. . . . "Roman navy"@en . . "La marina militare romana (in latino: classis), pur nascendo durante la prima guerra punica, cominci\u00F2 a operare in modo permanente nel mar Mediterraneo e sui principali fiumi dell'Impero romano solo con l'avvento del principato di Augusto, fino a tutto il V secolo. Anche se la marina militare fu fondamentale per la conquista romana del bacino del Mediterraneo, non godette mai del prestigio delle legioni romane. Nel corso della loro storia, i Romani rimasero principalmente ancorati alle truppe di terra, apprendendo invece da Cartaginesi, Greci ed Egizi l'arte del costruire le navi. Forse a causa di ci\u00F2 la marina militare non fu mai del tutto assimilata dalla Repubblica romana. Nell'antichit\u00E0, le marine militari o le flotte commerciali non avevano quell'autonomia logistica che oggi hanno invece le navi o le flotte moderne. A differenza delle moderne forze navali la marina romana, anche al suo apice, non ebbe mai ebbe un servizio autonomo; al contrario venne gestita come trasporto e completamento dell'esercito romano \"di terra\". Nel corso della prima guerra punica la flotta romana fu ampliata in modo estremamente massiccio e svolse un ruolo fondamentale nella vittoria romana della guerra e per la successiva conquista ed egemonia del Mediterraneo da parte della Repubblica romana. Nel corso poi della prima met\u00E0 del II secolo a.C. Roma continu\u00F2 a guerreggiare con Cartagine (fino alla sua distruzione) e soggiogare i regni ellenistici del Mediterraneo orientale, raggiungendo la completa egemonia del mar Mediterraneo (mare internum nostrum). Le flotte romane tornarono a ricoprire un ruolo di primo piano nel I secolo a.C., quando Gneo Pompeo Magno combatt\u00E9 i pirati (67 a.C.) e, ancora, durante le guerre civili che portarono alla caduta della Repubblica, e all'istituzione dell'impero romano con Ottaviano Augusto (battaglia di Azio del 31 a.C.). Durante il periodo imperiale il Mediterraneo divenne una sorta di \"lago romano\", in assenza di un nemico marittimo, tanto che il ruolo della marina fu ridotto per lo pi\u00F9 al semplice pattugliamento, con lo scopo di tutelare commerci e trasporti marittimi. Ai margini dell'Impero, tuttavia, a supporto di nuove conquiste territoriali, le flotte romane continuarono a essere impiegate in guerra (per esempio durante la conquista della Germania o della Britannia). Il declino dell'impero nel III secolo, a causa dell'inizio delle invasioni barbariche, ebbe per\u00F2 una pesante ripercussione sulla marina, che fu notevolmente ridotta sia nei suoi effettivi, sia nelle sue capacit\u00E0 di combattimento. Agli inizi del V secolo le frontiere romane furono, infine, pesantemente sfondate, e i regni romano-barbarici apparvero sulle rive del Mediterraneo occidentale. Il regno vandalo riusc\u00EC poi nell'impresa, una volta costituita una propria flotta, di saccheggiare numerose province del mar Tirreno e la stessa Roma, mentre le flotte romane avevano diminuito la loro consistenza, tanto da risultare di scarsa resistenza. E se l'Impero romano d'Occidente croll\u00F2 alla fine del V secolo, la marina militare romana d'Oriente continu\u00F2 a esistere nell'Impero bizantino per quasi altri dieci secoli."@it . . . . . . . . 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"La Armada romana (en lat\u00EDn classis, literalmente flota) comprendi\u00F3 las fuerzas navales del Antiguo Estado Romano. A pesar de desempe\u00F1ar un papel decisivo en la expansi\u00F3n romana por el Mediterr\u00E1neo, la armada nunca tuvo el prestigio de las legiones romanas. A lo largo de su historia los romanos fueron un pueblo esencialmente terrestre, y dejaron los temas n\u00E1uticos en manos de pueblos m\u00E1s familiarizados con ellos, como los griegos y los egipcios, para construir barcos y mandarlos. Parcialmente debido a esto, la armada nunca fue totalmente abrazada por el Estado Romano, y se consideraba \u00ABno romana\u00BB.\u200B En la antig\u00FCedad, las armadas y las flotas comerciales no ten\u00EDan la autonom\u00EDa log\u00EDstica que en la actualidad. A diferencia de las fuerzas navales modernas, la armada romana, incluso en su apogeo,"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La marina militare romana (in latino: classis), pur nascendo durante la prima guerra punica, cominci\u00F2 a operare in modo permanente nel mar Mediterraneo e sui principali fiumi dell'Impero romano solo con l'avvento del principato di Augusto, fino a tutto il V secolo."