. . . . . . . . . "Radik\u00E1lov\u00E9 reakce nejsou b\u011B\u017En\u00E9 jako pol\u00E1rn\u00ED reakce, av\u0161ak jsou d\u016Fle\u017Eit\u00E9 p\u0159i n\u011Bkter\u00FDch pr\u016Fmyslov\u00FDch procesech a v \u010Detn\u00FDch biologick\u00FDch procesech.Radik\u00E1ly jsou vysoce , proto\u017Ee obsahuj\u00ED atom s lich\u00FDm po\u010Dtem elektron\u016F (obvykle 7) ve valen\u010Dn\u00ED vrstv\u011B, sp\u00ED\u0161e ne\u017E stabiln\u00ED oktet. Radik\u00E1l m\u016F\u017Ee dos\u00E1hnout oktetu n\u011Bkolika zp\u016Fsoby. Nap\u0159\u00EDklad m\u016F\u017Ee vz\u00EDt elektron z jin\u00E9ho reaktantu a p\u0159itom vznikne druh\u00FD radik\u00E1l. V\u00FDsledkem je radik\u00E1lov\u00E1 adice nebo substituce. Radik\u00E1lov\u00E1 substituce je substitu\u010Dn\u00ED reakce zahrnuj\u00EDc\u00ED voln\u00E9 radik\u00E1ly jako reaktivn\u00ED meziprodukt."@cs . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0628\u062F\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0628\u062F\u0627\u0644 \u064A\u062A\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u064A\u0637\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644. \u064A\u062A\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062D\u062F\u0648\u062B \u0639\u062F\u0629 \u062E\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062A: \u062A\u062F\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u062F\u0648\u062B \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062A\u062F\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u00BB (2\u060C 3) \u062D\u064A\u062B \u064A\u062A\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631 \u0646\u062A\u064A\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062D\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u0627\u062B\u0644\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u062B\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0628\u0627\u062F\u0626 \u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064A\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0632\u0648. \u064A\u0624\u062F\u064A \u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u062F\u0648\u062B \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u062A\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064A\u0629 (4\u060C 5) \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062D\u0644\u0629 \u062A\u062F\u0639\u0649 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0627\u062B\u0631 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631)\u00BB\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062F\u0627\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u064A\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062C\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u00AB\u0625\u064A\u0642\u0627\u0641\u00BB \u0644\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (6\u060C 7) \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062C\u0630\u0631 \u062D\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062D\u062F \u0644\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064A."@ar . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. substitution radical reaction) \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0443 \u043E\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044B \u2014 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044B, \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442 SR."