangan Wehrmacht terhadap Baku dan ladang minyak Kaukasus (Case Blue dan Operasi Edelweiss) pada musim panas 1942 \n* pada tahun 1944 untuk menguasai ladang minyak Ploesti"@in . . ""@en . . . . "Kampanye minyak Perang Dunia II oleh Sekutu:11 merupakan aksi pasukan RAF dan USAAF terhadap fasilitas yang memasok Jerman Nazi dengan produk minyak bumi dan pelumas. Kampanye ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang dahsyat selama PD II. Target pengeboman ini adalah Jerman dan \"Poros Eropa\", yang meliputi kilang minyak, pabrik yang memproduksi bahan bakar sintetis, depot penyimpanan minyak, dan sumber daya infrastruktur minyak lainnya. Kepentingan strategis dalam Perang Dunia II juga ditunjukkan dalam kampanye seperti:"@in . . . . "1095450569"^^ . . . . ";USAAF: 347 strikes" . "A campanha petrol\u00EDfera na Segunda Guerra Mundial, promovida pelos Aliados, op\u00F4s a RAF e a USAAF \u00E0s instala\u00E7\u00F5es que abasteciam a Alemanha Nazista com produtos de petr\u00F3leo, \u00F3leo e lubrifica\u00E7\u00E3o (POL). Fazia parte do imenso esfor\u00E7o de bombardeio estrat\u00E9gico dos Aliados durante a guerra. Os alvos na Alemanha e no Eixo Europa inclu\u00EDram refinarias, f\u00E1bricas de combust\u00EDvel sint\u00E9tico, dep\u00F3sitos de armazenamento e outras infraestruturas de POL. Antes da guerra, a Gr\u00E3-Bretanha identificou a depend\u00EAncia da Alemanha de petr\u00F3leo e derivados para sua m\u00E1quina de guerra, e o bombardeio estrat\u00E9gico come\u00E7ou com ataques da RAF \u00E0 Alemanha em 1940. Depois que os Estados Unidos entraram na guerra (dezembro de 1941), eles realizaram \" diurnos\" \u2014 como a contra refinarias na Rom\u00EAnia em 1943. O \u00FAltimo grande ataque estrat\u00E9gico do teatro europeu da guerra teve como alvo uma refinaria na Noruega em abril de 1945. Durante a guerra, o esfor\u00E7o despendido contra alvos de POL variou, com relativa prioridade \u00E0s vezes dada a outros objetivos, como derrotar os ataques com armas-V alem\u00E3s ou aos preparativos para a invas\u00E3o da Europa Ocidental em 1944. A import\u00E2ncia estrat\u00E9gica dos na Segunda Guerra Mundial tamb\u00E9m se manifestou em campanhas como: \n* a invas\u00E3o anglo-sovi\u00E9tica do Ir\u00E3 (agosto-setembro de 1941) para garantir o acesso ao petr\u00F3leo persa \n* a do Jap\u00E3o contra as \u00CDndias Orientais Holandesas (1941-1942) para acessar novamente os recursos de petr\u00F3leo e borracha embargados \n* a movimenta\u00E7\u00E3o da Wehrmacht em dire\u00E7\u00E3o a Bacu e os campos de petr\u00F3leo do C\u00E1ucaso (Caso Azul e Opera\u00E7\u00E3o Edelweiss) no ver\u00E3o de 1942 \n* a ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o sovi\u00E9tica da Rom\u00EAnia em 1944, que privou o Eixo dos importantes campos de petr\u00F3leo de Ploesti"@pt . . . . . "(until 1944)" . . . . . "Oil campaign of World War II"@en . . "(4,300 by fighters)" . . . . . . . "A campanha petrol\u00EDfera na Segunda Guerra Mundial, promovida pelos Aliados, op\u00F4s a RAF e a USAAF \u00E0s instala\u00E7\u00F5es que abasteciam a Alemanha Nazista com produtos de petr\u00F3leo, \u00F3leo e lubrifica\u00E7\u00E3o (POL). Fazia parte do imenso esfor\u00E7o de bombardeio estrat\u00E9gico dos Aliados durante a guerra. Os alvos na Alemanha e no Eixo Europa inclu\u00EDram refinarias, f\u00E1bricas de combust\u00EDvel sint\u00E9tico, dep\u00F3sitos de armazenamento e outras infraestruturas de POL. A import\u00E2ncia estrat\u00E9gica dos na Segunda Guerra Mundial tamb\u00E9m se manifestou em campanhas como:"@pt . "The Allied oil campaign of World War II pitted the RAF and the USAAF against facilities supplying Nazi Germany with petroleum, oil, and lubrication (POL) products. It formed part of the immense Allied strategic bombing effort during the war. The targets in Germany and in Axis-controlled Europe included refineries, synthetic-fuel factories, storage depots and other POL-infrastructure. Before the war, Britain had identified Germany's reliance on oil and oil products for its war machine, and the strategic bombing started with RAF attacks on Germany in 1940. After the US entered the war (December 1941), it carried out daytime \"precision bombing\" attacks \u2013 such as Operation Tidal Wave against refineries in Romania in 1943. The last major strategic raid of the European theater of the war targeted a refinery in Norway in April 1945. During the war the effort expended against POL targets varied, with relative priority sometimes given to other objectives (such as to defeating the German V-weapon attacks or to preparations for the invasion of western Europe in 1944). The strategic importance of oil resources in World War II also showed in campaigns such as: \n* the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (August\u2013September 1941) to secure access to Persian oil \n* Japan's strategic offensive against the Dutch East Indies (1941\u20131942) to re-access embargoed oil and rubber resources \n* the Wehrmacht's drive towards Baku and the oilfields of the Caucasus (Case Blue and Operation Edelweiss) in the summer of 1942 \n* the Soviet invasion of Romania in August 1944, which deprived the Axis of the important Ploesti oil-fields"@en . "SeeDefence of the Reich" . . . 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