@it . . . . . . . "Als r\u00F6mische Marine oder r\u00F6mische Flotte (lateinisch classis Romana) bezeichnet man die Kriegsflotte der r\u00F6mischen Republik und des Kaiserreichs (ca. 300 v. Chr. bis 650 n. Chr.). Sie stellte neben den Legionen und den Auxiliartruppen die dritte Teilstreitkraft des r\u00F6mischen Milit\u00E4rs dar und setzte sich aus diversen See- und Flussflotten sowie Flottillen einzelner Legionseinheiten und eigenen Marineinfanterieeinheiten zusammen. Als Besatzung der Schiffe wurden generell Freie bevorzugt. Nur in Ausnahmesituationen wurden auch Sklaven auf die Ruderb\u00E4nke gesetzt, denen aber meistens vor oder nach ihrem Einsatz die Freiheit geschenkt wurde. Im Gegensatz zur popul\u00E4ren Vorstellung von angeketteten Str\u00E4flingen, wie sie durch Spielfilme wie Ben Hur verbreitet wurde, war die Galeerenstrafe f\u00FCr verurteilte Verbrecher im Altertum g\u00E4nzlich unbekannt. Sie trat erst ab dem 15. Jahrhundert insbesondere unter den Anrainerstaaten des Mittelmeerraums auf."@de . . . "Flota rzymska (\u0142ac. classis) \u2013 si\u0142y morskie staro\u017Cytnego Rzymu, kt\u00F3rych g\u0142\u00F3wnym zadaniem by\u0142a obrona obszar\u00F3w morskich i rzecznych pa\u0144stwa rzymskiego. Jej g\u0142\u00F3wne o\u015Brodki znajdowa\u0142y si\u0119 w Rawennie i Misenum, mniejsze za\u015B w niekt\u00F3rych prowincjach nadmorskich i na Renie oraz Dunaju. Marynarze rekrutowali si\u0119 z najni\u017Cszych grup spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa rzymskiego, nawet spo\u015Br\u00F3d niewolnik\u00F3w. Od czas\u00F3w Klaudiusza we flocie mogli s\u0142u\u017Cy\u0107 tylko wyzwole\u0144cy i mieszka\u0144cy nadmorskich prowincji. Dow\u00F3dcami (praefecti classis) byli za Augusta jeszcze wyzwole\u0144cy, p\u00F3\u017Aniej ekwici."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 \u2014 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0443, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044F\u0433\u043E\u043C \u0432\u0456\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u044E, \u0430 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044F \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0456 \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0441\u0438\u043B\u043E\u044E \u0432 \u0406\u0406 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0448\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u0440\u0438 \u2014 V \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0448\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u0440\u0438."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "De Romeinse vloot opereerde tussen de Eerste Punische Oorlog en het einde van het West-Romeinse Rijk"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La Armada romana (en lat\u00EDn classis, literalmente flota) comprendi\u00F3 las fuerzas navales del Antiguo Estado Romano. A pesar de desempe\u00F1ar un papel decisivo en la expansi\u00F3n romana por el Mediterr\u00E1neo, la armada nunca tuvo el prestigio de las legiones romanas. A lo largo de su historia los romanos fueron un pueblo esencialmente terrestre, y dejaron los temas n\u00E1uticos en manos de pueblos m\u00E1s familiarizados con ellos, como los griegos y los egipcios, para construir barcos y mandarlos. Parcialmente debido a esto, la armada nunca fue totalmente abrazada por el Estado Romano, y se consideraba \u00ABno romana\u00BB.\u200B En la antig\u00FCedad, las armadas y las flotas comerciales no ten\u00EDan la autonom\u00EDa log\u00EDstica que en la actualidad. A diferencia de las fuerzas navales modernas, la armada romana, incluso en su apogeo, no existi\u00F3 de forma aut\u00F3noma, sino que oper\u00F3 como un adjunto del Ej\u00E9rcito romano. En el transcurso de la primera guerra p\u00FAnica la armada fue expandida masivamente y jug\u00F3 un papel vital en la victoria romana y en la ascensi\u00F3n de la Rep\u00FAblica romana a la hegemon\u00EDa en el Mediterr\u00E1neo. Durante la primera mitad del siglo II a. C. Roma destruy\u00F3 Cartago y subyug\u00F3 los Reinos Helen\u00EDsticos del este del Mediterr\u00E1neo, logrando el dominio completo de todas las orillas del mar interior, que ellos llamaron Mare Nostrum. Las flotas romanas volvieron a desempe\u00F1ar un papel preponderante en el siglo I a.C. en las guerras contra los piratas y en las guerras civiles que provocaron la ca\u00EDda de la Rep\u00FAblica, cuyas campa\u00F1as se extendieron a lo largo del Mediterr\u00E1neo. En el 31 a. C. la gran batalla de Accio puso fin a las guerras civiles con la victoria final de C\u00E9sar Augusto y el establecimiento del Imperio romano. Durante el per\u00EDodo imperial el Mediterr\u00E1neo fue un pac\u00EDfico \u00ABlago romano\u00BB por la ausencia de un rival mar\u00EDtimo, y la armada qued\u00F3 reducida mayormente a patrullaje y tareas de transporte.