@ru . . . "\uC720\uB9AC\uAE30 \uCE58\uD658 \uBC18\uC751"@ko . . "La substitution radicalaire (SR) est un type de r\u00E9action de substitution dans lequel l'interm\u00E9diaire r\u00E9actionnel est un radical. Ce type de r\u00E9action ne peut se produire que lorsque des esp\u00E8ces radicales sont form\u00E9es, c'est-\u00E0-dire une r\u00E9action en pr\u00E9sence de lumi\u00E8re ultraviolette (UV) qui provoque le clivage homolytique de mol\u00E9cules normales, ou en pr\u00E9sence d'une esp\u00E8ce formant spontan\u00E9ment des radicaux, comme un peroxyde."@fr . . "\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0628\u062F\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0628\u062F\u0627\u0644 \u064A\u062A\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u064A\u0637\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644. \u064A\u062A\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062D\u062F\u0648\u062B \u0639\u062F\u0629 \u062E\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062A: \u062A\u062F\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u062F\u0648\u062B \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062A\u062F\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u00BB (2\u060C 3) \u062D\u064A\u062B \u064A\u062A\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631 \u0646\u062A\u064A\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062D\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u0627\u062B\u0644\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u062B\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0628\u0627\u062F\u0626 \u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064A\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0632\u0648."@ar . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0628\u062F\u0627\u0644 \u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A"@ar . "Radical substitution"@en . "Substytucja rodnikowa \u2013 chemiczna reakcja podstawienia (substytucji) przebiegaj\u0105ca poprzez mechanizm rodnikowy. Typowym przyk\u0142adem jest reakcja alkan\u00F3w z fluorowcami, jednak reakcji tej ulega wiele klas zwi\u0105zk\u00F3w organicznych, tak\u017Ce nienasycone i aromatyczne. Pierwszym etapem reakcji, tzw. inicjacj\u0105, jest powstanie rodnik\u00F3w, co zazwyczaj jest wynikiem homolitycznego p\u0119kni\u0119cia wi\u0105zania pojedynczego: A\u2212B \u2192 A\u00B7 + B\u00B7 Cl\u2212Cl \u2192 2Cl\u00B7 Kolejnym etapem jest w\u0142a\u015Bciwa substytucja (etap wzrostu): Cl\u00B7 + CH4 \u2192 HCl + CH3\u00B7CH3\u00B7 + Cl2 \u2192 CH3Cl + Cl\u00B7Sumarycznie: :CH4 + Cl2 \u2192 CH3Cl + HCl Proces ten jest reakcj\u0105 \u0142a\u0144cuchow\u0105."@pl . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F"@ru . . "Substytucja rodnikowa"@pl . . . . . "Een radicalaire substitutie is een type organische reactie, meer bepaald een substitutiereactie, waarbij radicalen als reactieve intermediairen betrokken zijn."@nl . "Una reazione di sostituzione radicalica \u00E8 una reazione chimica di sostituzione in cui compaiono dei radicali come intermedi di reazione, ragione per cui viene definita reazione \"non polare\" (reazioni \"polari\" sono invece quelle che implicano la presenza di elettrofili o di nucleofili). La reazione di sostituzione pu\u00F2 essere suddivisa nei seguenti tre stadi: inizio, propagazione, terminazione."@it . . "En qu\u00EDmica org\u00E1nica, una reacci\u00F3n de sustituci\u00F3n radicalaria es una reacci\u00F3n de sustituci\u00F3n que involucra radicales libres como un intermediario de reacci\u00F3n.\u200B La reacci\u00F3n siempre involucra dos pasos como m\u00EDnimo, y posiblemente un tercero."