. . . . . . . "4001458"^^ . "\u0420\u0430\u0439\u044F"@ru . "Raja \u2013 obra\u017Aliwe okre\u015Blenie u\u017Cywane przez Turk\u00F3w i sturczonych miejscowych wobec chrze\u015Bcija\u0144skich poddanych w okresie imperium osma\u0144skiego (od XVII wieku). Termin wywodzi si\u0119 z j\u0119zyka arabskiego, rozpowszechni\u0142 si\u0119 jednak w krajach pod panowaniem tureckim, zw\u0142aszcza na Ba\u0142kanach. Oznacza chrze\u015Bcija\u0144sk\u0105 zbiorowo\u015B\u0107 zale\u017Cn\u0105 od muzu\u0142ma\u0144skich w\u0142adc\u00F3w \u2013 pod tureckim panowaniem chrze\u015Bcijanie mieli mniejsze prawa ni\u017C wyznawcy islamu, np. p\u0142acili wy\u017Csze podatki. T\u0142umaczy si\u0119 jako mot\u0142och, t\u0142uszcza lub nawet byd\u0142o. Obecnie s\u0142owo jest u\u017Cywane w j\u0119zyku bo\u015Bniackim i oznacza paczk\u0119 przyjaci\u00F3\u0142, kumpli."@pl . . . . "Raja \u2013 obra\u017Aliwe okre\u015Blenie u\u017Cywane przez Turk\u00F3w i sturczonych miejscowych wobec chrze\u015Bcija\u0144skich poddanych w okresie imperium osma\u0144skiego (od XVII wieku). Termin wywodzi si\u0119 z j\u0119zyka arabskiego, rozpowszechni\u0142 si\u0119 jednak w krajach pod panowaniem tureckim, zw\u0142aszcza na Ba\u0142kanach. Oznacza chrze\u015Bcija\u0144sk\u0105 zbiorowo\u015B\u0107 zale\u017Cn\u0105 od muzu\u0142ma\u0144skich w\u0142adc\u00F3w \u2013 pod tureckim panowaniem chrze\u015Bcijanie mieli mniejsze prawa ni\u017C wyznawcy islamu, np. p\u0142acili wy\u017Csze podatki. T\u0142umaczy si\u0119 jako mot\u0142och, t\u0142uszcza lub nawet byd\u0142o. Obecnie s\u0142owo jest u\u017Cywane w j\u0119zyku bo\u015Bniackim i oznacza paczk\u0119 przyjaci\u00F3\u0142, kumpli."@pl . "Re\u00E2y\u00E2"@de . "Rayah atau reaya (dari bahasa Arab \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 ra`aya, bentuk jamak dari \u0631\u0639\u064A\u0651\u0629 ra`iya \"bawahan\", juga dieja raya, raja, raiah, re'aya; Turki Utsmaniyah \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 ; Turki modern r\u00E2ya atau reaya) adalah penduduk kelas bawah yang membayar pajak di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Dalam dunia Muslim, rayah secara harfiah berarti bawahan. Rayah meliputi orang Kristen, Muslim, dan Yahudi yang dipajaki untuk mendukung negara dan kelas profesional Utsmaniyah."@in . . . . "\u0420\u0430\u044F (\u0440\u0430\u044F\u0442, \u0440\u0430\u0454\u0442) (\u0442\u0443\u0440. r\u00E2ya, [\u0440'\u0430:\u044F]; \u043E\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u0631\u064E\u0639\u0650\u064A\u064E\u0651\u0629\u200E, [ra '\u0295ijja]) \u2014 \u0443 \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E-\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0440\u0456\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0456 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043D\u0438\u043D, \u0437\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0456 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0456 \u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0438. \u041A\u0440\u0456\u043C \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0440\u0430\u0454\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0432\u0456\u0434'\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043B\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0456 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 (\u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044F \u0444\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0456). \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u0443 \u041C\u043E\u043B\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456 \u0437 1538 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u044F, \u0437 1713 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u2014 \u0425\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u044F \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E."@uk . . "3408"^^ . . . . "A raiyah or reaya (from Arabic: \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 ra\u02BF\u0101y\u0101, a plural of \u0631\u0639\u064A\u0651\u0629 ra\u02BFiya \"countryman, animal, sheep pasturing, subjects, nationals, flock\", also spelled raiya, raja, raiah, re'aya; Ottoman Turkish \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 IPA: [\u027Ee\u02C8\u0294a\u02D0je\u02D0]; Modern Turkish r\u00E2iya [\u027Ea\u02D0\u02C8ja] or reaya; related to the Arabic word r\u0101'\u012B \u0631\u0627\u0639\u064A which means \"shepherd, herdsman, patron\") was a member of the tax-paying lower class of Ottoman society, in contrast to the askeri and kul. The raiyah made up over 90% of the general population in the millet communities. In the Muslim world, raiyah is literally subject of a government or sovereign. The raiyah (literally 'members of the flock') included Christians, Muslims, and Jews who were 'shorn' (i.e. taxed) to support the state and the associated 'professional Ottoman' class. However, both in contemporaneous and in modern usage, it refers to non-Muslim subjects in particular, also called zimmi. In the early Ottoman Empire, raiyah were not eligible for military service, but from the late 16th century, Muslim raiyah became eligible, to the distress of some of the ruling class."