. . . . . . . "The rook and pawn versus rook endgame is a fundamentally important, widely studied chess endgame. Precise play is usually required in these positions. With optimal play, some complicated wins require sixty moves to either checkmate, capture the defending rook, or successfully promote the pawn. In some cases, thirty-five moves are required to advance the pawn once. The play of this type of ending revolves around whether or not the pawn can be promoted, or if the defending rook must be sacrificed to prevent promotion. If the pawn promotes, that side will have an overwhelming material advantage. If the pawn is about to promote, the defending side may give up their rook for the pawn, resulting in an easily won endgame for the superior side (a basic checkmate). In a few cases, the superior side gives up their rook in order to promote the pawn, resulting in a winning queen versus rook position (see Pawnless chess endgame#Queen versus rook). A rule of thumb (with exceptions) is: if the king on the side without the pawn can reach the queening square of the pawn, the game is a draw; otherwise it is a win for the opponent (except with a rook pawn, i.e. a- or h-file). The side with the pawn can cut off the opposing king or strive for the Lucena position, which is a win. The defender can aim for the Philidor position (which is a draw) or try to set up one of the other defensive techniques that draw. A rook and two pawns usually win against a rook, but there are plenty of exceptions."@en . . . . . . . . . . "Finali di torre e pedone contro torre"@it . . . . . . "1122009221"^^ . . . . "El final de torre i pe\u00F3 contra torre \u00E9s de gran import\u00E0ncia en els finals d'escacs (Keres 1973:100), (de la Villa 2008:123\u201325), (Emms 2008:16), (Burgess 2009:94), (Nunn 2009:106) i ha estat llargament estudiat (Nunn 1999:6), (Minev 2004:58). En aquest tipus de posicions es requereix un joc prec\u00EDs. Amb la , algunes de les complicades posicions guanyadores fan falta seixanta moviments per fer escac i mat, guanyar la torre defensiva o promocionar el pe\u00F3 amb \u00E8xit (Speelman, Tisdall & Wade 1993:7). En alguns casos, s\u00F3n necessaris trenta-cinc moviments per avan\u00E7ar el pe\u00F3 una casella (Thompson 1986)."@ca . . . . . . . "61886"^^ . "3846650"^^ . . "\u041B\u0430\u0434\u044C\u044F \u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043B\u0430\u0434\u044C\u0438 \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0432 \u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435. \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0443 \u0432 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0438 \u0432 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u044D\u043D\u0434\u0448\u043F\u0438\u043B\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043A \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0441\u043B\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044B \u2014 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0434\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0430. \u041D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0430\u044F \u2014 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043D\u044F\u044F."@ru . . . . "\u041B\u0430\u0434\u044C\u044F \u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043B\u0430\u0434\u044C\u0438"@ru . . . . . "El final de torre i pe\u00F3 contra torre \u00E9s de gran import\u00E0ncia en els finals d'escacs (Keres 1973:100), (de la Villa 2008:123\u201325), (Emms 2008:16), (Burgess 2009:94), (Nunn 2009:106) i ha estat llargament estudiat (Nunn 1999:6), (Minev 2004:58). En aquest tipus de posicions es requereix un joc prec\u00EDs. Amb la , algunes de les complicades posicions guanyadores fan falta seixanta moviments per fer escac i mat, guanyar la torre defensiva o promocionar el pe\u00F3 amb \u00E8xit (Speelman, Tisdall & Wade 1993:7). En alguns casos, s\u00F3n necessaris trenta-cinc moviments per avan\u00E7ar el pe\u00F3 una casella (Thompson 1986). Jugar aquest tipus de final gira entorn de s\u00ED o no el pe\u00F3 pot ser promocionat, o si la torre defensora ha de ser sacrificat per evitar la promoci\u00F3. Si el pe\u00F3 promou, aquest b\u00E0ndol tindr\u00E0 un aclaparador avantatge de material. Si el pe\u00F3 est\u00E0 a punt de coronar, la part defensora pot entregar la seva torre pel pe\u00F3, el que resulta en un f\u00E0cil final guanyat pel b\u00E0ndol superior, (un escac i mat b\u00E0sic). En alguns casos, el b\u00E0ndol superior pot entregar la seva torre per tal de coronar el pe\u00F3, que en resultaria una posici\u00F3 guanyadora de dama contra torre (vegeu ). Una regla general (amb