@es . . . . . . . "Radik\u00E1lov\u00E1 substituce"@cs . "3097"^^ . "In organic chemistry, a radical-substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving free radicals as a reactive intermediate. The reaction always involves at least two steps, and possibly a third. In the first step called initiation (2,3), a free radical is created by homolysis. Homolysis can be brought about by heat or ultraviolet light, but also by radical initiators such as organic peroxides or azo compounds. UV Light is used to create two free radicals from one diatomic species. The final step is called termination (6,7), in which the radical recombines with another radical species. If the reaction is not terminated, but instead the radical group(s) go on to react further, the steps where new radicals are formed and then react are collectively known as propagation (4,5). This is because a new radical is created, able to participate in secondary reactions."@en . "Sustituci\u00F3n radicalaria"@es . . . . . "In organic chemistry, a radical-substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving free radicals as a reactive intermediate. The reaction always involves at least two steps, and possibly a third."@en . "La substitution radicalaire (SR) est un type de r\u00E9action de substitution dans lequel l'interm\u00E9diaire r\u00E9actionnel est un radical. Ce type de r\u00E9action ne peut se produire que lorsque des esp\u00E8ces radicales sont form\u00E9es, c'est-\u00E0-dire une r\u00E9action en pr\u00E9sence de lumi\u00E8re ultraviolette (UV) qui provoque le clivage homolytique de mol\u00E9cules normales, ou en pr\u00E9sence d'une esp\u00E8ce formant spontan\u00E9ment des radicaux, comme un peroxyde."@fr . . . . . "\u6709\u6A5F\u5316\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u7F6E\u63DB\u53CD\u5FDC\uFF08\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u3061\u304B\u3093\u306F\u3093\u306E\u3046\u3001\u82F1: Radical-substitution reaction\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30D5\u30EA\u30FC\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u304C\u95A2\u4E0E\u3059\u308B\u7F6E\u63DB\u53CD\u5FDC\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u53CD\u5FDC\u306B\u306F\u5E38\u306B\u5C11\u306A\u304F\u3068\u30822\u3064\u306E\u6BB5\u968E\u3001\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3088\u308B\u30683\u3064\u306E\u6BB5\u968E\u304C\u542B\u307E\u308C\u308B\u3002 \u958B\u59CB\uFF08\u30A4\u30CB\u30B7\u30A8\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u30022\u30013\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u7B2C1\u6BB5\u968E\u3067\u306F\u3001\u30DB\u30E2\u30EA\u30B7\u30B9\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30D5\u30EA\u30FC\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u304C\u4F5C\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30DB\u30E2\u30EA\u30B7\u30B9\u306F\u71B1\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u7D2B\u5916\u7DDA\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5F15\u304D\u8D77\u3053\u3055\u308C\u3046\u308B\u304C\u3001\u6709\u6A5F\u30DA\u30EB\u30AA\u30AD\u30B7\u30C9\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30A2\u30BE\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u958B\u59CB\u5264\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u8D77\u3053\u308B\u3002\u7D2B\u5916\u7DDA\u306F1\u3064\u306E\u4E8C\u539F\u5B50\u5206\u5B50\u7A2E\u304B\u30892\u3064\u306E\u30D5\u30EA\u30FC\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u3092\u4F5C\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3002\u6700\u7D42\u6BB5\u968E\u306F\u7D42\u6B62\uFF08\u30BF\u30FC\u30DF\u30CD\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