. . . . . . . . . "Prouts hypotes uppst\u00E4lldes av William Prout 1815. Eftersom atommassorna hos ett stort antal grund\u00E4mnen utg\u00F6rs av hela tal eller tal som ligger mycket n\u00E4ra heltal, antog han att alla grund\u00E4mnenas atommassor \u00E4r multipler av v\u00E4tets, som d\u00E5 antogs vara lika med 1. Hypotesen var inflytelserik inom kemin under 1820-talet, men de noggrannare m\u00E4tningar som sammanst\u00E4lldes av Jacob Berzelius 1828 och Edward Turner 1832 visade att hypotesen inte st\u00E4mde. Avvikelsen \u00E4r stor f\u00F6r klor med atommassa 35,5. Det dr\u00F6jde till uppt\u00E4ckten av isotoper tills man kunde tolka den typen av avvikelser fr\u00E5n Prouts hypotes. Den h\u00E4r artikeln \u00E4r helt eller delvis baserad p\u00E5 material fr\u00E5n Nordisk familjebok, Prouts hypotes, 1904\u20131926."@sv . . "\u0413\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E \u0442\u043E\u043C, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043C \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C\u044B \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432."@ru . . . . . . . "\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0645\u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062D \u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629. \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1815 \u06481816 \u060C \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A \u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u062D\u062B\u064A\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u062A\u0645 \u0642\u064A\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062A\u060C \u0647\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062B\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062D\u064A\u062F \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062A\u0627\u064A\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062A\u062C\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u062F\u062F \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646."@ar . . . . . . . "La hip\u00F3tesis de Prout fue un intento realizado a comienzos del siglo XIX de explicar la existencia de varios elementos qu\u00EDmicos a trav\u00E9s de una hip\u00F3tesis sobre la estructura interna del \u00E1tomo. En 1815\u200B y 1816,\u200B el qu\u00EDmico ingl\u00E9s William Prout public\u00F3 dos art\u00EDculos en los que observaba que el peso at\u00F3mico que hab\u00EDa sido establecido para los elementos conocidos hasta el momento parec\u00EDa ser un m\u00FAltiplo absoluto del peso at\u00F3mico del hidr\u00F3geno. En consecuencia, estableci\u00F3 la hip\u00F3tesis de que el \u00E1tomo del hidr\u00F3geno era el \u00FAnico realmente fundamental, y que los \u00E1tomos de los dem\u00E1s elementos eran en realidad agrupaciones de varios \u00E1tomos de hidr\u00F3geno."@es . . . . . "Prout's hypothesis was an early 19th-century attempt to explain the existence of the various chemical elements through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the atom. In 1815 and 1816, the English chemist William Prout published two papers in which he observed that the atomic weights that had been measured for the elements known at that time appeared to be whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen. He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the only truly fundamental object, which he called protyle, and that the atoms of other elements were actually groupings of various numbers of hydrogen atoms."@en . . . . . "Prout's hypothesis was an early 19th-century attempt to explain the existence of the various chemical elements through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the atom. In 1815 and 1816, the English chemist William Prout published two papers in which he observed that the atomic weights that had been measured for the elements known at that time appeared to be whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen. He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the only truly fundamental object, which he called protyle, and that the atoms of other elements were actually groupings of various numbers of hydrogen atoms. Prout's hypothesis was