\u200B Sin embargo, en las fronteras del Imperio, en las nuevas conquistas o, cada vez m\u00E1s, en la defensa contra las invasiones b\u00E1rbaras, las flotas romanas estuvieron plenamente implicadas. El declive del Imperio en el siglo III d. C. se sinti\u00F3 en la armada, que qued\u00F3 reducida a la sombra de s\u00ED misma, tanto en tama\u00F1o como en capacidad de combate. En las sucesivas oleadas de los pueblos b\u00E1rbaros contra las fronteras del Imperio la armada solo pudo desempe\u00F1ar un papel secundario. A comienzos de siglo V d. C. las fronteras del imperio fueron quebradas y pronto aparecieron reinos b\u00E1rbaros en las orillas del Mediterr\u00E1neo occidental. Uno de ellos, el pueblo v\u00E1ndalo, cre\u00F3 una flota propia y atac\u00F3 las costas del Mediterr\u00E1neo, incluso lleg\u00F3 a saquear Roma, mientras las disminuidas flotas romanas fueron incapaces de ofrecer resistencia. El Imperio romano de Occidente colaps\u00F3 en el siglo V d. C. y la posterior armada romana del duradero Imperio romano de Oriente es llamada por los historiadores Armada bizantina."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"\u0420\u0438\u0301\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 (\u043B\u0430\u0442. classis Romana) \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044F \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B. \u041D\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044F \u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u043E\u043D \u0432\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043B \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044F \u043B\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432, \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0435\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043B \u043D\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044B, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u044B \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043C-\u043D\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044C \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438; \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0447\u0442\u043E\u0431\u044B \u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043D\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043E\u043D \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043B \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 \u0432 \u0433\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044C \u043D\u0438\u043A\u0442\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0443 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0431\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043E\u043D \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E \u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0437\u0430 \u044D\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u043C\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C. \u2014 \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0430\u0442. \u041A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0435\u043B\u0430, IV, 31. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 V \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0435 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0438\u043C\u043B\u044F\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0422\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043C \u041B\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0438 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A 426 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D. \u2014 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0441 \u0412\u0435\u0439\u044F\u043C\u0438. \u0418\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443 \u0424\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D. \u0421\u0430\u043C \u041B\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044C \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044C \u0448\u043B\u0430 \u043E \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0451\u043D\u044B\u0448\u043A\u0430\u0445, \u043D\u043E \u044D\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u0447\u0451\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0443\u043F\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E \u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043B\u0435\u0439. \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445. \u041D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u041A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u044F\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435, \u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043B\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F (\u043B\u0430\u0442. tormenta), \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043F\u044B-\u00AB\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B\u00BB (\u043B\u0430\u0442. corvus), \u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0448\u043D\u0438 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u044F\u0434 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0442\u044B (\u043B\u0430\u0442. manipularii \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043B\u0430\u0442. liburnarii)."