"Okishio-Theorem"@de . "El teorema de Okishio es un teorema formulado por el economista japon\u00E9s . Ha tenido un impacto importante en los debates marxistas en torno a la teor\u00EDa del valor trabajo. Intuitivamente, se puede entender arguyendo que si un capitalista eleva sus ganancias mediante la introducci\u00F3n de una nueva t\u00E9cnica que reduce sus costes, la tasas de ganancia colectiva - para todos los capitalistas - sube. Okishio [1961] establece este teorema en el supuesto de que el salario real - el precio de la cesta de productos b\u00E1sicos que consumen los trabajadores - se mantiene constante. Por lo tanto, el teorema a\u00EDsla el efecto de la innovaci\u00F3n pura de los cambios consiguientes en el salario. Por esta raz\u00F3n, el teorema, propuesto por primera vez en 1961, despert\u00F3 gran inter\u00E9s y controversia porque, seg\u00FAn Okishio, est\u00E1 en contradicci\u00F3n con la ley marxista de la tasa de ganancia decreciente. Marx hab\u00EDa afirmado que la nueva tasa general de ganancia, tras la introducci\u00F3n de una nueva t\u00E9cnica, ser\u00EDa menor que antes. En palabras modernas, los capitalistas ser\u00EDan v\u00EDctimas de una trampa de la racionalidad, pudiendo tambi\u00E9n expresarse de acuerdo con el resultado del dilema del prisionero: lo que es racional desde el punto de vista de un solo capitalista, resulta ser irracional para el sistema en su conjunto, para el colectivo de todos los capitalistas. Este resultado fue ampliamente reconocido, incluso por el propio Marx, como el establecimiento de que el capitalismo conten\u00EDa l\u00EDmites inherentes a su propio \u00E9xito. Por lo tanto, el teorema de Okishio fue recibido en Occidente como la prueba de que el resultado fundamental de Marx es inconsistente. M\u00E1s precisamente, el teorema dice que la tasa general de ganancia en la econom\u00EDa en su conjunto ser\u00E1 m\u00E1s alto si se introduce una nueva t\u00E9cnica de producci\u00F3n en la que, a los precios vigentes en el momento en que se introduce el cambio, el coste unitario de la producci\u00F3n en una industria es menor que el coste unitario previo al cambio. El teorema, como Okishio (1961:88) se\u00F1ala, no se aplica a las ramas no b\u00E1sicas de la industria. La prueba del teorema puede entenderse con m\u00E1s facilidad como una aplicaci\u00F3n del teorema de Perron-Frobenius. Este \u00FAltimo teorema viene de una rama del \u00E1lgebra lineal conocida como la teor\u00EDa de matrices no negativas. Un buen texto de partida para la teor\u00EDa b\u00E1sica es Seneta (1973). La declaraci\u00F3n del teorema de Okishio, y las controversias que lo rodean, sin embargo, puede ser entendido intuitivamente sin referencia al teorema de Perron-Frobenius o de la teor\u00EDa general de matrices no negativas."@es . . . . . . "Th\u00E9or\u00E8me d'Okishio"@fr . "Teoremat Okishio - twierdzenie matematyczne sformu\u0142owane w 1961 r. przez japo\u0144skiego ekonomist\u0119 , maj\u0105ce du\u017Ce znaczenie w dwudziestowiecznej dyskusji nad marksowsk\u0105 teori\u0105 warto\u015Bci. W najprostszym uj\u0119ciu teoremat Okishio implikuje, \u017Ce gdy jeden kapitalista zwi\u0119ksza zysk wprowadzaj\u0105c now\u0105 technik\u0119 powoduj\u0105c\u0105 redukcj\u0119 koszt\u00F3w, og\u00F3lna stopa zysku dla wszystkich kapitalist\u00F3w w danym spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwie r\u00F3wnie\u017C ro\u015Bnie."@pl . . 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"Teoremat Okishio - twierdzenie matematyczne sformu\u0142owane w 1961 r. przez japo\u0144skiego ekonomist\u0119 , maj\u0105ce du\u017Ce znaczenie w dwudziestowiecznej dyskusji nad marksowsk\u0105 teori\u0105 warto\u015Bci. W najprostszym uj\u0119ciu teoremat Okishio implikuje, \u017Ce gdy jeden kapitalista zwi\u0119ksza zysk wprowadzaj\u0105c now\u0105 technik\u0119 powoduj\u0105c\u0105 redukcj\u0119 koszt\u00F3w, og\u00F3lna stopa zysku dla wszystkich kapitalist\u00F3w w danym spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwie r\u00F3wnie\u017C ro\u015Bnie."@pl . "Le th\u00E9or\u00E8me d'Okishio est un r\u00E9sultat de th\u00E9orie \u00E9conomique formul\u00E9 par l'\u00E9conomiste japonais Nobuo Okishio en 1961, qui a jou\u00E9 un r\u00F4le important dans les d\u00E9bats sur la th\u00E9orie de la valeur de Marx. Pour le dire en des termes intuitifs, ce th\u00E9or\u00E8me affirme que si un capitaliste augmente ses profits en introduisant une nouvelle technique qui r\u00E9duit ses co\u00FBts, le taux de profit g\u00E9n\u00E9ral dans la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 (pour l'ensemble des capitalistes) augmente. Il est souvent reli\u00E9 au th\u00E9or\u00E8me marxien fondamental."