an influence on Ernest Rutherford when he succeeded in \"knocking\" hydrogen nuclei out of nitrogen atoms with alpha particles in 1917, and thus concluded that perhaps the nuclei of all elements were made of such particles (the hydrogen nucleus), which in 1920 he suggested be named protons, from the suffix \"-on\" for particles, added to the stem of Prout's word \"protyle\". The assumption as discussed by Rutherford was of a nucleus consisting of Z + N = A protons plus N electrons somehow trapped within thereby reducing the positive charge to +Z as observed and vaguely explaining beta decay radioactivity. Such a nuclear constitution was known to be inconsistent with dynamics either classical or early quantum but seemed inevitable until the neutron hypothesis by Rutherford and discovery by English physicist James Chadwick. The discrepancy between Prout's hypothesis and the known variation of some atomic weights to values far from integral multiples of hydrogen, was explained between 1913 and 1932 by the discovery of isotopes and the neutron. According to the whole number rule of Francis Aston, Prout's hypothesis is correct for atomic masses of individual isotopes, with an error of at most 1%."@en . "Hip\u00F3tesis de Prout"@es . . . . "\u0413\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0442\u0430"@ru . . . . . . . . . "9290"^^ . . "\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC(Prout's hypothesis)\u306F19\u4E16\u7D00\u521D\u982D\u306B\u51FA\u305F\u3001\u539F\u5B50\u306E\u5185\u90E8\u69CB\u9020\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u4EEE\u8AAC\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u307E\u305F\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u5316\u5B66\u5143\u7D20\u306E\u5B58\u5728\u3092\u8AAC\u660E\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002 1815\u5E74\u30681816\u5E74\u306B\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306E\u79D1\u5B66\u8005\u30A6\u30A3\u30EA\u30A2\u30E0\u30FB\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306F\u3001\u305D\u306E\u6642\u77E5\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u5143\u7D20\u306E\u6E2C\u5B9A\u3057\u305F\u539F\u5B50\u91CF\u304C\u3059\u3079\u3066\u6C34\u7D20\u306E\u539F\u5B50\u91CF\u306E\u500D\u6570\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5185\u5BB9\u306E2\u3064\u306E\u8AD6\u6587\u3092\u767A\u8868\u3057\u305F\u3002\u305D\u3057\u3066\u5F7C\u306F\u6C34\u7D20\u539F\u5B50\u304C\u552F\u4E00\u771F\u306E\u57FA\u672C\u7684\u306A\u7269\u4F53\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4EEE\u8AAC\u3092\u305F\u3066\u3001\u305D\u308C\u3092\u30D7\u30ED\u30BF\u30A4\u30EB(protyle)\u3068\u547C\u3093\u3060\u3002\u305D\u3057\u3066\u4ED6\u306E\u5143\u7D20\u306E\u539F\u5B50\u306F\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u306F\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u6570\u306E\u6C34\u7D20\u539F\u5B50\u304C\u96C6\u307E\u3063\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305F\u3002 \u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC\u306F\u30A2\u30FC\u30CD\u30B9\u30C8\u30FB\u30E9\u30B6\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30C9\u306B\u5F71\u97FF\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u305F\u3002\u5F7C\u306F\u30A2\u30EB\u30D5\u30A1\u7C92\u5B50\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u7A92\u7D20\u539F\u5B50\u304B\u3089\u6C34\u7D20\u539F\u5B50\u6838\u3092\u300C\u30CE\u30C3\u30AD\u30F3\u30B0\u300D\u3059\u308B\u306E\u306B\u6210\u529F\u3057\u3001\u304A\u305D\u3089\u304F\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u5143\u7D20\u306E\u6838\u304C\u305D\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7C92\u5B50\uFF08\u6C34\u7D20\u6838\uFF09\u3067\u3067\u304D\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u7D50\u8AD6\u4ED8\u3051\u305F\u3002\u307E\u305F\u30011920\u5E74\u306B\u306F\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u304C\u4F5C\u3063\u305F\u5358\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\"protyle\"\u306E\u8A9E\u5E79\u306B\u7C92\u5B50\u3092\u8868\u3059\u63A5\u5C3E\u8F9E\u306E\"-on\"\u3092\u3064\u3051proton\u3068\u540D\u4ED8\u3051\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