@ru . . . "\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . "Romeinse vloot"@nl . "La marine militaire romaine (latin : classis) op\u00E9ra depuis la premi\u00E8re guerre punique, en 260 av. J.-C. jusqu'\u00E0 la fin de l'Empire romain. Durant les guerres puniques, ou durant les autres conqu\u00EAtes, sp\u00E9cialement \u00E0 l'Est, la marine eut un r\u00F4le important. La mer M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e conquise, la flotte romaine servit \u00E0 combattre la piraterie end\u00E9mique. Apr\u00E8s le d\u00E9clin de l'Empire romain d'Occident, la marine de l'Empire d'Orient combattit contre les invasions maritimes venues du nord, du sud et de l'ouest."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 \u2014 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0443, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044F\u0433\u043E\u043C \u0432\u0456\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u044E, \u0430 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044F \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0456 \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0441\u0438\u043B\u043E\u044E \u0432 \u0406\u0406 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0448\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u0440\u0438 \u2014 V \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0448\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u0440\u0438."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Roman navy (Latin: Classis, lit.\u2009'fleet') comprised the naval forces of the ancient Roman state. The navy was instrumental in the Roman conquest of the Mediterranean Basin, but it never enjoyed the prestige of the Roman legions. Throughout their history, the Romans remained a primarily land-based people and relied partially on their more nautically inclined subjects, such as the Greeks and the Egyptians, to build their ships. Because of that, the navy was never completely embraced by the Roman state, and deemed somewhat \"un-Roman\"."@en . . "Marinha romana"@pt . . . "La marine militaire romaine (latin : classis) op\u00E9ra depuis la premi\u00E8re guerre punique, en 260 av. J.-C. jusqu'\u00E0 la fin de l'Empire romain. Durant les guerres puniques, ou durant les autres conqu\u00EAtes, sp\u00E9cialement \u00E0 l'Est, la marine eut un r\u00F4le important. La mer M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e conquise, la flotte romaine servit \u00E0 combattre la piraterie end\u00E9mique. Apr\u00E8s le d\u00E9clin de l'Empire romain d'Occident, la marine de l'Empire d'Orient combattit contre les invasions maritimes venues du nord, du sud et de l'ouest."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A Marinha Romana (em latim: Classis, trad: \"Frota\") era a for\u00E7a naval da Roma Antiga. A marinha foi instrumental para as conquistas romanas da Bacia do Mediterr\u00E2neo, mas nunca teve o mesmo prest\u00EDgio que as Legi\u00F5es. Ao longo da hist\u00F3ria, os romanos se mantiveram como um povo baseado na terra firme e contaram como apoio naval as for\u00E7as n\u00E1uticas dos seus estados clientes ou na\u00E7\u00F5es submetidas, como os gregos ou os eg\u00EDpcios, que inicialmente foram os respons\u00E1veis por constru\u00EDrem os navios do imp\u00E9rio. Por causa disso, o Estado Romano nunca aceitou completamente sua marinha de guerra e a julgava como um tanto \"n\u00E3o-Romana\"."@pt . "La marina romana (en llat\u00ED classis, literalment flota) era la for\u00E7a naval de la Roma Antiga. Tot i tenir un paper decisiu en l'expansi\u00F3 romana per la Mediterr\u00E0nia, la marina romana no va tenir mai el prestigi de les legions romanes. Al llarg de la seva hist\u00F2ria els romans van ser un poble essencialment terrestre, i van deixar els temes n\u00E0utics en mans de pobles m\u00E9s familiaritzats amb la mar, com els grecs i els egipcis, per construir vaixells. Parcialment a causa d'aix\u00F2, la marina mai no va ser totalment valorada per l'estat rom\u00E0, i es considerava \u00ABno romana\u00BB. En l'antiguitat, les marines i les flotes comercials no tenien l'autonomia log\u00EDstica de l'actualitat. A difer\u00E8ncia de les forces navals modernes, la marina romana, fins i tot en el seu apogeu, no va existir de