u30026\u30017\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3001\u3053\u306E\u6BB5\u968E\u3067\u306F\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u306F\u3082\u30461\u3064\u306E\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u7A2E\u3068\u518D\u7D50\u5408\u3059\u308B\u3002\u53CD\u5FDC\u304C\u7D42\u6B62\u3055\u308C\u305A\u3001\u4EE3\u308F\u308A\u306B\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u57FA\u304C\u3055\u3089\u306B\u53CD\u5FDC\u3057\u7D9A\u3051\u308B\u306A\u3089\u3070\u3001\u65B0\u305F\u306A\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u304C\u5F62\u6210\u3055\u308C\u3066\u7D9A\u3044\u3066\u53CD\u5FDC\u3059\u308B\u6BB5\u968E\u306F\u307E\u3068\u3081\u3066\u6210\u9577\uFF08\u30D7\u30ED\u30D1\u30B2\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u30024\u304A\u3088\u30735\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "Die radikalische Substitution (kurz SR) ist ein Reaktionstyp der organischen Chemie, bei dem an einem sp3-substituierten Kohlenstoffatom ein Wasserstoffatom ersetzt wird, h\u00E4ufig durch Halogen- oder Sauerstoff-Atome (z. B. bei der Autoxidation). Die Reaktion verl\u00E4uft als Radikalkettenreaktion \u00FCber drei Reaktionsschritte: 1. \n* Startreaktion (Radikalbildung) 2. \n* Kettenfortpflanzung (auch Kettenreaktion genannt) 3. \n* Kettenabbruch (durch Rekombination) Die radikalische Substitution erfolgt nur dann, wenn Radikale gebildet werden k\u00F6nnen. Dazu muss eine homolytische Spaltung einer kovalenten Bindung erfolgen, z. B. bei Brom durch UV-Licht, oder durch W\u00E4rme bei Benzoylperoxid oder Azobis(isobutyronitril) (AIBN). Die gebildeten Startradikale nehmen entweder selbst an der Kettenfortpflanzung teil (Brom) oder \u00FCbertragen ihre Radikalfunktion an die Reaktionspartner."@de . "Die radikalische Substitution (kurz SR) ist ein Reaktionstyp der organischen Chemie, bei dem an einem sp3-substituierten Kohlenstoffatom ein Wasserstoffatom ersetzt wird, h\u00E4ufig durch Halogen- oder Sauerstoff-Atome (z. B. bei der Autoxidation). Die Reaktion verl\u00E4uft als Radikalkettenreaktion \u00FCber drei Reaktionsschritte: 1. \n* Startreaktion (Radikalbildung) 2. \n* Kettenfortpflanzung (auch Kettenreaktion genannt) 3. \n* Kettenabbruch (durch Rekombination)"@de . "Radik\u00E1lov\u00E9 reakce nejsou b\u011B\u017En\u00E9 jako pol\u00E1rn\u00ED reakce, av\u0161ak jsou d\u016Fle\u017Eit\u00E9 p\u0159i n\u011Bkter\u00FDch pr\u016Fmyslov\u00FDch procesech a v \u010Detn\u00FDch biologick\u00FDch procesech.Radik\u00E1ly jsou vysoce , proto\u017Ee obsahuj\u00ED atom s lich\u00FDm po\u010Dtem elektron\u016F (obvykle 7) ve valen\u010Dn\u00ED vrstv\u011B, sp\u00ED\u0161e ne\u017E stabiln\u00ED oktet. Radik\u00E1l m\u016F\u017Ee dos\u00E1hnout oktetu n\u011Bkolika zp\u016Fsoby. Nap\u0159\u00EDklad m\u016F\u017Ee vz\u00EDt elektron z jin\u00E9ho reaktantu a p\u0159itom vznikne druh\u00FD radik\u00E1l. V\u00FDsledkem je radik\u00E1lov\u00E1 adice nebo substituce. Radik\u00E1lov\u00E1 substituce je substitu\u010Dn\u00ED reakce zahrnuj\u00EDc\u00ED voln\u00E9 radik\u00E1ly jako reaktivn\u00ED meziprodukt."