u63D0\u6848\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC\u3068\u3001\u305D\u306E\u3068\u304D\u77E5\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3001\u6C34\u7D20\u306E\u6574\u6570\u500D\u304B\u3089\u96E2\u308C\u305F\u5024\u3092\u3068\u308B\u3044\u304F\u3064\u304B\u306E\u539F\u5B50\u91CF\u306E\u5909\u5316\u3068\u306E\u77DB\u76FE\u306F\u3001\u540C\u4F4D\u4F53\u3068\u4E2D\u6027\u5B50\u306E\u767A\u898B\u306B\u3088\u3063\u30661913\u5E74\u304B\u30891932\u5E74\u306E\u9593\u306B\u8AAC\u660E\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B7\u30B9\u30FB\u30A2\u30B9\u30C8\u30F3\u306E\u5168\u6838\u5B50\u5247\u306B\u3088\u308B\u3068\u3001\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC\u306F\u500B\u3005\u306E\u540C\u4F4D\u4F53\u306E\u539F\u5B50\u8CEA\u91CF\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u306F\u8AA4\u5DEE1%\u4EE5\u4E0B\u3067\u6B63\u3057\u3044\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "Prouts hypotes uppst\u00E4lldes av William Prout 1815. Eftersom atommassorna hos ett stort antal grund\u00E4mnen utg\u00F6rs av hela tal eller tal som ligger mycket n\u00E4ra heltal, antog han att alla grund\u00E4mnenas atommassor \u00E4r multipler av v\u00E4tets, som d\u00E5 antogs vara lika med 1. Hypotesen var inflytelserik inom kemin under 1820-talet, men de noggrannare m\u00E4tningar som sammanst\u00E4lldes av Jacob Berzelius 1828 och Edward Turner 1832 visade att hypotesen inte st\u00E4mde. Avvikelsen \u00E4r stor f\u00F6r klor med atommassa 35,5. Det dr\u00F6jde till uppt\u00E4ckten av isotoper tills man kunde tolka den typen av avvikelser fr\u00E5n Prouts hypotes."@sv . . . . "311180"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Hip\u00F2tesi de Prout"@ca . . . . . "La hip\u00F2tesi de Prout diu que les masses at\u00F2miques dels elements qu\u00EDmics s\u00F3n m\u00FAltiples sencers de la massa at\u00F2mica de l'hidrogen. Com a conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncia els \u00E0toms de la resta d'elements qu\u00EDmics estan formats per la condensaci\u00F3 d'\u00E0toms d'hidrogen, de manera que l'hidrogen \u00E9s la subst\u00E0ncia prim\u00E0ria, que anomen\u00E0 protil, derivat del grec \u03C0\u03C1\u1FF6\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD, primer, i de \u1F52\u03BB\u03B7, mat\u00E8ria de la qual est\u00E0 fet tot segons els fil\u00F2sofs grecs."@ca . . . . "Prout's hypothesis"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "La hip\u00F3tesis de Prout fue un intento realizado a comienzos del siglo XIX de explicar la existencia de varios elementos qu\u00EDmicos a trav\u00E9s de una hip\u00F3tesis sobre la estructura interna del \u00E1tomo. En 1815\u200B y 1816,\u200B el qu\u00EDmico ingl\u00E9s William Prout public\u00F3 dos art\u00EDculos en los que observaba que el peso at\u00F3mico que hab\u00EDa sido establecido para los elementos conocidos hasta el momento parec\u00EDa ser un m\u00FAltiplo absoluto del peso at\u00F3mico del hidr\u00F3geno. En consecuencia, estableci\u00F3 la hip\u00F3tesis de que el \u00E1tomo del hidr\u00F3geno era el \u00FAnico realmente fundamental, y que los \u00E1tomos de los dem\u00E1s elementos eran en realidad agrupaciones de varios \u00E1tomos de hidr\u00F3geno."@es . . . "La hip\u00F2tesi de Prout diu que les masses at\u00F2miques dels elements qu\u00EDmics s\u00F3n m\u00FAltiples sencers de la massa at\u00F2mica de l'hidrogen. Com a conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncia els \u00E0toms de la resta d'elements qu\u00EDmics estan formats per la condensaci\u00F3 d'\u00E0toms d'hidrogen, de manera que l'hidrogen \u00E9s la subst\u00E0ncia prim\u00E0ria, que anomen\u00E0 protil, derivat del grec \u03C0\u03C1\u1FF6\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD, primer, i de \u1F52\u03BB\u03B7, mat\u00E8ria de la qual est\u00E0 fet tot segons els fil\u00F2sofs grecs. Aquesta hip\u00F2tesi fou proposada pel metge angl\u00E8s William Prout en dos articles el 1815 i 1816. Ben aviat fou rebatuda per importants qu\u00EDmics com el suec J\u00F6ns Jacob Berzelius sobre la base dels valors de les masses at\u00F2miques per ells obtingudes. Malgrat que aquestes proves contr\u00E0ries