@en . "Rayah"@en . . . . "Re\u00E2y\u00E2 (von arabisch \u0631\u0639\u064A\u0629, DMG ra\u02BF\u012Bya, Pl. \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627, DMG ra\u02BF\u0101y\u0101 oder ra\u02BFya, Pl. ra\u02BF\u0101y\u0101, \u201Ebeh\u00FCtete Herde\u201C; auch t\u00FCrkisch reaya; serbokroatisch-kyrillisch raja; griechisch \u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03B9\u03AC\u03C2 raj\u00E1s, Pl. \u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03B9\u03AC\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2 raj\u00E1des) bezeichnete urspr\u00FCnglich die steuerpflichtigen Untertanen eines muslimischen Herrschers. Erst zum 18. Jahrhundert wurde Reaya zur Bezeichnung f\u00FCr die christlichen Untertanen im Osmanischen Reich, w\u00E4hrend f\u00FCr die Juden die Bezeichnung Yehudi \u00FCblich blieb. Von der Reaya unterschied sich der Stand der Asker\u00EE."@de . . "Rayah"@it . "\u0420\u0430\u0439\u044F\u0301\u0442\u044B, \u0440\u0430\u0439\u044F (\u0442\u0443\u0440. r\u00E2ya, [\u0440'\u0430:\u044F]; \u043E\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u0631\u064E\u0639\u0650\u064A\u064E\u0651\u0629\u200E, [ra '\u0295ijja] \u2014 \u00AB\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435\u00BB, \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E \u2014 \u00AB\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u043E\u00BB, \u00AB\u043F\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00BB) \u2014 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438) \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 \u043C\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043B\u044C\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0411\u043B\u0438\u0436\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430; \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u2014 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435 (\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044F\u043D\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0435). \u041A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0440\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F, \u043E\u0442\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0430\u044F \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u0443\u044E \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0451\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044F\u0445 \u043A\u0440\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438). \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u0432 \u041C\u043E\u043B\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 1538 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0439\u044F, \u0441 1713 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u2014 \u0425\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0439\u044F, \u0438 \u043F\u0440."@ru . . "\u0420\u0430\u044F"@uk . "\u0420\u0430\u0439\u044F\u0301\u0442\u044B, \u0440\u0430\u0439\u044F (\u0442\u0443\u0440. r\u00E2ya, [\u0440'\u0430:\u044F]; \u043E\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u0631\u064E\u0639\u0650\u064A\u064E\u0651\u0629\u200E, [ra '\u0295ijja] \u2014 \u00AB\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435\u00BB, \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E \u2014 \u00AB\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u043E\u00BB, \u00AB\u043F\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00BB) \u2014 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438) \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 \u043C\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043B\u044C\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0411\u043B\u0438\u0436\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430; \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u2014 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435 (\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044F\u043D\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0435). \u041A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0440\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F, \u043E\u0442\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0430\u044F \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u0443\u044E \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0451\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044F\u0445 \u043A\u0440\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438). \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u0432 \u041C\u043E\u043B\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 1538 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0439\u044F, \u0441 1713 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u2014 \u0425\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0439\u044F, \u0438 \u043F\u0440."