forma aut\u00F2noma, sin\u00F3 que va operar com un adjunt de l'ex\u00E8rcit rom\u00E0. La marina romana es va crear en temps de la Rep\u00FAblica Romana. L'any 311 aC es va instituir la figura dels almiralls (Duoviri navals) per dirigir la petita marina romana, formada per uns pocs vaixells (birrems sobretot), i pels contingents mar\u00EDtims de les ciutats aliades que posse\u00EFen marina (com N\u00E0pols). El 267 aC es van instituir els quatre q\u00FCestors de la marina (Classici quaestores), amb seus respectives en quatre ports: Ostia, Calis (a Camp\u00E0nia), Ariminium (R\u00EDmini), i una altra seu de la qual el nom i situaci\u00F3 no \u00E9s conegut. En el transcurs de la Primera Guerra P\u00FAnica la marina romana es va desenvolupar enormement i va tenir un paper vital en la vict\u00F2ria romana i en l'ascensi\u00F3 de la Rep\u00FAblica Romana a l'hegemonia de la Mediterr\u00E0nia. Durant la primera meitat del segle ii aC Roma va destruir Cartago i subjug\u00E0 els regnes hel\u00B7len\u00EDstics de l'est de la Mediterr\u00E0nia, i amb aix\u00F2 aconsegu\u00ED el domini complet de totes les ribes del mar interior, que ells van anomenar Mare Nostrum. Les flotes romanes van tornar a tenir un paper preponderant en el segle i aC en les guerres contra els pirates i en les guerres civils romanes que van provocar la caiguda de la Rep\u00FAblica, les campanyes es van estendre al llarg de tota la Mediterr\u00E0nia. En el 31 aC la gran Batalla d'Actium va posar fi a la quarta guerra civil romana amb la vict\u00F2ria final d'August i l'establiment de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0. Durant el per\u00EDode imperial, la Mediterr\u00E0nia va ser un pac\u00EDfic \u00ABllac rom\u00E0\u00BB per l'abs\u00E8ncia d'un rival mar\u00EDtim, i la marina romana va quedar redu\u00EFda al patrullatge i a tasques de transport. No obstant aix\u00F2, en les fronteres de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0, en les noves conquestes o, cada vegada m\u00E9s, en la defensa contra les invasions b\u00E0rbares, les flotes romanes van estar plenament implicades. El declivi de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0 al segle iii dC es va sentir en la marina romana, que va quedar redu\u00EFda a l'ombra de si mateixa, tant en grand\u00E0ria com en capacitat de combat. En les successives onades dels pobles b\u00E0rbars contra les fronteres de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0, la marina romana nom\u00E9s va poder tenir un paper secundari. Al comen\u00E7ament del segle V d. C. les fronteres de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0 van ser traspassades i aviat van apar\u00E8ixer regnes b\u00E0rbars a la vora de la Mediterr\u00E0nia occidental. Un d'ells, el dels v\u00E0ndals, va crear una marina pr\u00F2pia i va atacar les costes del Mediterrani, fins i tot va arribar a saquejar Roma, mentre les disminu\u00EFdes flotes romanes van ser incapaces d'oferir-hi resist\u00E8ncia. L'Imperi Rom\u00E0 d'Occident es va enfonsar en el segle V d.C. i la posterior marina romana del durador Imperi Rom\u00E0 d'Orient \u00E9s anomenada pels historiadors marina romana d'Orient."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u6D77\u8ECD"@ja . . "Armada romana"@es . . "Marina militare romana"@it . . . . . . . . . "La marina romana (en llat\u00ED classis, literalment flota) era la for\u00E7a naval de la Roma Antiga. Tot i tenir un paper decisiu en l'expansi\u00F3 romana per la Mediterr\u00E0nia, la marina romana no va tenir mai el prestigi de les legions romanes. Al llarg de la seva hist\u00F2ria els romans van ser un poble essencialment terrestre, i van deixar els temes n\u00E0utics en mans de pobles m\u00E9s familiaritzats amb la mar, com els grecs i els egipcis, per construir vaixells. Parcialment a causa d'aix\u00F2, la marina mai no va ser totalment valorada per l'estat rom\u00E0, i es considerava \u00ABno romana\u00BB. En l'antiguitat, les marines i les flotes comercials no tenien l'autonomia log\u00EDstica de l'actualitat. A difer\u00E8ncia de les forces navals modernes, la marina romana, fins i tot en el seu apogeu, no va existir de forma aut\u00F2noma, sin\u00F3 qu"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . "De Romeinse vloot opereerde tussen de Eerste Punische Oorlog en het einde van het West-Romeinse Rijk"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Flota rzymska (\u0142ac. classis) \u2013 si\u0142y morskie staro\u017Cytnego Rzymu, kt\u00F3rych g\u0142\u00F3wnym zadaniem by\u0142a obrona obszar\u00F3w morskich i rzecznych pa\u0144stwa rzymskiego. Jej g\u0142\u00F3wne o\u015Brodki znajdowa\u0142y si\u0119 w Rawennie i Misenum, mniejsze za\u015B w niekt\u00F3rych prowincjach nadmorskich i na Renie oraz Dunaju. Marynarze rekrutowali si\u0119 z najni\u017Cszych grup spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa rzymskiego, nawet spo\u015Br\u00F3d niewolnik\u00F3w. Od czas\u00F3w Klaudiusza we flocie mogli s\u0142u\u017Cy\u0107 tylko wyzwole\u0144cy i mieszka\u0144cy nadmorskich prowincji. Dow\u00F3dcami (praefecti classis) byli za Augusta jeszcze wyzwole\u0144cy, p\u00F3\u017Aniej ekwici."