els qu\u00EDmics se sentiren atrets per ella i intentaren confirmar-la. Per\u00F2 l'obtenci\u00F3 de masses at\u00F2miques relatives no senceres, com la del clor, 35,5, i la del coure, 63,6, feren abandonar aquesta hip\u00F2tesi que fou rebutjada definitivament pel qu\u00EDmic belga Jean Servais Stas i pel rus Dmitri Mendel\u00E9iev. Les observacions que d'en\u00E7\u00E0 del 1886 feu sobre els raigs canals, i les experi\u00E8ncies amb camps magn\u00E8tics que en feu Wilhelm Wien el 1898, indicaren l'exist\u00E8ncia d'una c\u00E0rrega elemental positiva, amb c\u00E0rrega igual a la de l'electr\u00F3 ja descobert, per\u00F2 amb signe oposat, el prot\u00F3. Amb aquest descobriment i amb el descobriment que els \u00E0toms dels diferents elements qu\u00EDmics estaven constitu\u00EFts per un nombre diferent de protons, donaren validesa a part de la hip\u00F2tesi de Prout. Finalment, la fusi\u00F3 nuclear i, en concret, la nucleos\u00EDntesi estel\u00B7lar dels elements qu\u00EDmics a partir de reaccions nuclears a l'interior de les estrelles partint d'hidrogen (cadena prot\u00F3-prot\u00F3), han confirmat tamb\u00E9 aquesta hip\u00F2tesi quant a l'origen dels elements qu\u00EDmics. L'exist\u00E8ncia del neutr\u00F3 al nucli at\u00F2mic, no considerat en la hip\u00F2tesi, l'exist\u00E8ncia dels is\u00F2tops d'un mateix element qu\u00EDmic, desconeguts per Prout, i el defecte m\u00E0ssic, que es dona en fusionar-se els nuclis, explicat a partir de la relaci\u00F3 d'Albert Einstein massa-energia en el context de la teoria de la relativitat restringida, impedeixen que les masses at\u00F2miques relatives siguin m\u00FAltiples sencers de la de l'hidrogen."@ca . . . . . "\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC"@ja . . . "1111159967"^^ . . . . "\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC(Prout's hypothesis)\u306F19\u4E16\u7D00\u521D\u982D\u306B\u51FA\u305F\u3001\u539F\u5B50\u306E\u5185\u90E8\u69CB\u9020\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u4EEE\u8AAC\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u307E\u305F\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u5316\u5B66\u5143\u7D20\u306E\u5B58\u5728\u3092\u8AAC\u660E\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002 1815\u5E74\u30681816\u5E74\u306B\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306E\u79D1\u5B66\u8005\u30A6\u30A3\u30EA\u30A2\u30E0\u30FB\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306F\u3001\u305D\u306E\u6642\u77E5\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u5143\u7D20\u306E\u6E2C\u5B9A\u3057\u305F\u539F\u5B50\u91CF\u304C\u3059\u3079\u3066\u6C34\u7D20\u306E\u539F\u5B50\u91CF\u306E\u500D\u6570\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5185\u5BB9\u306E2\u3064\u306E\u8AD6\u6587\u3092\u767A\u8868\u3057\u305F\u3002\u305D\u3057\u3066\u5F7C\u306F\u6C34\u7D20\u539F\u5B50\u304C\u552F\u4E00\u771F\u306E\u57FA\u672C\u7684\u306A\u7269\u4F53\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4EEE\u8AAC\u3092\u305F\u3066\u3001\u305D\u308C\u3092\u30D7\u30ED\u30BF\u30A4\u30EB(protyle)\u3068\u547C\u3093\u3060\u3002\u305D\u3057\u3066\u4ED6\u306E\u5143\u7D20\u306E\u539F\u5B50\u306F\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u306F\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u6570\u306E\u6C34\u7D20\u539F\u5B50\u304C\u96C6\u307E\u3063\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305F\u3002 \u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC\u306F\u30A2\u30FC\u30CD\u30B9\u30C8\u30FB\u30E9\u30B6\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30C9\u306B\u5F71\u97FF\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u305F\u3002\u5F7C\u306F\u30A2\u30EB\u30D5\u30A1\u7C92\u5B50\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u7A92\u7D20\u539F\u5B50\u304B\u3089\u6C34\u7D20\u539F\u5B50\u6838\u3092\u300C\u30CE\u30C3\u30AD\u30F3\u30B0\u300D\u3059\u308B\u306E\u306B\u6210\u529F\u3057\u3001\u304A\u305D\u3089\u304F\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u5143\u7D20\u306E\u6838\u304C\u305D\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7C92\u5B50\uFF08\u6C34\u7D20\u6838\uFF09\u3067\u3067\u304D\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