. . . . . . . . . "Die r\u00F6mischen Bestattungsrituale zeigen die Art, wie zu r\u00F6mischer Zeit mit den Toten gelebt wurde."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Roman funerary practices include the Ancient Romans' religious rituals concerning funerals, cremations, and burials. They were part of time-hallowed tradition (Latin: mos maiorum), the unwritten code from which Romans derived their social norms. Elite funeral rites, especially processions and public eulogies, gave the family opportunity to publicly celebrate the life and deeds of the deceased, their ancestors, and the family's standing in the community. Sometimes the political elite gave costly public feasts, games and popular entertainments after family funerals, to honour the departed and to maintain their own public profile and reputation for generosity. The Roman gladiator games began as funeral gifts for the deceased in high status families. Among the elite, funeral displays and expenses were supposedly constrained by sumptuary laws, designed to reduce class envy and consequent social conflict. The less well-off, and those who lacked the support of an extended family could subscribe to guilds or collegia which provided funeral services for members. Until their funeral and disposal, the dead presented a risk of ritual pollution. This was managed through funerary rituals which separated them from the world of the living, and consigned their spirit to the underworld. Professional undertakers were available to organise the funeral, manage the rites and dispose of the body. Even the simplest funerals of Rome's citizen and free majority could be very costly, relative to income. The poorest, and certain categories of criminal, could be dumped in pits or rivers, or left to rot in the open air. During plagues and pandemics, the system might be completely overwhelmed. Those who met an untimely or premature death, or died without benefit of funeral rites were believed to haunt the living as vagrant, restless spirits until they could be exorcised. In Rome's earliest history, both inhumation and cremation were in common use among all classes. Around the mid-Republic inhumation was almost exclusively replaced by cremation, with some notable exceptions, and remained the most common funerary practice until the middle of the Empire, when it was almost entirely replaced by inhumation. Possible reasons for these widespread changes are the subject of scholarly speculation. During the early Imperial era, the funeral needs of the poor were at least partly met by the provision of ash-tombs with multiple niches, known as columbaria (\"dovecote\" tombs). During the later empire, and particularly in the early Christian era, Rome's catacombs performed a similar function as repositories for inhumation burials. By ancient tradition, cemeteries were located outside the ritual boundaries (pomerium) of towns and cities. Grand monuments and humble tombs alike lined the roadsides, sometimes clustered together like \"cities of the dead\". Tombs were visited regularly by living relatives with offerings to the deceased of food and wine, and special observances during particular Roman festivals and anniversaries; with correct funerary observances and continuity of care from one generation to the next, the shades of departed generations were believed to remain well disposed towards their living descendants. Families who could afford it spent lavishly on tombs and memorials. A Roman sarcophagus could be an elaborately crafted art work, decorated with relief sculpture depicting a scene that was allegorical, mythological, or historical, or a scene from everyday life. Some tombs are very well preserved, and their imagery and inscriptions are an important source of information for individuals, families and significant events."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Rite fun\u00E9raire de la religion romaine"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0634\u062A\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u062D\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062A\u0649\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062C\u0632\u0621\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629: mos maiorum)\u200F\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0645\u062F \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u0631\u063A\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0634\u0623\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060C \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u060C \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062A\u0642\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u062F\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u064A\u0646\u062A\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064A\u063A\u064A\u0627 \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u062E\u062F\u0645\u0627\u062A \u062C\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . "R\u00F6mische Bestattungsrituale"@de . "I funerali nell'antica Roma rappresentavano per tutti, anche per i pi\u00F9 poveri, per i quali le esequie erano pagate dallo Stato, la necessit\u00E0 imprescindibile di onorare i defunti che costituivano gli spiriti protettori della famiglia . Se un morto rimaneva insepolto o non fosse stato inumato secondo i riti si credeva che la sua anima rimanesse a vagare sulla terra travagliando i parenti che si erano sottratti al dovere di rendergli onore."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "vertical"@en . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . "As pr\u00E1ticas funer\u00E1rias romanas incluem os rituais religiosos dos romanos antigos sobre funerais, crema\u00E7\u00F5es e enterros. Faziam parte do \"mos maiorum\" (\"costume dos ancestrais\"), o c\u00F3digo n\u00E3o escrito do qual os romanos derivavam suas normas sociais. Os cemit\u00E9rios romanos estavam localizados fora do limite simb\u00F3licos de suas cidades (\"pomerium\")."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1832050"^^ . . "L'appartenance \u00E0 la classe sociale conditionne le faste des rites fun\u00E9raires romains. Les Romains, tr\u00E8s superstitieux et religieux pensaient qu'un d\u00E9roulement pr\u00E9cis des fun\u00E9railles \u00E9tait essentiel \u00E0 l'obtention d'une vie apr\u00E8s la mort. Ils \u00E9taient donc tr\u00E8s pointilleux sur l'ex\u00E9cution des rites fun\u00E9raires. Les riches se faisaient, en principe, incin\u00E9rer, tandis que les Romains plus pauvres comme les esclaves pouvaient \u00EAtre jet\u00E9s dans des fosses communes, sans c\u00E9r\u00E9monie. Il est par ailleurs advenu que certaines personnes, dont les empereurs \u00E0 travers le culte Imp\u00E9rial, aient fait l'objet d'un culte apr\u00E8s leur mort."@fr . . . . "Roman funerary practices include the Ancient Romans' religious rituals concerning funerals, cremations, and burials. They were part of time-hallowed tradition (Latin: mos maiorum), the unwritten code from which Romans derived their social norms. Elite funeral rites, especially processions and public eulogies, gave the family opportunity to publicly celebrate the life and deeds of the deceased, their ancestors, and the family's standing in the community. Sometimes the political elite gave costly public feasts, games and popular entertainments after family funerals, to honour the departed and to maintain their own public profile and reputation for generosity. The Roman gladiator games began as funeral gifts for the deceased in high status families."