@cs . . . . "\uC720\uB9AC\uAE30 \uCE58\uD658 \uBC18\uC751(Radical substitution \uB610\uB294 free radical substitution)\uC740 \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30(free radicals)\uAC00 \uBC18\uC751\uC131 \uC911\uAC04\uCCB4(reactive intermediate)\uB85C \uCC38\uC5EC\uD558\uB294 \uCE58\uD658 \uBC18\uC751\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBC18\uC751\uC740 \uCD5C\uC18C 2\uB2E8\uACC4\uB85C \uAD6C\uC131\uB418\uBA70 3\uB2E8\uACC4\uB3C4 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uB2E4. \uCCAB \uB2E8\uACC4\uB294 \uAC1C\uC2DC\uB2E8\uACC4(initiation, \uC704 \uADF8\uB9BC\uC758 2~3\uBC88)\uB85C \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30\uC758 \uADE0\uD615 \uBD84\uD574(homolysis)\uB85C \uC0DD\uC131\uB41C\uB2E4. \uADE0\uD615 \uBD84\uD574\uB294 \uC5F4\uC774\uB098 \uC790\uC678\uC120\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30 \uAC1C\uC2DC\uC790(radical iiitiator) \uC5ED\uC2DC \uBC18\uC751\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uB9C8\uC9C0\uB9C9 \uB2E8\uACC4\uB294 \uC885\uACB0\uB2E8\uACC4(termination, \uC704 \uADF8\uB9BC\uC758 6~7\uBC88)\uB85C \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30\uAC00 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30\uC640 \uACB0\uD569\uD558\uB294 \uB2E8\uACC4\uC774\uB2E4. \uC804\uD30C\uB2E8\uACC4(propagation, \uC704 \uADF8\uB9BC\uC758 4~5\uBC88)\uB294 \uC0DD\uC131\uB41C \uB77C\uB514\uCEEC\uC774 \uCD94\uAC00\uB85C \uB77C\uB514\uCEEC\uC744 \uACC4\uC18D \uB9CC\uB4E4\uC5B4 \uBC18\uC751\uC774 \uACC4\uC18D \uC77C\uC5B4\uB0A0 \uC218 \uC788\uAC8C \uD574\uC8FC\uB294 \uB2E8\uACC4\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . "Una reazione di sostituzione radicalica \u00E8 una reazione chimica di sostituzione in cui compaiono dei radicali come intermedi di reazione, ragione per cui viene definita reazione \"non polare\" (reazioni \"polari\" sono invece quelle che implicano la presenza di elettrofili o di nucleofili). La reazione di sostituzione pu\u00F2 essere suddivisa nei seguenti tre stadi: inizio, propagazione, terminazione. Trova utilizzo in ambito industriale nella sintesi composti alogenati, come nel caso di solventi quali diclorometano e cloroformio. L'irrancidimento dei grassi a causa di perossidazione procede per via radicalica."@it . . . . "Substitution radicalaire"@fr . "Radicalaire substitutie"@nl . . "1016895761"^^ . . "\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u53D6\u4EE3\u53CD\u61C9\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ARadical substitution\uFF09\u662F\u6709\u6A5F\u5316\u5B78\u4E2D\u7684\u4E00\u500B\u53D6\u4EE3\u53CD\u61C9\u985E\u578B\u3002\u5728\u9019\u985E\u7684\u53CD\u61C9\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\uFF0C\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u626E\u6F14\u8457\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\u9593\u9AD4\u7684\u89D2\u8272\u3002\u6B64\u985E\u53CD\u61C9\u5927\u591A\u6D89\u53CA\u81F3\u5C11\u5169\u500B\u6B65\u9A5F\uFF0C\u6709\u4E9B\u751A\u81F3\u53EF\u80FD\u9054\u5230\u4E09\u500B\u6B65\u9A5F\u3002 \u6B64\u985E\u53CD\u61C9\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B65\u662F\u85C9\u7531\u5747\u88C2\u4F86\u7522\u751F\u5E36\u6709\u672A\u6210\u5C0D\u96FB\u5B50\u7684\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\uFF0C\u59822\u5F0F\u82073\u5F0F\u822C\uFF0C\u7A31\u70BA\u8D77\u59CB\uFF08initiation\uFF09\u3002\u800C\u5747\u88C2\u53EF\u5728\u71B1\u3001\u7D2B\u5916\u5149\u6216\u6709\u673A\u8FC7\u6C27\u5316\u7269\u3001\u5076\u6C2E\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7B49\u7684\u5E6B\u52A9\u4E0B\u767C\u751F\uFF1B\u5176\u4E2D\uFF0C\u7D2B\u5916\u5149\u80FD\u7528\u65BC\u5C07\u4E00\u500B\u96D9\u539F\u5B50\u5206\u5B50\u8F49\u70BA\u5169\u500B\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u3002\u57286\u5F0F\u82077\u5F0F\u4E2D\uFF0C\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u6703\u5728\u5F7C\u6B64\u91CD\u7D44\u5F8C\u6D88\u5931\uFF0C\u53CD\u61C9\u4E5F\u5728\u6B64\u6B65\u9A5F\u5F8C\u505C\u6B62\uFF0C\u56E0\u800C\u7A31\u70BA\u7D42\u6B62\uFF08termination\uFF09\u3002\u5982\u679C\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u4E26\u672A\u8D70\u5411\u7D42\u6B62\u6B65\u9A5F\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u6301\u7E8C\u9032\u884C\u53CD\u61C9\u4E26\u7522\u751F\u65B0\u7684\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\uFF08\u59824\u62165\uFF09\uFF0C\u5247\u9019\u4E9B\u4ECB\u65BC\u8D77\u59CB\u8207\u7D42\u6B62\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u6B65\u9A5F\u7A31\u70BA\u589E\u9577\uFF08propagation\uFF09\u3002"@zh . "Substytucja rodnikowa \u2013 chemiczna reakcja podstawienia (substytucji) przebiegaj\u0105ca poprzez mechanizm rodnikowy. Typowym przyk\u0142adem jest reakcja alkan\u00F3w z fluorowcami, jednak reakcji tej ulega wiele klas zwi\u0105zk\u00F3w organicznych, tak\u017Ce nienasycone i aromatyczne. Pierwszym etapem reakcji, tzw. inicjacj\u0105, jest powstanie rodnik\u00F3w, co zazwyczaj jest wynikiem homolitycznego p\u0119kni\u0119cia wi\u0105zania pojedynczego: A\u2212B \u2192 A\u00B7 + B\u00B7 Reakcja ta mo\u017Ce zosta\u0107 wymuszona, np. pod wp\u0142ywem promieniowania UV lub ciep\u0142a. W wielu reakcjach substytucji rodnikowej stosuje si\u0119 inicjatory reakcji, tj. zwi\u0105zki spontanicznie rozpadaj\u0105ce si\u0119 na rodniki, np. nadtlenki. Przyk\u0142adowo, w reakcji metanu z chlorem, inicjacj\u0105 jest rozpad cz\u0105steczki Cl2 pod wp\u0142ywem \u015Bwiat\u0142a lub ciep\u0142a rozpada si\u0119 na dwa atomy (b\u0119d\u0105ce rodnikami, gdy\u017C zawieraj\u0105 niesparowane elektrony): Cl\u2212Cl \u2192 2Cl\u00B7 Kolejnym etapem jest w\u0142a\u015Bciwa substytucja (etap wzrostu): Cl\u00B7 + CH4 \u2192 HCl + CH3\u00B7CH3\u00B7 + Cl2 \u2192 CH3Cl + Cl\u00B7Sumarycznie: :CH4 + Cl2 \u2192 CH3Cl + HCl Proces ten jest reakcj\u0105 \u0142a\u0144cuchow\u0105. Reakcja ko\u0144czy si\u0119 etapem terminacji, polegaj\u0105cym na kombinacji dw\u00F3ch rodnik\u00F3w: Cl\u00B7 + Cl\u00B7 \u2192 Cl2CH3\u00B7 + CH3\u00B7 \u2192 C2H6CH3\u00B7 + Cl\u00B7 \u2192 CH3Cl W przypadku substytucji rodnikowej na atomie chiralnym, praktycznie zawsze nast\u0119puje racemizacja. Substytucja rodnikowa jest oznaczana symbolem SR."@pl . . . "Een radicalaire substitutie is een type organische reactie, meer bepaald een substitutiereactie, waarbij radicalen als reactieve intermediairen betrokken zijn."@nl . "\uC720\uB9AC\uAE30 \uCE58\uD658 \uBC18\uC751(Radical substitution \uB610\uB294 free radical substitution)\uC740 \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30(free radicals)\uAC00 \uBC18\uC751\uC131 \uC911\uAC04\uCCB4(reactive intermediate)\uB85C \uCC38\uC5EC\uD558\uB294 \uCE58\uD658 \uBC18\uC751\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBC18\uC751\uC740 \uCD5C\uC18C 2\uB2E8\uACC4\uB85C \uAD6C\uC131\uB418\uBA70 3\uB2E8\uACC4\uB3C4 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uB2E4. \uCCAB \uB2E8\uACC4\uB294 \uAC1C\uC2DC\uB2E8\uACC4(initiation, \uC704 \uADF8\uB9BC\uC758 2~3\uBC88)\uB85C \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30\uC758 \uADE0\uD615 \uBD84\uD574(homolysis)\uB85C \uC0DD\uC131\uB41C\uB2E4. \uADE0\uD615 \uBD84\uD574\uB294 \uC5F4\uC774\uB098 \uC790\uC678\uC120\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30 \uAC1C\uC2DC\uC790(radical iiitiator) \uC5ED\uC2DC \uBC18\uC751\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uB9C8\uC9C0\uB9C9 \uB2E8\uACC4\uB294 \uC885\uACB0\uB2E8\uACC4(termination, \uC704 \uADF8\uB9BC\uC758 6~7\uBC88)\uB85C \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30\uAC00 