"En \u00E9lectrochimie, le surpotentiel (appel\u00E9e surtension en fran\u00E7ais) est la diff\u00E9rence de potentiel (tension) entre le potentiel d'oxydor\u00E9duction d'une demi-r\u00E9action d\u00E9termin\u00E9 thermodynamiquement et le potentiel auquel la r\u00E9action redox est observ\u00E9e exp\u00E9rimentalement. Le terme est directement li\u00E9 \u00E0 l'efficacit\u00E9 de la tension dune cellule."@fr . . . . "Overspanning of overpotentiaal ontstaat wanneer de potentiaal van een metaal wijzigt als gevolg van een elektrische stroom. Indien de potentiaal verlaagt spreekt men van , bij een verhoging van . De overspanning bestaat uit verschillende bijdrages. Bij corrosiestromen tussen (0.1 mA/m\u00B2 en 10 A/m\u00B2) is de het belangrijkst. Deze vorm van overspanning kan worden beschreven door de wet van Tafel. Afwijkingen op deze wet kunnen verklaard worden door concentratie- en weerstandoverspanning."@nl . . . "\u904E\u96FB\u5727"@ja . "En \u00E9lectrochimie, le surpotentiel (appel\u00E9e surtension en fran\u00E7ais) est la diff\u00E9rence de potentiel (tension) entre le potentiel d'oxydor\u00E9duction d'une demi-r\u00E9action d\u00E9termin\u00E9 thermodynamiquement et le potentiel auquel la r\u00E9action redox est observ\u00E9e exp\u00E9rimentalement. Le terme est directement li\u00E9 \u00E0 l'efficacit\u00E9 de la tension dune cellule. Dans une cellule \u00E9lectrolytique, l'existence d'un surpotentiel implique que la cellule n\u00E9cessite plus d'\u00E9nergie que pr\u00E9vu thermodynamiquement pour que la r\u00E9action ait lieu. Dans une cellule galvanique, l'existence d'un surpotentiel signifie que moins d'\u00E9nergie sera r\u00E9cup\u00E9r\u00E9e que l'\u00E9tude thermodynamique de la r\u00E9action ne le pr\u00E9voit. Dans chaque cas, l'\u00E9nergie suppl\u00E9mentaire/manquante est perdue sous forme de chaleur. La quantit\u00E9 de surpotentiel est propre \u00E0 chaque type de cellule et varie selon les conditions exp\u00E9rimentales - celle-ci varie \u00E9galement lors d'une m\u00EAme r\u00E9action. Le surpotentiel est d\u00E9termin\u00E9 exp\u00E9rimentalement en mesurant le potentiel auquel une densit\u00E9 de courant donn\u00E9e (g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement faible) est atteinte."@fr . . "Overpotential"@en . . . . . "In elettrochimica, con il termine sovratensione (in inglese overpotential) si indica la differenza tra il potenziale di elettrodo alle condizioni attuali (con un valore di intensit\u00E0 di corrente circolante qualsiasi) e il potenziale di elettrodo all'equilibrio (cio\u00E8 in assenza di circolazione di corrente).In formule: \u03B7 = E(i) - E0 dove: \n* E(i) \u00E8 il potenziale di elettrodo (funzione della densit\u00E0 di corrente i), misurato sperimentalmente; \n* E0 \u00E8 il potenziale di elettrodo all'equilibrio (in condizioni di reversibilit\u00E0), calcolato dall'equazione di Nernst a partire dai potenziali standard di equilibrio; \n* \u03B7 \u00E8 la sovratensione relativa alla semicella considerata. La sovratensione \u00E8: \n* positiva (\u03B7 > 0) per le celle elettrolitiche (E(i) > E0); \n* nulla (\u03B7 = 0) per le celle elettrochimiche all'equilibrio (E(i) = E0); \n* negativa (\u03B7 < 0) per le celle galvaniche (E(i) < E0). La sovratensione \u00E8 una misura dell' di una cella elettrochimica: in particolare in una cella elettrolitica (che trasforma energia elettrica in energia chimica) all'aumentare della sovratensione aumenta la quantit\u00E0 di energia elettrica da fornire alla cella, mentre in una cella galvanica (che trasforma energia chimica in energia elettrica) all'aumentare della sovratensione diminuisce la quantit\u00E0 di energia elettrica che viene erogata dalla cella; in entrambi i casi la sovratensione agisce come una dissipazione, generando calore. Il valore della sovratensione varia a seconda della particolare cella adoperata e delle condizioni operative, anche per celle dove avviene la stessa reazione."