@ru . . "Rayah"@in . . . . . "\u62C9\u4E9E\uFF0C\u5728\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u662F\u6307\u4EA4\u7A0E\u7684\u4E00\u822C\u5E73\u6C11\uFF0C\u4F54\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u7C73\u5229\u7279\u4EBA\u53E390%\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5305\u62EC\u57FA\u7763\u5F92\u548C\u7336\u592A\u6559\u5F92\uFF0C\u8207\u6B64\u76F8\u53CD\u7684\u662F\u963F\u65AF\u5361\u91CC(\u7070\u72FC)\uFF0C\u5373\u662F\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u6587\u6B66\u5B98\u54E1\u3002 \u5728\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\uFF0C\u62C9\u4E9E\u7684\u5B57\u9762\u610F\u601D\u662F\u7F8A\u7FA3\uFF0C\u9760\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u7F8A\u6BDB\uFF0C\u5373\u662F\u7A0E\u6536\u652F\u6301\u5E1D\u570B\u548C\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u5B98\u540F\u3002 \u5728\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u65E9\u671F\uFF0C\u62C9\u4E9E\u6CA1\u8CC7\u683C\u53C3\u52A0\u8ECD\u968A\uFF0C\u4F46\u5341\u516D\u4E16\u7EAA\u5F8C\uFF0C\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u5E73\u6C11\u4E5F\u6709\u8CC7\u683C\u53C3\u52A0\u8ECD\u968A\uFF0C\u6210\u70BA\u7D71\u6CBB\u968E\u7D1A\u7684\u56F0\u64FE\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "Rayah o Reaya (in arabo: \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627\u200E ra`aya, un plurale di (in arabo: \u0631\u0639\u064A\u0629\u200E ra`iya \"gregge, soggetto\"), anche scritto come raya, raja, raiah, re'aya; turco ottomano \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 [\u027Ee\u0294a\u02D0je\u02D0]; r\u00E2ya turco moderno [ \u027Ea\u02D0ja] o reaya) era un membro della classe inferiore della societ\u00E0 ottomana renuto a pagare le tasse, in contrasto con gli askeri (la classe superiore) e i kul (gli schiavi). I rayah costituivano oltre il 90% della popolazione generale e delle comunit\u00E0 del Millet. Nel mondo musulmano, il rayah \u00E8 letteralmente il soggetto di un governo o di un sovrano. I rayah (letteralmente \"membri del gregge\") includevano cristiani, musulmani ed ebrei che erano \"tosati\" (cio\u00E8 tassati) per sostenere lo stato e la classe associata \"professionale ottomana\"."@it . . . . "\u0420\u0430\u044F (\u0440\u0430\u044F\u0442, \u0440\u0430\u0454\u0442) (\u0442\u0443\u0440. r\u00E2ya, [\u0440'\u0430:\u044F]; \u043E\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u0631\u064E\u0639\u0650\u064A\u064E\u0651\u0629\u200E, [ra '\u0295ijja]) \u2014 \u0443 \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E-\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0440\u0456\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0456 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043D\u0438\u043D, \u0437\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0456 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0456 \u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0438. \u041A\u0440\u0456\u043C \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0440\u0430\u0454\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0432\u0456\u0434'\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043B\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0456 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 (\u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044F \u0444\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0456). \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u0443 \u041C\u043E\u043B\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456 \u0437 1538 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u044F, \u0437 1713 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u2014 \u0425\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u044F \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E."@uk . . "\u62C9\u4E9E\uFF0C\u5728\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u662F\u6307\u4EA4\u7A0E\u7684\u4E00\u822C\u5E73\u6C11\uFF0C\u4F54\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u7C73\u5229\u7279\u4EBA\u53E390%\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5305\u62EC\u57FA\u7763\u5F92\u548C\u7336\u592A\u6559\u5F92\uFF0C\u8207\u6B64\u76F8\u53CD\u7684\u662F\u963F\u65AF\u5361\u91CC(\u7070\u72FC)\uFF0C\u5373\u662F\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u6587\u6B66\u5B98\u54E1\u3002 \u5728\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\uFF0C\u62C9\u4E9E\u7684\u5B57\u9762\u610F\u601D\u662F\u7F8A\u7FA3\uFF0C\u9760\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u7F8A\u6BDB\uFF0C\u5373\u662F\u7A0E\u6536\u652F\u6301\u5E1D\u570B\u548C\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u5B98\u540F\u3002 \u5728\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u65E9\u671F\uFF0C\u62C9\u4E9E\u6CA1\u8CC7\u683C\u53C3\u52A0\u8ECD\u968A\uFF0C\u4F46\u5341\u516D\u4E16\u7EAA\u5F8C\uFF0C\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u5E73\u6C11\u4E5F\u6709\u8CC7\u683C\u53C3\u52A0\u8ECD\u968A\uFF0C\u6210\u70BA\u7D71\u6CBB\u968E\u7D1A\u7684\u56F0\u64FE\u3002"@zh . . "1118661749"^^ . . . . . . "Raja"@pl . . . . "Re\u00E2y\u00E2 (von arabisch \u0631\u0639\u064A\u0629, DMG ra\u02BF\u012Bya, Pl. \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627, DMG ra\u02BF\u0101y\u0101 oder ra\u02BFya, Pl. ra\u02BF\u0101y\u0101, \u201Ebeh\u00FCtete Herde\u201C; auch t\u00FCrkisch reaya; serbokroatisch-kyrillisch raja; griechisch \u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03B9\u03AC\u03C2 raj\u00E1s, Pl. \u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03B9\u03AC\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2 raj\u00E1des) bezeichnete urspr\u00FCnglich die steuerpflichtigen Untertanen eines muslimischen Herrschers. Erst zum 18. Jahrhundert wurde Reaya zur Bezeichnung f\u00FCr die christlichen Untertanen im Osmanischen Reich, w\u00E4hrend f\u00FCr die Juden die Bezeichnung Yehudi \u00FCblich blieb. Von der Reaya unterschied sich der Stand der Asker\u00EE. Im Osmanischen Reich wurden Nomaden, Bauern, Handwerker, Ladenbesitzer und Kaufleute zur Re\u00E2y\u00E2 gez\u00E4hlt. Nur selten wurden Personen mit einem Re\u00E2y\u00E2-Hintergrund in die Asker\u00EE-Schicht aufgenommen. Dagegen wurde eingewendet, dass viele Kuls (Sklaven) von Re\u00E2y\u00E2s (steuerpflichtigen Bauern) abstammten, w\u00E4hrend viele Sipahis (\u201EReiter\u201C, Besitzer von T\u0131maren) aus Kuls hervorgingen. In der kurdischen Gesellschaft waren die Re\u00E2y\u00E2 nicht tribal organisierte Bauern, die den in E\u015Firet (St\u00E4mmen) organisierten (Halb-)Nomaden tributpflichtig waren."@de . "Rayah o Reaya (in arabo: \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627\u200E ra`aya, un plurale di (in arabo: \u0631\u0639\u064A\u0629\u200E ra`iya \"gregge, soggetto\"), anche scritto come raya, raja, raiah, re'aya; turco ottomano \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 [\u027Ee\u0294a\u02D0je\u02D0]; r\u00E2ya turco moderno [ \u027Ea\u02D0ja] o reaya) era un membro della classe inferiore della societ\u00E0 ottomana renuto a pagare le tasse, in contrasto con gli askeri (la classe superiore) e i kul (gli schiavi). I rayah costituivano oltre il 90% della popolazione generale e delle comunit\u00E0 del Millet. Nel mondo musulmano, il rayah \u00E8 letteralmente il soggetto di un governo o di un sovrano. I rayah (letteralmente \"membri del gregge\") includevano cristiani, musulmani ed ebrei che erano \"tosati\" (cio\u00E8 tassati) per sostenere lo stato e la classe associata \"professionale ottomana\". Tuttavia, sia nell'uso del tempo che in quello moderno, il termine si riferisce a soggetti non musulmani in particolare, chiamati anche zimmi. La parola viene a volte tradotta erroneamente come \"bestiame\" piuttosto che \"gregge\" o \"soggetti\" per enfatizzare lo status inferiore del rayah. Nel primo Impero Ottomano, i rayah non erano idonei per il servizio militare, ma dal tardo XVI secolo, i rayah musulmani divennero idonei, creando disagio fra i membri di alcune classi dirigenti. Nella societ\u00E0 curda i rayah erano contadini organizzati non appartenenti a una trib\u00F9, i quali erano tributari dei (semi) nomadi organizzati in E\u015Firet (trib\u00F9)."@it . . "A raiyah or reaya (from Arabic: \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 ra\u02BF\u0101y\u0101, a plural of \u0631\u0639\u064A\u0651\u0629 ra\u02BFiya \"countryman, animal, sheep pasturing, subjects, nationals, flock\", also spelled raiya, raja, raiah, re'aya; Ottoman Turkish \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 IPA: [\u027Ee\u02C8\u0294a\u02D0je\u02D0]; Modern Turkish r\u00E2iya [\u027Ea\u02D0\u02C8ja] or reaya; related to the Arabic word r\u0101'\u012B \u0631\u0627\u0639\u064A which means \"shepherd, herdsman, patron\") was a member of the tax-paying lower class of Ottoman society, in contrast to the askeri and kul. The raiyah made up over 90% of the general population in the millet communities. In the Muslim world, raiyah is literally subject of a government or sovereign. The raiyah (literally 'members of the flock') included Christians, Muslims, and Jews who were 'shorn' (i.e. taxed) to support the state and the associated 'professional Ottoman' class."@en . "\u62C9\u4E9E"@zh . . . . "Rayah atau reaya (dari bahasa Arab \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 ra`aya, bentuk jamak dari \u0631\u0639\u064A\u0651\u0629 ra`iya \"bawahan\", juga dieja raya, raja, raiah, re'aya; Turki Utsmaniyah \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627 ; Turki modern r\u00E2ya atau reaya) adalah penduduk kelas bawah yang membayar pajak di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Dalam dunia Muslim, rayah secara harfiah berarti bawahan. Rayah meliputi orang Kristen, Muslim, dan Yahudi yang dipajaki untuk mendukung negara dan kelas profesional Utsmaniyah. Pada masa awal Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, rayah tidak layak ikut serta dalam militer, namun semenjak akhir abad ke-16 rayah Muslim dapat ikut serta, dan ini tidak disukai oleh kelompok penguasa."@in .