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC720\uB9AC\uAE30\uC640 \uACB0\uD569\uD558\uB294 \uB2E8\uACC4\uC774\uB2E4. \uC804\uD30C\uB2E8\uACC4(propagation, \uC704 \uADF8\uB9BC\uC758 4~5\uBC88)\uB294 \uC0DD\uC131\uB41C \uB77C\uB514\uCEEC\uC774 \uCD94\uAC00\uB85C \uB77C\uB514\uCEEC\uC744 \uACC4\uC18D \uB9CC\uB4E4\uC5B4 \uBC18\uC751\uC774 \uACC4\uC18D \uC77C\uC5B4\uB0A0 \uC218 \uC788\uAC8C \uD574\uC8FC\uB294 \uB2E8\uACC4\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u53D6\u4EE3\u53CD\u61C9\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ARadical substitution\uFF09\u662F\u6709\u6A5F\u5316\u5B78\u4E2D\u7684\u4E00\u500B\u53D6\u4EE3\u53CD\u61C9\u985E\u578B\u3002\u5728\u9019\u985E\u7684\u53CD\u61C9\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\uFF0C\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u626E\u6F14\u8457\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\u9593\u9AD4\u7684\u89D2\u8272\u3002\u6B64\u985E\u53CD\u61C9\u5927\u591A\u6D89\u53CA\u81F3\u5C11\u5169\u500B\u6B65\u9A5F\uFF0C\u6709\u4E9B\u751A\u81F3\u53EF\u80FD\u9054\u5230\u4E09\u500B\u6B65\u9A5F\u3002 \u6B64\u985E\u53CD\u61C9\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B65\u662F\u85C9\u7531\u5747\u88C2\u4F86\u7522\u751F\u5E36\u6709\u672A\u6210\u5C0D\u96FB\u5B50\u7684\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\uFF0C\u59822\u5F0F\u82073\u5F0F\u822C\uFF0C\u7A31\u70BA\u8D77\u59CB\uFF08initiation\uFF09\u3002\u800C\u5747\u88C2\u53EF\u5728\u71B1\u3001\u7D2B\u5916\u5149\u6216\u6709\u673A\u8FC7\u6C27\u5316\u7269\u3001\u5076\u6C2E\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7B49\u7684\u5E6B\u52A9\u4E0B\u767C\u751F\uFF1B\u5176\u4E2D\uFF0C\u7D2B\u5916\u5149\u80FD\u7528\u65BC\u5C07\u4E00\u500B\u96D9\u539F\u5B50\u5206\u5B50\u8F49\u70BA\u5169\u500B\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u3002\u57286\u5F0F\u82077\u5F0F\u4E2D\uFF0C\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u6703\u5728\u5F7C\u6B64\u91CD\u7D44\u5F8C\u6D88\u5931\uFF0C\u53CD\u61C9\u4E5F\u5728\u6B64\u6B65\u9A5F\u5F8C\u505C\u6B62\uFF0C\u56E0\u800C\u7A31\u70BA\u7D42\u6B62\uFF08termination\uFF09\u3002\u5982\u679C\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u4E26\u672A\u8D70\u5411\u7D42\u6B62\u6B65\u9A5F\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u6301\u7E8C\u9032\u884C\u53CD\u61C9\u4E26\u7522\u751F\u65B0\u7684\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\uFF08\u59824\u62165\uFF09\uFF0C\u5247\u9019\u4E9B\u4ECB\u65BC\u8D77\u59CB\u8207\u7D42\u6B62\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u6B65\u9A5F\u7A31\u70BA\u589E\u9577\uFF08propagation\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. substitution radical reaction) \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0443 \u043E\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044B \u2014 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044B, \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442 SR."@ru . . "\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u53D6\u4EE3\u53CD\u61C9"@zh . . . . . "1267110"^^ . . . . "Sostituzione radicalica"@it . "Radikalische Substitution"@de . . "\u6709\u6A5F\u5316\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u7F6E\u63DB\u53CD\u5FDC\uFF08\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u3061\u304B\u3093\u306F\u3093\u306E\u3046\u3001\u82F1: Radical-substitution