@it . "Overspanning of overpotentiaal ontstaat wanneer de potentiaal van een metaal wijzigt als gevolg van een elektrische stroom. Indien de potentiaal verlaagt spreekt men van , bij een verhoging van . De overspanning bestaat uit verschillende bijdrages. Bij corrosiestromen tussen (0.1 mA/m\u00B2 en 10 A/m\u00B2) is de het belangrijkst. Deze vorm van overspanning kan worden beschreven door de wet van Tafel. Afwijkingen op deze wet kunnen verklaard worden door concentratie- en weerstandoverspanning."@nl . "\u00DCberspannung (Elektrochemie)"@de . . "\u904E\u96FB\u5727\uFF08\u304B\u3067\u3093\u3042\u3064\u3001overpotential\u3001overvoltage\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5316\u5B66\u7528\u8A9E\u306E1\u3064\u3067\u3001\u96FB\u6C17\u5316\u5B66\u53CD\u5FDC\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u71B1\u529B\u5B66\u7684\u306B\u6C42\u3081\u3089\u308C\u308B\u53CD\u5FDC\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF08\u5E73\u8861\u96FB\u6975\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF09\u3068\u3001\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u53CD\u5FDC\u304C\u9032\u884C\u3059\u308B\u3068\u304D\u306E\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u3068\u306E\u5DEE\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u96FB\u6C17\u6280\u8853\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5358\u306B\u96FB\u6C60\u5185\u90E8\u3067\u751F\u3058\u308B\u96FB\u5727\u964D\u4E0B\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u540C\u69D8\u306E\u6982\u5FF5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u96FB\u6C17\u5316\u5B66\u7684\u5206\u6975\u304C\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u904E\u96FB\u5727\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u3067\u306E\u53CD\u5FDC\u304C1\u7A2E\u985E\u306E\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5358\u7D14\u96FB\u6975\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u96FB\u6C17\u5316\u5B66\u7684\u5206\u6975\u306E\u5927\u304D\u3055\u3068\u8A00\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3002 \u4F8B\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6C34\u3068\u9178\u7D20\u306E\u9178\u5316\u9084\u5143\u53CD\u5FDC\uFF08\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u304C+1.23V\uFF08vs. SHE\uFF09\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3068\u3053\u308D\u3067\u5E73\u8861\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002\u3057\u305F\u304C\u3063\u3066\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u304C+1.23V\u3088\u308A\u4F4E\u3051\u308C\u3070\u9178\u7D20\u304C\u9084\u5143\u3055\u308C\u3066\u6C34\u304C\u751F\u6210\u3057\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u304C+1.23V\u3088\u308A\u3082\u9AD8\u3051\u308C\u3070\u6C34\u304C\u9178\u5316\u3055\u308C\u3066\u9178\u7D20\u304C\u751F\u6210\u3059\u308B\u306F\u305A\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u306F\u3001\u53CD\u5FDC\u3092\u3042\u308B\u7A0B\u5EA6\u306E\u901F\u3055\u3067\u9032\u884C\u3055\u305B\u308B\u3002\u3064\u307E\u308A\u3001\u3042\u308B\u7A0B\u5EA6\u306E\u96FB\u6D41\u3092\u5F97\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306B\u4F59\u5206\u306B\u305A\u3089\u3059\u5FC5\u8981\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u767D\u91D1\u96FB\u6975\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u9178\u7D20\u3092\u6C34\u306B\u9084\u5143\u3059\u308B\u5834\u5408\u306F\u304A\u3088\u305D0.8V\u4EE5\u4E0B\u306B\u3057\u306A\u3051\u308C\u3070\u306A\u3089\u305A\u3001\u5E73\u8861\u96FB\u4F4D\u3088\u308A\u30820.4V\u7A0B\u5EA6\u306E\u904E\u5270\u306A\u96FB\u5727\u304C\u5FC5\u8981\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002 \u4E0A\u8A18\u306E\u9178\u7D20\u306E\u9084\u5143\u53CD\u5FDC\u306F\u3001\u71C3\u6599\u96FB\u6C60\u3067\u5229\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u3001\u3042\u308B\u7A0B\u5EA6\u306E\u96FB\u6D41\u3092\u53D6\u308A\u51FA\u3059\u5834\u5408\u3001\u9178\u7D20\u9084\u5143\u53CD\u5FDC\u306E\u904E\u96FB\u5727\u304C\u5927\u304D\u304F\u306A\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u96FB\u6C60\u306E\u7AEF\u5B50\u96FB\u5727\u304C\u8D77\u96FB\u529B\u3088\u308A\u3082\u4F4E\u304F\u306A\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307E\u3046\u3002\u3057\u305F\u304C\u3063\u3066\u3001\u904E\u96FB\u5727\u3092\u3088\u308A\u5C0F\u3055\u304F\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u6D3B\u6027\u306E\u9AD8\u3044\u96FB\u6975\u89E6\u5A92\u306E\u958B\u767A\u304C\u6D3B\u767A\u306B\u884C\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A (\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A) \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062F \u062B\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0648\u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u062A\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0638 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0647 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062F\u0629-\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0627\u064B. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0647\u064A \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0638 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062F\u0629-\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0631\u0629."@ar . . . . . . "Surpotentiel"@fr . . "Sobretensi\u00F3n (electroqu\u00EDmica)"@es . . . . . . . "Nadnapi\u0119cie"@pl . "\u904E\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aoverpotential\uFF09\u662F\u96FB\u6975\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\u5DEE\u503C\uFF0C\u7121\u96FB\u6D41\u901A\u904E\uFF08\u5E73\u8861\u72C0\u614B\u4E0B\uFF09\u548C\u6709\u96FB\u6D41\u901A\u904E\u4E4B\u96FB\u4F4D\u5DEE\u503C\u3002 \u91CF\u6E2C\u7684\u904E\u96FB\u4F4D\u4EE3\u8868\u70BA\u4E86\u7DAD\u6301\u96FB\u6975\u53CD\u61C9\u901F\u7387\uFF08\u96FB\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6\uFF09\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u984D\u5916\u80FD\u91CF\uFF0C\u6B64\u80FD\u91CF\u6703\u8F49\u6210\u71B1\u80FD\u3002 \u7D50\u679C\uFF0C\u967D\u6975\u904B\u4F5C\u96FB\u4F4D\u6C38\u9060\u9AD8\u65BC\u5E73\u8861\u72C0\u614B\u4E0B\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF1B\u9670\u6975\u904B\u4F5C\u96FB\u4F4D\u6C38\u9060\u4F4E\u65BC\u5E73\u8861\u72C0\u614B\u4E0B\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\u3002 \u904E\u96FB\u4F4D\u96A8\u8457\u96FB\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6\u5347\u9AD8\u800C\u63D0\u9AD8\u3002"@zh . "Nadnapi\u0119cie \u2013 poj\u0119cie elektrochemiczne nazywane r\u00F3wnie\u017C nadpotencja\u0142em, wprowadzi\u0142 w roku 1899 Casparijako miar\u0119 polaryzacji elektrody. Nadnapi\u0119cie definiowane jest jako r\u00F3\u017Cnica mi\u0119dzy potencja\u0142em elektrody spolaryzowanej przep\u0142ywem pr\u0105du elektrycznego a jej potencja\u0142em r\u00F3wnowagowym (nazywanym te\u017C potencja\u0142em spoczynkowym): Ca\u0142kowite nadnapi\u0119cie ogniwa jest to suma nadnapi\u0119\u0107 na anodzie i katodzie. W stosunku do SEM, okre\u015Blanej dla ogniwa otwartego, nadnapi\u0119cie jest tym nadmiarem napi\u0119cia, kt\u00F3ry jest zwi\u0105zany z przep\u0142ywem pr\u0105du o okre\u015Blonym nat\u0119\u017Ceniu."