@fr . . "Okishio's theorem is a theorem formulated by Japanese economist Nobuo Okishio. It has had a major impact on debates about Marx's theory of value. Intuitively, it can be understood as saying that if one capitalist raises his profits by introducing a new technique that cuts his costs, the collective or general rate of profit in society goes up for all capitalists. In 1961, Okishio established this theorem under the assumption that the real wage remains constant. Thus, the theorem isolates the effect of pure innovation from any consequent changes in the wage. For this reason the theorem, first proposed in 1961, excited great interest and controversy because, according to Okishio, it contradicts Marx's law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. Marx had claimed that the new general rate of profit, after a new technique has spread throughout the branch where it has been introduced, would be lower than before. In modern words, the capitalists would be caught in a rationality trap or prisoner's dilemma: that which is rational from the point of view of a single capitalist, turns out to be irrational for the system as a whole, for the collective of all capitalists. This result was widely understood, including by Marx himself, as establishing that capitalism contained inherent limits to its own success. Okishio's theorem was therefore received in the West as establishing that Marx's proof of this fundamental result was inconsistent. More precisely, the theorem says that the general rate of profit in the economy as a whole will be higher if a new technique of production is introduced in which, at the prices prevailing at the time that the change is introduced, the unit cost of output in one industry is less than the pre-change unit cost. The theorem, as Okishio (1961:88) points out, does not apply to non-basic branches of industry. The proof of the theorem may be most easily understood as an application of the Perron\u2013Frobenius theorem. This latter theorem comes from a branch of linear algebra known as the theory of nonnegative matrices. A good source text for the basic theory is Seneta (1973). The statement of Okishio's theorem, and the controversies surrounding it, may however be understood intuitively without reference to, or in-depth knowledge of, the Perron\u2013Frobenius theorem or the general theory of nonnegative matrices."@en . . . . . "Das Okishio-Theorem (japanisch \u7F6E\u5869\u306E\u5B9A\u7406 Okishio no teiri) besagt: Wenn ein Unternehmen seine Profitrate erh\u00F6ht, indem es eine neue Technik einf\u00FChrt, die weniger Arbeitseinsatz, aber daf\u00FCr mehr Materialeinsatz ben\u00F6tigt, dass sich dann auch gesamtwirtschaftlich eine h\u00F6here Profitrate ergibt, wenn sich die neue Technik einmal in der ganzen Branche verbreitet hat, unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Reall\u00F6hne der Arbeiter, also die Kaufkraft der L\u00F6hne in bestimmten Waren gemessen, sich nicht erh\u00F6ht haben."@de . . "El teorema de Okishio es un teorema formulado por el economista japon\u00E9s . Ha tenido un impacto importante en los debates marxistas en torno a la teor\u00EDa del valor trabajo. Intuitivamente, se puede entender arguyendo que si un capitalista eleva sus ganancias mediante la introducci\u00F3n de una nueva t\u00E9cnica que reduce sus costes, la tasas de ganancia colectiva - para todos los capitalistas - sube."@es . . . . . "Teorema de Okishio"@es . . . "7133142"^^ . . . "Teoremat Okishio"@pl . . . . . "Le th\u00E9or\u00E8me d'Okishio est un r\u00E9sultat de th\u00E9orie \u00E9conomique formul\u00E9 par l'\u00E9conomiste japonais Nobuo Okishio en 1961, qui a jou\u00E9 un r\u00F4le important dans les d\u00E9bats sur la th\u00E9orie de la valeur de Marx. Pour le dire en des termes intuitifs, ce th\u00E9or\u00E8me affirme que si un capitaliste augmente ses profits en introduisant une nouvelle technique qui r\u00E9duit ses co\u00FBts, le taux de profit g\u00E9n\u00E9ral dans la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 (pour l'ensemble des capitalistes) augmente. Il est souvent reli\u00E9 au th\u00E9or\u00E8me marxien fondamental."@fr . 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"Okishio's theorem"@en . . "1116607496"^^ . "Okishio's theorem is a theorem formulated by Japanese economist Nobuo Okishio. It has had a major impact on debates about Marx's theory of value. Intuitively, it can be understood as saying that if one capitalist raises his profits by introducing a new technique that cuts his costs, the collective or general rate of profit in society goes up for all capitalists. In 1961, Okishio established this theorem under the assumption that the real wage remains constant. Thus, the theorem isolates the effect of pure innovation from any consequent changes in the wage."@en . . . "Das Okishio-Theorem (japanisch \u7F6E\u5869\u306E\u5B9A\u7406 Okishio no teiri) besagt: Wenn ein Unternehmen seine Profitrate erh\u00F6ht, indem es eine neue Technik einf\u00FChrt, die weniger Arbeitseinsatz, aber daf\u00FCr mehr Materialeinsatz ben\u00F6tigt, dass sich dann auch gesamtwirtschaftlich eine h\u00F6here Profitrate ergibt, wenn sich die neue Technik einmal in der ganzen Branche verbreitet hat, unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Reall\u00F6hne der Arbeiter, also die Kaufkraft der L\u00F6hne in bestimmten Waren gemessen, sich nicht erh\u00F6ht haben. Dieses Theorem widerspricht dem Gesetz des tendenziellen Falls der Profitrate von Karl Marx, welches annimmt, dass nach Verbreitung der neuen Technik auf die gesamte Branche sich gesamtwirtschaftlich eine niedrigere Profitrate ergebe. Die Kapitalisten s\u00E4\u00DFen sozusagen in einer Rationalit\u00E4tenfalle."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0634\u064A\u0648"@ar . . . . . . . "28653"^^ .