reaction\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30D5\u30EA\u30FC\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u304C\u95A2\u4E0E\u3059\u308B\u7F6E\u63DB\u53CD\u5FDC\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u53CD\u5FDC\u306B\u306F\u5E38\u306B\u5C11\u306A\u304F\u3068\u30822\u3064\u306E\u6BB5\u968E\u3001\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3088\u308B\u30683\u3064\u306E\u6BB5\u968E\u304C\u542B\u307E\u308C\u308B\u3002 \u958B\u59CB\uFF08\u30A4\u30CB\u30B7\u30A8\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u30022\u30013\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u7B2C1\u6BB5\u968E\u3067\u306F\u3001\u30DB\u30E2\u30EA\u30B7\u30B9\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30D5\u30EA\u30FC\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u304C\u4F5C\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30DB\u30E2\u30EA\u30B7\u30B9\u306F\u71B1\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u7D2B\u5916\u7DDA\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5F15\u304D\u8D77\u3053\u3055\u308C\u3046\u308B\u304C\u3001\u6709\u6A5F\u30DA\u30EB\u30AA\u30AD\u30B7\u30C9\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30A2\u30BE\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u958B\u59CB\u5264\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u8D77\u3053\u308B\u3002\u7D2B\u5916\u7DDA\u306F1\u3064\u306E\u4E8C\u539F\u5B50\u5206\u5B50\u7A2E\u304B\u30892\u3064\u306E\u30D5\u30EA\u30FC\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u3092\u4F5C\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3002\u6700\u7D42\u6BB5\u968E\u306F\u7D42\u6B62\uFF08\u30BF\u30FC\u30DF\u30CD\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u30026\u30017\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3001\u3053\u306E\u6BB5\u968E\u3067\u306F\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u306F\u3082\u30461\u3064\u306E\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u7A2E\u3068\u518D\u7D50\u5408\u3059\u308B\u3002\u53CD\u5FDC\u304C\u7D42\u6B62\u3055\u308C\u305A\u3001\u4EE3\u308F\u308A\u306B\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u57FA\u304C\u3055\u3089\u306B\u53CD\u5FDC\u3057\u7D9A\u3051\u308B\u306A\u3089\u3070\u3001\u65B0\u305F\u306A\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u304C\u5F62\u6210\u3055\u308C\u3066\u7D9A\u3044\u3066\u53CD\u5FDC\u3059\u308B\u6BB5\u968E\u306F\u307E\u3068\u3081\u3066\u6210\u9577\uFF08\u30D7\u30ED\u30D1\u30B2\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u30024\u304A\u3088\u30735\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . "\u30E9\u30B8\u30AB\u30EB\u7F6E\u63DB\u53CD\u5FDC"@ja . . . "En qu\u00EDmica org\u00E1nica, una reacci\u00F3n de sustituci\u00F3n radicalaria es una reacci\u00F3n de sustituci\u00F3n que involucra radicales libres como un intermediario de reacci\u00F3n.\u200B La reacci\u00F3n siempre involucra dos pasos como m\u00EDnimo, y posiblemente un tercero. La reacci\u00F3n global est\u00E1 esquematizada en 1. En el primer paso, denominado iniciaci\u00F3n (2,3), se crea un radical libre por hom\u00F3lisis. La hom\u00F3lisis puede ser llevada a cabo por calentamiento o irradiaci\u00F3n, pero tambi\u00E9n mediante un , como un per\u00F3xido org\u00E1nico o un azocompuesto. La luz es usada para crear dos radicales libres a partir de especies diat\u00F3micas. El paso final es denominado terminaci\u00F3n (6,7), en el que el radical se recombina con otra especie radical. Si la reacci\u00F3n no es terminada, sino que el grupo radical participa en una reacci\u00F3n posterior, las etapas donde se forman nuevos radicales y reaccionan posteriormente es denominada colectivamente como propagaci\u00F3n (4,5), porque se crea un nuevo radical disponible para reacciones secundarias."@es .