@pl . "1105283006"^^ . . "Eine \u00DCberspannung ist in der Elektrochemie eine Potentialdifferenz zwischen dem thermodynamischen Redoxpotential einer Halbreaktion und demjenigen Potential, bei der die Redox-Reaktion tats\u00E4chlich stattfindet. Die \u00DCberspannung ist daher ein kinetisches Ph\u00E4nomen in der Elektrochemie. Es tritt bei metastabilen Redox-Systemen auf. Dabei laufen Prozesse, die allein aus thermodynamischen Betrachtungen geschehen sollten, aufgrund von kinetischer Hemmung nicht ab. Ein bekanntes Beispiel ist die \u00DCberspannung von Wasserstoff: Nach thermodynamischen Berechnungen m\u00FCsste sich Eisen in neutralem Wasser aufl\u00F6sen, was aber nicht geschieht. Erst im sauren Milieu, wo die Konzentration der Oxonium-Ionen um mehrere Gr\u00F6\u00DFenordnungen h\u00F6her ist, l\u00F6st sich das Metall auf."@de . . . . . . . . . . "\u904E\u96FB\u4F4D"@zh . "4245349"^^ . . . . "En electroqu\u00EDmica, sobretensi\u00F3n es un t\u00E9rmino electroqu\u00EDmico que se refiere a la diferencia de potencial (en voltios) entre una determinada termodin\u00E1micamente por su potencial de reducci\u00F3n y el potencial en que se observa experimentalmente el proceso redox.\u200B Desde el punto de vista el\u00E9ctrico, una sobretensi\u00F3n el\u00E9ctrica, es un aumento de tensi\u00F3n que pueden causar graves problemas a los equipos conectados a la l\u00EDnea, desde su envejecimiento prematuro a incendios o destrucci\u00F3n de los mismos."@es . . . . . "\u904E\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aoverpotential\uFF09\u662F\u96FB\u6975\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\u5DEE\u503C\uFF0C\u7121\u96FB\u6D41\u901A\u904E\uFF08\u5E73\u8861\u72C0\u614B\u4E0B\uFF09\u548C\u6709\u96FB\u6D41\u901A\u904E\u4E4B\u96FB\u4F4D\u5DEE\u503C\u3002 \u91CF\u6E2C\u7684\u904E\u96FB\u4F4D\u4EE3\u8868\u70BA\u4E86\u7DAD\u6301\u96FB\u6975\u53CD\u61C9\u901F\u7387\uFF08\u96FB\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6\uFF09\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u984D\u5916\u80FD\u91CF\uFF0C\u6B64\u80FD\u91CF\u6703\u8F49\u6210\u71B1\u80FD\u3002 \u7D50\u679C\uFF0C\u967D\u6975\u904B\u4F5C\u96FB\u4F4D\u6C38\u9060\u9AD8\u65BC\u5E73\u8861\u72C0\u614B\u4E0B\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF1B\u9670\u6975\u904B\u4F5C\u96FB\u4F4D\u6C38\u9060\u4F4E\u65BC\u5E73\u8861\u72C0\u614B\u4E0B\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\u3002 \u904E\u96FB\u4F4D\u96A8\u8457\u96FB\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6\u5347\u9AD8\u800C\u63D0\u9AD8\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . "\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062F"@ar . "Overspanning (elektrochemie)"@nl . "Nadnapi\u0119cie \u2013 poj\u0119cie elektrochemiczne nazywane r\u00F3wnie\u017C nadpotencja\u0142em, wprowadzi\u0142 w roku 1899 Casparijako miar\u0119 polaryzacji elektrody. Nadnapi\u0119cie definiowane jest jako r\u00F3\u017Cnica mi\u0119dzy potencja\u0142em elektrody spolaryzowanej przep\u0142ywem pr\u0105du elektrycznego a jej potencja\u0142em r\u00F3wnowagowym (nazywanym te\u017C potencja\u0142em spoczynkowym): Ca\u0142kowite nadnapi\u0119cie ogniwa jest to suma nadnapi\u0119\u0107 na anodzie i katodzie. W stosunku do SEM, okre\u015Blanej dla ogniwa otwartego, nadnapi\u0119cie jest tym nadmiarem