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "I funerali nell'antica Roma rappresentavano per tutti, anche per i pi\u00F9 poveri, per i quali le esequie erano pagate dallo Stato, la necessit\u00E0 imprescindibile di onorare i defunti che costituivano gli spiriti protettori della famiglia . Se un morto rimaneva insepolto o non fosse stato inumato secondo i riti si credeva che la sua anima rimanesse a vagare sulla terra travagliando i parenti che si erano sottratti al dovere di rendergli onore. I riti funebri solitamente sono descritti dalle fonti antiche riguardo soprattutto personaggi importanti o di rango imperiale ma gli scavi archeologici di molte necropoli e i testi delle iscrizioni funerarie dei sepolcri hanno oggi reso possibile conoscere come si svolgevano le cerimonie funebri e il modo di concepire la morte e di vivere il lutto anche delle classi sociali medie e basse."@it . . . . . . . "Rito funerario de la religi\u00F3n romana"@es . "Mummy portrait of a girl wearing a gold wreath, from Roman Egypt"@en . . . . . "\u062A\u0634\u062A\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u062D\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062A\u0649\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062C\u0632\u0621\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629: mos maiorum)\u200F\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0645\u062F \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062C\u062F\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062F\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646 (\u0628\u0648\u0645\u064A\u0631\u064A\u0648\u0645). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064A\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062D\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062E\u0645\u0631\u060C \u0648\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062D\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u062E\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064A\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0641\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062A. \u062A\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062F\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062F \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0642\u062F \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u063A\u0648\u0644\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0645\u0632\u064A\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062D\u062A \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u064A\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u062A\u0645\u062B\u064A\u0644\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064A\u062B\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0645\u064A\u0629. \u0631\u063A\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0634\u0623\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060C \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u060C \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062A\u0642\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u062F\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u064A\u0646\u062A\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064A\u063A\u064A\u0627 \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u062E\u062F\u0645\u0627\u062A \u062C\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El rito funerario de la religi\u00F3n romana es el conjunto de rituales religiosos que acompa\u00F1an al entierro de los antiguos romanos. Formaban parte de la tradici\u00F3n (\u00ABmos maiorum\u00BB), el c\u00F3digo no escrito del que los romanos derivaban sus normas sociales.\u200B Los cementerios romanos se encontraban fuera del l\u00EDmite sagrado de sus ciudades (\u00ABpomerium\u00BB). Eran visitados regularmente con ofrendas de comida y vino, y celebraciones especiales durante las fiestas romanas en honor a los muertos. Los monumentos funerarios aparecen en todo el Imperio romano, y sus inscripciones son una importante fuente de informaci\u00F3n para la historia desconocida. Un sarc\u00F3fago romano podr\u00EDa ser una obra de arte cuidadosamente elaborada, decorada con relieves de esculturas que representan una escena aleg\u00F3rica, mitol\u00F3gica, o hist\u00F3rica, o una escena de la vida cotidiana. Aunque los entierros eran una ocupaci\u00F3n familiar, exist\u00EDan gremios o colegios que proporcionaban servicios funerarios para sus miembros."@es . . . . . "Funerali nell'antica Roma"@it . . . . . . . . "As pr\u00E1ticas funer\u00E1rias romanas incluem os rituais religiosos dos romanos antigos sobre funerais, crema\u00E7\u00F5es e enterros. Faziam parte do \"mos maiorum\" (\"costume dos ancestrais\"), o c\u00F3digo n\u00E3o escrito do qual os romanos derivavam suas normas sociais. Os cemit\u00E9rios romanos estavam localizados fora do limite simb\u00F3licos de suas cidades (\"pomerium\")."@pt . . . . . . "El rito funerario de la religi\u00F3n romana es el conjunto de rituales religiosos que acompa\u00F1an al entierro de los antiguos romanos. Formaban parte de la tradici\u00F3n (\u00ABmos maiorum\u00BB), el c\u00F3digo no escrito del que los romanos derivaban sus normas sociales.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . "Die r\u00F6mischen Bestattungsrituale zeigen die Art, wie zu r\u00F6mischer Zeit mit den Toten gelebt wurde."@de . "Face of a child-MGR Lyon-IMG 9850.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1117723640"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u043B\u044F\u043D \u0449\u043E\u0434\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D \u0456 \u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043C\u0456\u0448 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0443\u0442\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044C: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435, \u0449\u043E \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456, \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0435 \u0434\u043E \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0449\u043E \u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F, \u0431\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0431\u043B\u0438\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u0438\u0448\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D, \u0449\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0439 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043A\u0443 \u0437 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C, \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0456."@uk . . . . . "Meisje100.