. . . "\u53E4\u7F57\u9A6C\u653B\u57CE\u5668\u68B0"@zh . . . "Le armi da assedio d'epoca romana (in latino apparata oppugnandarum urbium) rappresentarono una componente fondamentale nell'organizzazione dell'esercito romano. Si trattava di tutta una serie di macchine adatte a scardinare o a superare le mura delle citt\u00E0 nemiche degli assediati, oltre ad una serie di congegni di artiglieria, in parte ereditati dai Greci della vicina Magna Grecia."@it . . . . . . "21178"^^ . . . . "1299991"^^ . . . "\u53E4\u7F57\u9A6C\u653B\u57CE\u5668\u68B0\u662F\u76F4\u63A5\u5E08\u627F\u81EA\u53E4\u5E0C\u814A\u7684\u79D1\u6280\uFF0C\u5E76\u4E3A\u4ED6\u4EEC\u5E26\u6765\u4E00\u6B21\u53C8\u4E00\u6B21\u7684\u80DC\u5229\u3002\u800C\u51EF\u6492\u5927\u5E1D\u66F4\u662F\u5C06\u5B83\u7684\u6280\u672F\u542B\u91CF\u63A8\u5230\u6781\u7AEF\uFF0C\u4E3A\u7F57\u9A6C\u5E1D\u56FD\u6269\u5F20\u7586\u571F\u7ED9\u4E88\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5E2E\u52A9\u3002\u5F53\u65F6\u4E3B\u8981\u7684\u653B\u57CE\u5668\u68B0\u4E3A\u5F29\u3001\u6295\u77F3\u8F66\u3001\u68AF\u5B50\u3001\u653B\u57CE\u5854\u3001\u653B\u57CE\u69CC\u53CA\u5730\u9053\u7B49\u5DE5\u5177\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . "Roman siege engines"@en . . . "Les engins de si\u00E8ge des arm\u00E9es romaines \u00E9taient, pour la plupart, d\u00E9riv\u00E9s des techniques de si\u00E8ge grecques. Relativement peu d\u2019efforts ont \u00E9t\u00E9 accomplis pour faire \u00E9voluer la technologie, mais les Romains ont d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 sans rel\u00E2che un style agressif de guerre de si\u00E8ge. Jules C\u00E9sar apporta beaucoup de soins \u00E0 int\u00E9grer les progr\u00E8s des engins de si\u00E8ge et entreprit d'organiser leur utilisation pour une efficacit\u00E9 optimale sur le champ de bataille."@fr . . . . . "Armi d'assedio (storia romana)"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Les engins de si\u00E8ge des arm\u00E9es romaines \u00E9taient, pour la plupart, d\u00E9riv\u00E9s des techniques de si\u00E8ge grecques. Relativement peu d\u2019efforts ont \u00E9t\u00E9 accomplis pour faire \u00E9voluer la technologie, mais les Romains ont d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 sans rel\u00E2che un style agressif de guerre de si\u00E8ge. Jules C\u00E9sar apporta beaucoup de soins \u00E0 int\u00E9grer les progr\u00E8s des engins de si\u00E8ge et entreprit d'organiser leur utilisation pour une efficacit\u00E9 optimale sur le champ de bataille."@fr . . . . . . . "Roman siege engines were, for the most part, adapted from Hellenistic siege technology. Relatively small efforts were made to develop the technology; however, the Romans brought an unrelentingly aggressive style to siege warfare that brought them repeated success. Up to the first century BC, the Romans utilized siege weapons only as required and relied for the most part on ladders, towers and rams to assault a fortified town. Ballistae were also employed, but held no permanent place within a legion's roster, until later in the republic, and were used sparingly.Julius Caesar took great interest in the integration of advanced siege engines, organizing their use for optimal battlefield efficiency."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062A\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062A\u064A\u0629. \u0628\u064F\u0630\u0644\u062A \u062C\u0647\u0648\u062F \u0635\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0646\u064A\u0629\u061B \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u062C\u0631\u064A\u0626\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062C\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064A\u0646\u062C\u062D\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062A\u0643\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062D\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062C\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0635\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u062D\u062A\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u062F\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064B\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0644\u0642 \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062A \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062A\u062D\u0641\u0638. \u0627\u0647\u062A\u0645 \u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u064A\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u062F\u0645\u062C \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062A\u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062B\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u0627\u062D\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629."@ar . . "1124910104"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u53E4\u7F57\u9A6C\u653B\u57CE\u5668\u68B0\u662F\u76F4\u63A5\u5E08\u627F\u81EA\u53E4\u5E0C\u814A\u7684\u79D1\u6280\uFF0C\u5E76\u4E3A\u4ED6\u4EEC\u5E26\u6765\u4E00\u6B21\u53C8\u4E00\u6B21\u7684\u80DC\u5229\u3002\u800C\u51EF\u6492\u5927\u5E1D\u66F4\u662F\u5C06\u5B83\u7684\u6280\u672F\u542B\u91CF\u63A8\u5230\u6781\u7AEF\uFF0C\u4E3A\u7F57\u9A6C\u5E1D\u56FD\u6269\u5F20\u7586\u571F\u7ED9\u4E88\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5E2E\u52A9\u3002\u5F53\u65F6\u4E3B\u8981\u7684\u653B\u57CE\u5668\u68B0\u4E3A\u5F29\u3001\u6295\u77F3\u8F66\u3001\u68AF\u5B50\u3001\u653B\u57CE\u5854\u3001\u653B\u57CE\u69CC\u53CA\u5730\u9053\u7B49\u5DE5\u5177\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . "De Romeinse belegeringswapens bestonden uit een verscheidenheid aan machines en constructies om de muren van belegerde steden en vestingen te veroveren. De belangrijkste belegeringswapens waren de machines waarmee de muren werden beklommen of gesloopt. Daarnaast hadden de Romeinen de beschikking over verschillende artilleriewapens en allerlei verdedigingswerken, pantserconstructies en -voertuigen om de legionairs tegen vijandige projectielen en te hulp komende ontzettingstroepen te beschermen."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . "De Romeinse belegeringswapens bestonden uit een verscheidenheid aan machines en constructies om de muren van belegerde steden en vestingen te veroveren. De belangrijkste belegeringswapens waren de machines waarmee de muren werden beklommen of gesloopt. Daarnaast hadden de Romeinen de beschikking over verschillende artilleriewapens en allerlei verdedigingswerken, pantserconstructies en -voertuigen om de legionairs tegen vijandige projectielen en te hulp komende ontzettingstroepen te beschermen."@nl . "Le armi da assedio d'epoca romana (in latino apparata oppugnandarum urbium) rappresentarono una componente fondamentale nell'organizzazione dell'esercito romano. Si trattava di tutta una serie di macchine adatte a scardinare o a superare le mura delle citt\u00E0 nemiche degli assediati, oltre ad una serie di congegni di artiglieria, in parte ereditati dai Greci della vicina Magna Grecia."@it . . . . . "Engin de si\u00E8ge dans l'Antiquit\u00E9 romaine"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062A\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062A\u064A\u0629. \u0628\u064F\u0630\u0644\u062A \u062C\u0647\u0648\u062F \u0635\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0646\u064A\u0629\u061B \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u062C\u0631\u064A\u0626\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062C\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064A\u0646\u062C\u062D\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062A\u0643\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062D\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062C\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0635\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u062D\u062A\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u062F\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064B\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0644\u0642 \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062A \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062A\u062D\u0641\u0638. \u0627\u0647\u062A\u0645 \u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u064A\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u062F\u0645\u062C \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062A\u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062B\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u0627\u062D\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . "Romeinse belegeringswapens"@nl . . . . . . . . . "Roman siege engines were, for the most part, adapted from Hellenistic siege technology. Relatively small efforts were made to develop the technology; however, the Romans brought an unrelentingly aggressive style to siege warfare that brought them repeated success. Up to the first century BC, the Romans utilized siege weapons only as required and relied for the most part on ladders, towers and rams to assault a fortified town. Ballistae were also employed, but held no permanent place within a legion's roster, until later in the republic, and were used sparingly.Julius Caesar took great interest in the integration of advanced siege engines, organizing their use for optimal battlefield efficiency."@en .