@pl . . . . . . . . . . "Marina romana"@ca . "1105705458"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0438\u0301\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442 (\u043B\u0430\u0442. classis Romana) \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044F \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B. \u041D\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044F \u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u043E\u043D \u0432\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043B \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044F \u043B\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432, \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0435\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u2014 \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u043D\u0430\u0442. \u041A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0435\u043B\u0430, IV, 31."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Roman navy (Latin: Classis, lit.\u2009'fleet') comprised the naval forces of the ancient Roman state. The navy was instrumental in the Roman conquest of the Mediterranean Basin, but it never enjoyed the prestige of the Roman legions. Throughout their history, the Romans remained a primarily land-based people and relied partially on their more nautically inclined subjects, such as the Greeks and the Egyptians, to build their ships. Because of that, the navy was never completely embraced by the Roman state, and deemed somewhat \"un-Roman\". In antiquity, navies and trading fleets did not have the logistical autonomy that modern ships and fleets possess, and unlike modern naval forces, the Roman navy even at its height never existed as an autonomous service but operated as an adjunct to the Roman army. During the course of the First Punic War, the Roman navy was massively expanded and played a vital role in the Roman victory and the Roman Republic's eventual ascension to hegemony in the Mediterranean Sea. In the course of the first half of the 2nd century BC, Rome went on to destroy Carthage and subdue the Hellenistic kingdoms of the eastern Mediterranean, achieving complete mastery of the inland sea, which they called Mare Nostrum. The Roman fleets were again prominent in the 1st century BC in the wars against the pirates, and in the civil wars that brought down the Republic, whose campaigns ranged across the Mediterranean. In 31 BC, the great naval Battle of Actium ended the civil wars culminating in the final victory of Augustus and the establishment of the Roman Empire. During the Imperial period, the Mediterranean became largely a peaceful \"Roman lake\". In the absence of a maritime enemy, the navy was reduced mostly to patrol, anti-piracy and transport duties. By far, the navy's most vital task was to ensure Roman grain imports were shipped and delivered to the capital unimpeded across the Mediterranean. The navy also manned and maintained craft on major frontier rivers such as the Rhine and the Danube for supplying the army. On the fringes of the Empire, in new conquests or, increasingly, in defense against barbarian invasions, the Roman fleets were still engaged in open warfare. The decline of the Empire in the 3rd century took a heavy toll on the navy, which was reduced to a shadow of its former self, both in size and in combat ability. As successive waves of the V\u00F6lkerwanderung crashed on the land frontiers of the battered Empire, the navy could only play a secondary role. In the early 5th century, the Roman frontiers were breached, and barbarian kingdoms appeared on the shores of the western Mediterranean. One of them, the Vandal Kingdom with its capital at Carthage, raised a navy of its own and raided the shores of the Mediterranean, even sacking Rome, while the diminished Roman fleets were incapable of offering any resistance. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the late 5th century. The navy of the surviving eastern Roman Empire is known as the Byzantine navy."