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Funus of funalia waren de overlijdensrituelen in de Romeinse wereld. Deze waren vrij uitgebreid en, zoals de meeste Romeinse rituelen, tamelijk formalistisch. Nadat de dood was vastgesteld door de overledene bij zijn naam te roepen, werd de overledene door pollinctores afgelegd, waarna een achtdaagse rouwperiode volgde. Nadien werd het lijk in een processie naar de begraafplaats vervoerd, waar vaak, maar niet altijd, het lijk werd gecremeerd. De overgebleven beenderen en de as werden verzameld en in een urna bijgezet in een, vaak collectief, soms individueel grafmonument. Nadien werd de overledene herdacht in een feestmaal en in de hogere kringen was het gebruikelijk rauw vlees uit te delen, publieke maaltijden of zelfs spelen te organiseren."@nl . . . . . "Funus of funalia waren de overlijdensrituelen in de Romeinse wereld. Deze waren vrij uitgebreid en, zoals de meeste Romeinse rituelen, tamelijk formalistisch. Nadat de dood was vastgesteld door de overledene bij zijn naam te roepen, werd de overledene door pollinctores afgelegd, waarna een achtdaagse rouwperiode volgde. Nadien werd het lijk in een processie naar de begraafplaats vervoerd, waar vaak, maar niet altijd, het lijk werd gecremeerd. De overgebleven beenderen en de as werden verzameld en in een urna bijgezet in een, vaak collectief, soms individueel grafmonument. Nadien werd de overledene herdacht in een feestmaal en in de hogere kringen was het gebruikelijk rauw vlees uit te delen, publieke maaltijden of zelfs spelen te organiseren."@nl . "Funus"@nl . . . "\u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u043B\u044F\u043D \u0449\u043E\u0434\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D \u0456 \u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043C\u0456\u0448 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0443\u0442\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044C: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435, \u0449\u043E \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456, \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0435 \u0434\u043E \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0449\u043E \u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F, \u0431\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0431\u043B\u0438\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u0438\u0448\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D, \u0449\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0439 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043A\u0443 \u0437 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C, \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0456. \u0423 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u043B\u044F\u043D, \u044F\u043A \u0456 \u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0456\u0432, \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u043D\u0435\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043A\u043E\u043C, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043B\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u043D\u0435 \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0439, \u044F\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043F\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0442\u0456\u043B\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0456 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0438\u043F\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0442\u0456\u043B\u043E \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u044E. \u0426\u044F \u0432\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0456 \u0432 \u0442\u0435, \u0449\u043E \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430 \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0435 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0436\u0434\u0438 \u0431\u043B\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u044E, \u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435 \u0457\u0457 \u043D\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043E \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0422\u0456, \u0445\u0442\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u0430\u0432 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0456\u0432,\u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0433\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0434\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0433\u0456\u0439, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0457\u043C \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C. \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u0437\u0430 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043C\u0438 c\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0443 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442 (\u043B\u0430\u0442. Pomerium). \u0407\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0437 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0457\u0436\u0456 \u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0456\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0442 \u043D\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043B\u0438\u0445. \u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0430\u043C'\u044F\u0442\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0437'\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E \u0432\u0441\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0456 \u0457\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0454 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043C \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E\u043C \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457. \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0440\u043A\u043E\u0444\u0430\u0433 \u043C\u0456\u0433 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0440\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0454\u0444\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0441\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u043F\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043E\u044E, \u0449\u043E \u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454 \u0430\u043B\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0443, \u043C\u0456\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0443 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0438."@uk . . . "Pr\u00E1ticas funer\u00E1rias romanas"@pt . "125"^^ . . . . . "Molded mask of a girl with funerary inscription from Roman Gaul"@en . . "136457"^^ . . . . . . . "L'appartenance \u00E0 la classe sociale conditionne le faste des rites fun\u00E9raires romains. Les Romains, tr\u00E8s superstitieux et religieux pensaient qu'un d\u00E9roulement pr\u00E9cis des fun\u00E9railles \u00E9tait essentiel \u00E0 l'obtention d'une vie apr\u00E8s la mort. Ils \u00E9taient donc tr\u00E8s pointilleux sur l'ex\u00E9cution des rites fun\u00E9raires. Les riches se faisaient, en principe, incin\u00E9rer, tandis que les Romains plus pauvres comme les esclaves pouvaient \u00EAtre jet\u00E9s dans des fosses communes, sans c\u00E9r\u00E9monie. Il est par ailleurs advenu que certaines personnes, dont les empereurs \u00E0 travers le culte Imp\u00E9rial, aient fait l'objet d'un culte apr\u00E8s leur mort."@fr . . . "Roman funerary practices"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .