. "2028"^^ . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0444\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442"@ru . . . . . . "Perforate leaf"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0444\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044F, \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044B\u043C\u0438, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u0443 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439. \u041E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E \u043C\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430."@ru . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0444\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044F, \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044B\u043C\u0438, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u0443 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439. \u041E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E \u043C\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430."@ru . "Perforate leaves, sometimes called fenestrate, occur naturally in some species of plants. Holes develop as a leaf grows. The size, shape, and quantity of holes in each leaf can vary greatly depending on the species and can even vary greatly within a given species. Perforation is caused by sections of leaf ceasing cell growth or by dying during an early stage in the development of the leaf. These deformations that are created earliest in the leaf development end up looking more like slashes whereas those that develop later end up looking more like holes. This trait is found in only one species in Aponogetonaceae, Aponogeton madagascariensis (Madagascar laceleaf), and a few genera in Araceae, particularly Monstera."@en . "Les fulles perforades, de vegades anomenades fenestrades, apareixen de forma natural en algunes esp\u00E8cies de plantes. Els forats es desenvolupen a mesura que creix una fulla. La mida, la forma i la quantitat de forats de cada fulla poden variar molt segons l'esp\u00E8cie i fins i tot poden variar molt dins d'una esp\u00E8cie determinada. La perforaci\u00F3 \u00E9s causada per seccions de la fulla que cessen el creixement cel\u00B7lular o moren durant una fase inicial del desenvolupament de la fulla. Aquestes deformacions que es creen al principi del desenvolupament de la fulla s'acaben. semblant m\u00E9s a talls, mentre que les que es desenvolupen m\u00E9s tard s'acaben semblant m\u00E9s a forats. Aquest tret es troba nom\u00E9s en una esp\u00E8cie d'Aponogeton\u00E0cies (Aponogetonaceae), , i a alguns g\u00E8neres d'Ar\u00E0cies (Araceae), particularmen"@ca . "Les fulles perforades, de vegades anomenades fenestrades, apareixen de forma natural en algunes esp\u00E8cies de plantes. Els forats es desenvolupen a mesura que creix una fulla. La mida, la forma i la quantitat de forats de cada fulla poden variar molt segons l'esp\u00E8cie i fins i tot poden variar molt dins d'una esp\u00E8cie determinada. La perforaci\u00F3 \u00E9s causada per seccions de la fulla que cessen el creixement cel\u00B7lular o moren durant una fase inicial del desenvolupament de la fulla. Aquestes deformacions que es creen al principi del desenvolupament de la fulla s'acaben. semblant m\u00E9s a talls, mentre que les que es desenvolupen m\u00E9s tard s'acaben semblant m\u00E9s a forats. Aquest tret es troba nom\u00E9s en una esp\u00E8cie d'Aponogeton\u00E0cies (Aponogetonaceae), , i a alguns g\u00E8neres d'Ar\u00E0cies (Araceae), particularment la Monstera. No se sap del tot per a qu\u00E8 serveix la perforaci\u00F3 amb finalitats evolutives, per\u00F2 hi ha diverses possibilitats. La perforaci\u00F3 podria servir per reduir les variacions de la taxa de creixement, minimitzar les probabilitats que les fulles es trenquin per vents forts o pot ajudar a maximitzar la quantitat de pluja que pot arribar a les arrels de la planta. Tamb\u00E9 podria ajudar a refredar la planta al produir turbul\u00E8ncies al voltant de la fulla. Una altra possibilitat \u00E9s que la perforaci\u00F3 sigui una defensa contra els herb\u00EDvors. Els forats poden fer que la fulla sembli menys atractiva per als herb\u00EDvors. Aix\u00F2, per\u00F2, \u00E9s poc probable en relaci\u00F3 amb les ar\u00E0cies hemiepif\u00EDtiques, que sovint mostren aquest tret, a causa de la tend\u00E8ncia a que les fulles juvenils no es perforin."@ca . "937021436"^^ . . "20619198"^^ . . . "Fulla perforada"@ca . . . . "Perforate leaves, sometimes called fenestrate, occur naturally in some species of plants. Holes develop as a leaf grows. The size, shape, and quantity of holes in each leaf can vary greatly depending on the species and can even vary greatly within a given species. Perforation is caused by sections of leaf ceasing cell growth or by dying during an early stage in the development of the leaf. These deformations that are created earliest in the leaf development end up looking more like slashes whereas those that develop later end up looking more like holes. This trait is found in only one species in Aponogetonaceae, Aponogeton madagascariensis (Madagascar laceleaf), and a few genera in Araceae, particularly Monstera. It is not fully known what evolutionary purpose perforation serves, but there are several possibilities. Perforation could serve the purpose of reducing the variations in growth rate, minimize chances of leaves tearing in high winds or it could help to maximize the amount of rain that's able to reach the plant's roots. It could also help to cool the plant by producing turbulence around the leaf. Another possibility is that perforation is a defense against herbivory. The holes might make the leaf look less enticing to herbivores. This, however, is unlikely in relation to hemiepiphytic aroids, which often displays this trait, due to the tendency of juvenile leaves not being perforated."@en . . . .