u7D50\u8AD6\u4ED8\u3051\u305F\u3002\u307E\u305F\u30011920\u5E74\u306B\u306F\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u304C\u4F5C\u3063\u305F\u5358\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\"protyle\"\u306E\u8A9E\u5E79\u306B\u7C92\u5B50\u3092\u8868\u3059\u63A5\u5C3E\u8F9E\u306E\"-on\"\u3092\u3064\u3051proton\u3068\u540D\u4ED8\u3051\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u63D0\u6848\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC\u3068\u3001\u305D\u306E\u3068\u304D\u77E5\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3001\u6C34\u7D20\u306E\u6574\u6570\u500D\u304B\u3089\u96E2\u308C\u305F\u5024\u3092\u3068\u308B\u3044\u304F\u3064\u304B\u306E\u539F\u5B50\u91CF\u306E\u5909\u5316\u3068\u306E\u77DB\u76FE\u306F\u3001\u540C\u4F4D\u4F53\u3068\u4E2D\u6027\u5B50\u306E\u767A\u898B\u306B\u3088\u3063\u30661913\u5E74\u304B\u30891932\u5E74\u306E\u9593\u306B\u8AAC\u660E\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B7\u30B9\u30FB\u30A2\u30B9\u30C8\u30F3\u306E\u5168\u6838\u5B50\u5247\u306B\u3088\u308B\u3068\u3001\u30D7\u30E9\u30A6\u30C8\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC\u306F\u500B\u3005\u306E\u540C\u4F4D\u4F53\u306E\u539F\u5B50\u8CEA\u91CF\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u306F\u8AA4\u5DEE1%\u4EE5\u4E0B\u3067\u6B63\u3057\u3044\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "Prouts hypotes"@sv . . . "\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0645\u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062D \u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629. \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1815 \u06481816 \u060C \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A \u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u062D\u062B\u064A\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u062A\u0645 \u0642\u064A\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062A\u060C \u0647\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062B\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062D\u064A\u062F \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062A\u0627\u064A\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062A\u062C\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u062F\u062F \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646. \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A \u0623\u062B\u0631\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062A \u0631\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062F \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062C\u062D \u0641\u064A \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064A\u062A\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A (\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646)\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920 \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0631\u062D \u062A\u0633\u0645\u064A\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u0629 \u00AB\u0623\u0648\u0646\u00BB \u0644\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A \u00AB\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062A\u0627\u064A\u0644\u00BB. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646\u060C \u062A\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u062D\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A 1914 \u06481932 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0643\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064A\u0648\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064A \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0646\u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A \u0635\u062D\u064A\u062D\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0644 \u062E\u0637\u0623 \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 1%."@ar . . "\u0413\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E \u0442\u043E\u043C, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043C \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C\u044B \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432."@ru . . . . . . . "\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062A"@ar .