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u7F85\u99AC\u6D77\u8ECD"@zh . "R\u00F6mische Marine"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Marine romaine"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u6D77\u8ECD\uFF08\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u304B\u3044\u3050\u3093\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u53E4\u4EE3\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u306E\u6D77\u8ECD\u3002\u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u8A9E\u3067\u6D77\u8ECD\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u8266\u968A\u3092\u3055\u3059\u5358\u8A9E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300C\u30AF\u30E9\u30C3\u30B7\u30B9\u300D\uFF08Classis\uFF09\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "79253"^^ . . . . . . . "\u7F85\u99AC\u6D77\u8ECD \uFF08\u62C9\u4E01\u8A9E\uFF1AClassis\uFF09\u4E43\u53E4\u7F85\u99AC\u7684\u6D77\u8ECD\uFF0C\u9019\u652F\u6D77\u8ECD\u70BA\u7F85\u99AC\u5728\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u958B\u7586\u95E2\u5730\uFF0C\u537B\u5F9E\u672A\u5982\u540C\u7F85\u99AC\u8ECD\u5718\u4EAB\u6709\u540C\u7B49\u7279\u6B0A\uFF0C\u5BF0\u9867\u6B77\u53F2\u7F85\u99AC\u4EBA\u59CB\u7D42\u662F\u500B\u4EE5\u571F\u5730\u70BA\u57FA\u790E\u7684\u570B\u5BB6\uFF0C\u7F85\u99AC\u5F81\u670D\u5E0C\u81D8\u53CA\u57C3\u53CA\u7B49\u5730\u65B9\u5F8C\uFF0C\u7531\u9019\u4E9B\u5730\u65B9\u5F15\u9032\u975E\u51E1\u7684\u822A\u6D77\u6280\u8853\uFF0C\u5F9E\u800C\u767C\u5C55\u53CA\u7BA1\u7406\u81EA\u8EAB\u7684\u8266\u968A\u3002\u9593\u63A5\u56E0\u70BA\u9019\u500B\u539F\u56E0\uFF0C\u7F85\u99AC\u4EBA\u8A8D\u70BA\u6D77\u8ECD\u4E26\u4E0D\u662F\u6E90\u81EA\u7F85\u99AC\uFF0C\u5728\u53E4\u4EE3\u6D77\u8ECD\u53CA\u8266\u968A\u537B\u6C92\u6709\u81EA\u4E3B\u6B0A\uFF0C\u53E4\u7F85\u99AC\u6D77\u8ECD\u5C31\u7B97\u5728\u6700\u5168\u76DB\u7684\u6642\u4EE3\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5F9E\u4F86\u6C92\u6709\u4F5C\u70BA\u4E00\u652F\u7368\u7ACB\u81EA\u4E3B\u7684\u8ECD\u7A2E\uFF0C\u4ED6\u5011\u53EA\u4E0D\u904E\u662F\u7F85\u99AC\u9678\u8ECD\u7684\u8F14\u52A9\u3002 \u7D93\u904E\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u5E03\u533F\u6230\u722D\u5F8C\u7F85\u99AC\u6D77\u8ECD\u5927\u898F\u6A21\u7684\u64F4\u8ECD\u4EE5\u53CA\u70BA\u7F85\u99AC\u7684\u52DD\u6230\u626E\u6F14\u7A4D\u6975\u7684\u89D2\u8272\uFF0C\u4E5F\u70BA\u7F85\u99AC\u5171\u548C\u570B\u5EFA\u7ACB\u5728\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u7684\u9738\u6B0A\uFF0C\u516C\u5143\u524D2\u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u524D\u671F\u7F85\u99AC\u6B32\u6467\u6BC0\u8FE6\u592A\u57FA\u4EE5\u53CA\u5728\u6771\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u7684\u5E0C\u81D8\u5316\u8AF8\u738B\u570B\uFF0C\u4EE5\u5B8C\u5168\u638C\u63A7\u6D77\u4E0A\u7684\u5404\u500B\u5CF6\u5DBC\u4F7F\u5176\u6210\u70BA\u300C\u6211\u4EEC\u7684\u6D77\u300D\uFF0C\u800C\u7F85\u99AC\u6D77\u8ECD\u518D\u6B21\u8072\u540D\u5927\u566A\u662F\u5728\u516C\u5143\u524D1\u4E16\u7D00\u527F\u6EC5\u6D77\u76DC\uFF0C\u96A8\u5167\u6230\u5C0E\u81F4\u5171\u548C\u7D50\u675F\u4E5F\u4F7F\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u518D\u6B21\u5206\u5D29\u96E2\u6790\uFF0C\u516C\u5143\u524D31\u5E74\u4E9E\u514B\u8208\u89D2\u6230\u5F79\u4E5F\u662F\u5171\u548C\u6642\u671F\u6700\u5F8C\u4E00\u6B21\u5167\u6230\uFF0C\u6700\u5F8C\u5728\u5967\u53E4\u65AF\u90FD\u7684\u52DD\u5229\u4E0B\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7F85\u99AC\u5E1D\u570B\u3002 \u5728\u5E1D\u570B\u6642\u671F\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u8B8A\u6210\u907C\u95CA\u4E14\u548C\u5E73\u7684\"\u7F85\u99AC\u6E56\"\uFF0C\u5728\u7F3A\u4E4F\u6D77\u4E0A\u6575\u4EBA\u7684\u72C0\u6CC1\u4E0B\u6D77\u8ECD\u5927\u591A\u88AB\u524A\u6E1B\uFF0C\u5176\u4EFB\u52D9\u4E5F\u8F49\u4EE5\u6253\u64CA\u6D77\u4E0A\u79C1\u63A0\u70BA\u4E3B\uFF0C\u6D77\u8ECD\u4E5F\u7BA1\u7406\u4EE5\u53CA\u7DAD\u6301\u4E3B\u8981\u7684\u6CB3\u9053\u50CF\u840A\u8335\u6CB3\u4EE5\u53CA\u591A\u7459\u6CB3\u4F86\u652F\u63F4\u9678\u8ECD\u3002"@zh . . "1849295"^^ . . . "\u062A\u064F\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u062F\u0651\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u062F\u0648\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0644\u062D\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064A\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060C \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u062D\u0638\u064E \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0629. \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u0647\u0645\u060C \u0628\u0642\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0641\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0632\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063A\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060C \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u00AB\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u00BB \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u6D77\u8ECD\uFF08\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u304B\u3044\u3050\u3093\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u53E4\u4EE3\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u306E\u6D77\u8ECD\u3002\u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u8A9E\u3067\u6D77\u8ECD\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u8266\u968A\u3092\u3055\u3059\u5358\u8A9E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300C\u30AF\u30E9\u30C3\u30B7\u30B9\u300D\uFF08Classis\uFF09\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "Flota rzymska"@pl . . . . . . . "A Marinha Romana (em latim: Classis, trad: \"Frota\") era a for\u00E7a naval da Roma Antiga. A marinha foi instrumental para as conquistas romanas da Bacia do Mediterr\u00E2neo, mas nunca teve o mesmo prest\u00EDgio que as Legi\u00F5es. Ao longo da hist\u00F3ria, os romanos se mantiveram como um povo baseado na terra firme e contaram como apoio naval as for\u00E7as n\u00E1uticas dos seus estados clientes ou na\u00E7\u00F5es submetidas, como os gregos ou os eg\u00EDpcios, que inicialmente foram os respons\u00E1veis por constru\u00EDrem os navios do imp\u00E9rio. Por causa disso, o Estado Romano nunca aceitou completamente sua marinha de guerra e a julgava como um tanto \"n\u00E3o-Romana\". Na antiguidade, marinhas e frotas mercantes n\u00E3o tinham a autonomia log\u00EDstica atualmente associada a navios e frotas dos tempos contempor\u00E2neos. Ao contr\u00E1rio das marinhas modernas, mesmo no auge do seu poder, a marinha romana nunca existiu como institui\u00E7\u00E3o aut\u00F4noma mas operava como um adjunto do ex\u00E9rcito romano. Durante o curso da Primeira Guerra P\u00FAnica, a marinha romana foi drasticamente expandida e desempenhou um papel vital na vit\u00F3ria de Roma e garantiu a ascens\u00E3o da Rep\u00FAblica Romana pelo Mar Mediterr\u00E2neo. No curso dos dois \u00FAltimos s\u00E9culos antes de Cristo, Roma destruiu Cartago e depois subjugou os reinos hel\u00EAnicos a leste do Mediterr\u00E2neo, assumindo controle total e indisputado do Mare Nostrum. No \u00FAltimo s\u00E9culo da hist\u00F3ria republicana de Roma, a marinha lutou contra piratas e tamb\u00E9m nas guerra civis que dilaceraram a Rep\u00FAblica Romana, travando batalhas por todo o Mediterr\u00E2neo. Em 31 a.C., a marinha de guerra romana lutou a decisiva Batalha de \u00C1ccio que encerrou o per\u00EDodo de guerras civis na velha rep\u00FAblica, culminando na ascens\u00E3o de Augusto e o estabelecimento do Imp\u00E9rio Romano. Durante o per\u00EDodo Imperial, o Mediterr\u00E2neo ficou relativamente pac\u00EDfico. Na aus\u00EAncia de um grande inimigo externo para combater, a marinha assumiu a fun\u00E7\u00E3o de patrulhar os mares e rios do imp\u00E9rio e tomar parte em atividades anti-pirataria e de transporte. A marinha ainda manuseava e mantinha embarca\u00E7\u00F5es nas regi\u00F5es mais distantes do imp\u00E9rio, como nos rios Reno e Dan\u00FAbio, frequentemente acompanhando a infantaria, carregando suprimentos para as campanhas militares. Nas margens do Imp\u00E9rio, nas novas conquistas ou na defesa contra as invas\u00F5es b\u00E1rbaras, a marinha romana ainda tomava parte nas guerras. Com o come\u00E7o do decl\u00EDnio do Imp\u00E9rio, j\u00E1 no s\u00E9culo III, a marinha come\u00E7ou a sofrer com descaso do Estado e das institui\u00E7\u00F5es, se tornando apenas uma sombra do que era no passado, tanto em tamanho quanto em habilidade de combate. Com as sucessivas migra\u00E7\u00F5es b\u00E1rbaras, a marinha tomou um papel secund\u00E1rio enquanto o Imp\u00E9rio no Ocidente se desfazia. No come\u00E7o do s\u00E9culo V, as fronteiras romanas j\u00E1 haviam sido quebradas e reinos b\u00E1rbaros estavam sendo firmados por todo o territ\u00F3rio do imp\u00E9rio, incluindo a costa do Mediterr\u00E2neo. Um deles, o Reino V\u00E2ndalo, construiu sua pr\u00F3pria marinha e come\u00E7ou a saquear as cidades costeiras, com a pequena frota romana remanescente oferecendo pouca resist\u00EAncia. A marinha romana no Ocidente caiu junto com o Imp\u00E9rio, no final do s\u00E9culo V. Contudo, a marinha de guerra do Imp\u00E9rio Romano do Oriente continuou a existir na forma da Marinha bizantina."@pt . "Als r\u00F6mische Marine oder r\u00F6mische Flotte (lateinisch classis Romana) bezeichnet man die Kriegsflotte der r\u00F6mischen Republik und des Kaiserreichs (ca. 300 v. Chr. bis 650 n. Chr.). Sie stellte neben den Legionen und den Auxiliartruppen die dritte Teilstreitkraft des r\u00F6mischen Milit\u00E4rs dar und setzte sich aus diversen See- und Flussflotten sowie Flottillen einzelner Legionseinheiten und eigenen Marineinfanterieeinheiten zusammen."@de . . .