napi\u0119cia, kt\u00F3ry jest zwi\u0105zany z przep\u0142ywem pr\u0105du o okre\u015Blonym nat\u0119\u017Ceniu. Nadnapi\u0119cie jest kluczowym poj\u0119ciem w kinetycznym opisie proces\u00F3w elektrodowych. Zale\u017Cno\u015B\u0107 nadnapi\u0119cia od g\u0119sto\u015Bci pr\u0105dowej opisuj\u0105 fundamentalne dla elektrochemii teoretycznej r\u00F3wnania r\u00F3wnania Butlera-Volmera oraz ich przybli\u017Cenie dla du\u017Cych nadnapi\u0119\u0107 \u2013 r\u00F3wnanie Tafela. Ca\u0142kowite nadnapi\u0119cie danego procesu elektrodowego jest sum\u0105 nadnapi\u0119\u0107 cz\u0105stkowych, na kt\u00F3re sk\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119: nadnapi\u0119cie oporowe nadnapi\u0119cie pseudooporowe nadnapi\u0119cie aktywacyjne (elektroaktywacyjne) nadnapi\u0119cie st\u0119\u017Ceniowe Nadnapi\u0119cie wodoru jest najwi\u0119ksze na mi\u0119kkich metalach, jak bizmut, kadm, cynk, a zw\u0142aszcza rt\u0119\u0107. Wyj\u0105tkowo wysoka warto\u015B\u0107 nadnapi\u0119cia wodoru na rt\u0119ci jest jednym z czynnik\u00F3w szerokiego zastosowania analizy polarograficznej na kroplowej elektrodzie rt\u0119ciowej. Dzi\u0119ki niemu znacznie rozszerza si\u0119 zakres potencja\u0142\u00F3w, w kt\u00F3rym elektroda kroplowa mo\u017Ce pracowa\u0107 bez zak\u0142\u00F3cenia wskutek redukcji wodoru. Wyst\u0119powanie nadnapi\u0119cia wodoru umo\u017Cliwia r\u00F3wnie\u017C elektrograwimetryczne oznaczanie szeregu zasadowych metali, jak kadmu i cynku, kt\u00F3re w innym przypadku nie mog\u0142yby by\u0107 wydzielone przed reakcj\u0105 jonu wodorowego."@pl . "In electrochemistry, overpotential is the potential difference (voltage) between a half-reaction's thermodynamically determined reduction potential and the potential at which the redox event is experimentally observed. The term is directly related to a cell's voltage efficiency. In an electrolytic cell the existence of overpotential implies that the cell requires more energy than thermodynamically expected to drive a reaction. In a galvanic cell the existence of overpotential means less energy is recovered than thermodynamics predicts. In each case the extra/missing energy is lost as heat. The quantity of overpotential is specific to each cell design and varies across cells and operational conditions, even for the same reaction. Overpotential is experimentally determined by measuring the p"@en . "Eine \u00DCberspannung ist in der Elektrochemie eine Potentialdifferenz zwischen dem thermodynamischen Redoxpotential einer Halbreaktion und demjenigen Potential, bei der die Redox-Reaktion tats\u00E4chlich stattfindet. Die \u00DCberspannung ist daher ein kinetisches Ph\u00E4nomen in der Elektrochemie. Es tritt bei metastabilen Redox-Systemen auf. Dabei laufen Prozesse, die allein aus thermodynamischen Betrachtungen geschehen sollten, aufgrund von kinetischer Hemmung nicht ab."@de . . "En electroqu\u00EDmica, sobretensi\u00F3n es un t\u00E9rmino electroqu\u00EDmico que se refiere a la diferencia de potencial (en voltios) entre una determinada termodin\u00E1micamente por su potencial de reducci\u00F3n y el potencial en que se observa experimentalmente el proceso redox.\u200B Desde el punto de vista el\u00E9ctrico, una sobretensi\u00F3n el\u00E9ctrica, es un aumento de tensi\u00F3n que pueden causar graves problemas a los equipos conectados a la l\u00EDnea, desde su envejecimiento prematuro a incendios o destrucci\u00F3n de los mismos."@es . . . "In elettrochimica, con il termine sovratensione (in inglese overpotential) si indica la differenza tra il potenziale di elettrodo alle condizioni attuali (con un valore di intensit\u00E0 di corrente circolante qualsiasi) e il potenziale di elettrodo all'equilibrio (cio\u00E8 in assenza di circolazione di corrente).In formule: \u03B7 = E(i) - E0 dove: La sovratensione \u00E8: \n* positiva (\u03B7 > 0) per le celle elettrolitiche (E(i) > E0); \n* nulla (\u03B7 = 0) per le celle elettrochimiche all'equilibrio (E(i) = E0); \n* negativa (\u03B7 < 0) per le celle galvaniche (E(i) < E0)."@it . . . . . . "In electrochemistry, overpotential is the potential difference (voltage) between a half-reaction's thermodynamically determined reduction potential and the potential at which the redox event is experimentally observed. The term is directly related to a cell's voltage efficiency. In an electrolytic cell the existence of overpotential implies that the cell requires more energy than thermodynamically expected to drive a reaction. In a galvanic cell the existence of overpotential means less energy is recovered than thermodynamics predicts. In each case the extra/missing energy is lost as heat. The quantity of overpotential is specific to each cell design and varies across cells and operational conditions, even for the same reaction. Overpotential is experimentally determined by measuring the potential at which a given current density (typically small) is achieved."@en . . "9074"^^ . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A (\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A) \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062F \u062B\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0648\u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u062A\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0638 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0647 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062F\u0629-\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0627\u064B. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0647\u064A \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0638 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062F\u0629-\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0631\u0629."@ar . . . . . . "\u904E\u96FB\u5727\uFF08\u304B\u3067\u3093\u3042\u3064\u3001overpotential\u3001overvoltage\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5316\u5B66\u7528\u8A9E\u306E1\u3064\u3067\u3001\u96FB\u6C17\u5316\u5B66\u53CD\u5FDC\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u71B1\u529B\u5B66\u7684\u306B\u6C42\u3081\u3089\u308C\u308B\u53CD\u5FDC\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF08\u5E73\u8861\u96FB\u6975\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF09\u3068\u3001\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u53CD\u5FDC\u304C\u9032\u884C\u3059\u308B\u3068\u304D\u306E\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u3068\u306E\u5DEE\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u96FB\u6C17\u6280\u8853\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5358\u306B\u96FB\u6C60\u5185\u90E8\u3067\u751F\u3058\u308B\u96FB\u5727\u964D\u4E0B\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u540C\u69D8\u306E\u6982\u5FF5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u96FB\u6C17\u5316\u5B66\u7684\u5206\u6975\u304C\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u904E\u96FB\u5727\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u3067\u306E\u53CD\u5FDC\u304C1\u7A2E\u985E\u306E\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5358\u7D14\u96FB\u6975\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u96FB\u6C17\u5316\u5B66\u7684\u5206\u6975\u306E\u5927\u304D\u3055\u3068\u8A00\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3002 \u4F8B\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6C34\u3068\u9178\u7D20\u306E\u9178\u5316\u9084\u5143\u53CD\u5FDC\uFF08\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u304C+1.23V\uFF08vs. SHE\uFF09\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3068\u3053\u308D\u3067\u5E73\u8861\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002\u3057\u305F\u304C\u3063\u3066\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u304C+1.23V\u3088\u308A\u4F4E\u3051\u308C\u3070\u9178\u7D20\u304C\u9084\u5143\u3055\u308C\u3066\u6C34\u304C\u751F\u6210\u3057\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u304C+1.23V\u3088\u308A\u3082\u9AD8\u3051\u308C\u3070\u6C34\u304C\u9178\u5316\u3055\u308C\u3066\u9178\u7D20\u304C\u751F\u6210\u3059\u308B\u306F\u305A\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u306F\u3001\u53CD\u5FDC\u3092\u3042\u308B\u7A0B\u5EA6\u306E\u901F\u3055\u3067\u9032\u884C\u3055\u305B\u308B\u3002\u3064\u307E\u308A\u3001\u3042\u308B\u7A0B\u5EA6\u306E\u96FB\u6D41\u3092\u5F97\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306B\u4F59\u5206\u306B\u305A\u3089\u3059\u5FC5\u8981\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u767D\u91D1\u96FB\u6975\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u9178\u7D20\u3092\u6C34\u306B\u9084\u5143\u3059\u308B\u5834\u5408\u306F\u304A\u3088\u305D0.8V\u4EE5\u4E0B\u306B\u3057\u306A\u3051\u308C\u3070\u306A\u3089\u305A\u3001\u5E73\u8861\u96FB\u4F4D\u3088\u308A\u30820.4V\u7A0B\u5EA6\u306E\u904E\u5270\u306A\u96FB\u5727\u304C\u5FC5\u8981\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002 \u904E\u96FB\u5727\u306F\u3001\u53CD\u5FDC\u7269\u8CEA\u306E\u6D3B\u6027\u5316\u306B\u4F59\u8A08\u306A\u30A8\u30CD\u30EB\u30AE\u30FC\u304C\u6D88\u8CBB\u3055\u308C\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306E\u6D3B\u6027\u5316\u904E\u96FB\u5727\uFF08\u304B\u3063\u305B\u3044\u304B\u304B\u3067\u3093\u3042\u3064\u3001activation overpotential\u3001activation overvoltage\uFF09\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u8868\u9762\u3067\u306E\u53CD\u5FDC\u7A2E\u306E\u6FC3\u5EA6\u3068\u6EB6\u6DB2\u5185\u90E8\u3067\u306E\u6FC3\u5EA6\u304C\u7570\u306A\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u751F\u3058\u308B\u6FC3\u5EA6\u904E\u96FB\u5727\uFF08\u306E\u3046\u3069\u304B\u3067\u3093\u3042\u3064\u3001concentration overpotential\u3001concentration overvoltage\u3001\u53C8\u306F\u62E1\u6563\uFF08\u6FC3\u5EA6\uFF09\u904E\u96FB\u5727\uFF09\u3001\u96FB\u6975\u8868\u9762\u3067\u306E\u62B5\u6297\u304B\u3089\u751F\u3058\u308B\u62B5\u6297\u904E\u96FB\u5727\u306E3\u3064\u306E\u5408\u8A08\u5024\u304B\u3089\u51FA\u6765\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u4E0A\u8A18\u306E\u9178\u7D20\u306E\u9084\u5143\u53CD\u5FDC\u306F\u3001\u71C3\u6599\u96FB\u6C60\u3067\u5229\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u3001\u3042\u308B\u7A0B\u5EA6\u306E\u96FB\u6D41\u3092\u53D6\u308A\u51FA\u3059\u5834\u5408\u3001\u9178\u7D20\u9084\u5143\u53CD\u5FDC\u306E\u904E\u96FB\u5727\u304C\u5927\u304D\u304F\u306A\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u96FB\u6C60\u306E\u7AEF\u5B50\u96FB\u5727\u304C\u8D77\u96FB\u529B\u3088\u308A\u3082\u4F4E\u304F\u306A\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307E\u3046\u3002\u3057\u305F\u304C\u3063\u3066\u3001\u904E\u96FB\u5727\u3092\u3088\u308A\u5C0F\u3055\u304F\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u6D3B\u6027\u306E\u9AD8\u3044\u96FB\u6975\u89E6\u5A92\u306E\u958B\u767A\u304C\u6D3B\u767A\u306B\u884C\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Sovratensione (elettrochimica)"@it . . . . .