. "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes, n\u00E9 le 25 mai 1856 et mort le 3 d\u00E9cembre 1936 \u00E0 Bi\u00E8vres est un officier fran\u00E7ais, historien des techniques. Il est connu pour sa th\u00E8se, aujourd'hui abandonn\u00E9e, sur le lien entre la pr\u00E9tendue invention du collier d'\u00E9paule au Moyen \u00C2ge et la disparition de l'esclavage."@fr . . "3005"^^ . . . "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes, n\u00E9 le 25 mai 1856 et mort le 3 d\u00E9cembre 1936 \u00E0 Bi\u00E8vres est un officier fran\u00E7ais, historien des techniques. Il est connu pour sa th\u00E8se, aujourd'hui abandonn\u00E9e, sur le lien entre la pr\u00E9tendue invention du collier d'\u00E9paule au Moyen \u00C2ge et la disparition de l'esclavage."@fr . . "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes(1856-1936) va ser un oficial franc\u00E8s aix\u00ED com historiador de la tecnologia primerenc."@ca . . . "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes (1856\u20131936) was a French officer and early historian of technology. After his early retirement from the French army in 1901, Lefebvre devoted his time to technological studies, then quite a new field, becoming a main proponent of the negative impact of slavery on technological progress in classical antiquity. Although dissenting voices emerged as early as the 1930s, his primitivist views of ancient traction technology met with considerable success in the 1950s and 1960s when authorities like the medievalist Lynn White and the sinologist Joseph Needham, but also many classicists, relied rather uncritically on his research. Based on a thorough reexamination of the pictorial evidence, much of it not available in Lefebvre's time, as well as experimental archaeology, modern scholars like Georges Raepsaet have refuted Lefebvre's findings, particularly his glaring underestimation of the capacities of ancient horse-drawn ploughs and carriages. His depreciation of the classical quarter-rudder in favour of the medieval stern-mounted rudder has also given way to a more balanced interpretation which argues that the two systems rather differed in the kinds of advantages they offered. Much unlike Lefebvre, recent scholarship has generally come to stress, within the productive limits characteristic of all pre-modern agricultural societies, the innovative character of Greek and Roman technology."@en . . . . . . . . "1084273510"^^ . . . "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . "18758316"^^ . . "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes (1856\u20131936) was a French officer and early historian of technology. After his early retirement from the French army in 1901, Lefebvre devoted his time to technological studies, then quite a new field, becoming a main proponent of the negative impact of slavery on technological progress in classical antiquity. Although dissenting voices emerged as early as the 1930s, his primitivist views of ancient traction technology met with considerable success in the 1950s and 1960s when authorities like the medievalist Lynn White and the sinologist Joseph Needham, but also many classicists, relied rather uncritically on his research."@en . . . . "Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes(1856-1936) va ser un oficial franc\u00E8s aix\u00ED com historiador de la tecnologia primerenc."@ca . . . .