excepcions) \u00E9s: si el rei del b\u00E0ndol sense el pe\u00F3 pot arribar a la casella de coronaci\u00F3 del pe\u00F3, la partida s\u00F3n taules; altrament \u00E9s guanyada per l'oponent (excepte amb el pe\u00F3 de torre, \u00E9s a dir, el pe\u00F3 de les columnes a i h) (Fine & Benko 2003:294ff). El b\u00E0ndol amb el pe\u00F3 pot bloquejar el rei del contrincant o lluitar per la posici\u00F3 de Lucena, que \u00E9s guanyadora. El defensor pot aspirar a la posici\u00F3 de Philidor (que s\u00F3n taules) o intentar tractar d'establir una de les altres t\u00E8cniques defensives que porten a les taules (Mednis 1987:93). Una torre i dos peons normalment es guanya contra una torre, per\u00F2 hi ha un munt d'excepcions."@ca . . "\u041B\u0430\u0434\u044C\u044F \u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043B\u0430\u0434\u044C\u0438 \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0432 \u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435. \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0443 \u0432 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0438 \u0432 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u044D\u043D\u0434\u0448\u043F\u0438\u043B\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043A \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0441\u043B\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044B \u2014 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0434\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0430. \u041D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0448\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0430\u044F \u2014 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043D\u044F\u044F."@ru . . . "\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0448\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u2014 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043A \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0435\u043D\u0434\u0448\u043F\u0456\u043B\u0456\u0432, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0434\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043A\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043E. \u0415\u043D\u0434\u0448\u043F\u0456\u043B\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0448\u0430\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0454 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0439, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432 10% \u0432\u0438\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456\u0433\u043E\u0440."@uk . . . . . . . "Negli scacchi per finale di torre e pedone contro torre si intendono quei finali in cui, oltre ai due re, sono rimasti sulla scacchiera solo una torre e un pedone da una parte contro una torre dall'altra. Questo finale \u00E8 quello pi\u00F9 frequente in quanto torri e pedoni sono, in genere, gli ultimi pezzi a scomparire dalla scacchiera, le prime per il fatto che sono le ultime ad entrare nel vivo del gioco, i secondi per la loro numerosit\u00E0. Anche gli altri finali di torre e pedoni possono in definitiva essere ricondotti a questo. La regola generale da ricordare \u00E8:"@it . . . . "Final de torre i pe\u00F3 contra torre"@ca . . . . "Negli scacchi per finale di torre e pedone contro torre si intendono quei finali in cui, oltre ai due re, sono rimasti sulla scacchiera solo una torre e un pedone da una parte contro una torre dall'altra. Questo finale \u00E8 quello pi\u00F9 frequente in quanto torri e pedoni sono, in genere, gli ultimi pezzi a scomparire dalla scacchiera, le prime per il fatto che sono le ultime ad entrare nel vivo del gioco, i secondi per la loro numerosit\u00E0. Anche gli altri finali di torre e pedoni possono in definitiva essere ricondotti a questo. Il gioco in questo tipo di finali ruota attorno alla possibilit\u00E0 o meno di promuovere il pedone, o sul fatto che la torre debba o meno essere sacrificata per evitare tale promozione. Se il pedone promuove, il vantaggio sar\u00E0 decisivo. Se il pedone \u00E8 in procinto di promuovere, il giocatore in svantaggio pu\u00F2 sacrificare la torre per il pedone, finendo per\u00F2 ancora in un finale sicuramente perso. In pochi casi il giocatore in vantaggio pu\u00F2 sacrificare la propria torre per consentire le promozione finendo in un finale donna contro torre vinto. In queste situazioni \u00E8 richiesto un gioco preciso e senza errori, alcune posizioni complicate possono richiedere per vincere anche pi\u00F9 di 60 mosse. La regola generale da ricordare \u00E8: Il giocatore col pedone in pi\u00F9 pu\u00F2 cercare di tagliare fuori dal gioco il re avversario o ricercare la posizione di Lucena per vincere. L'altro, per pattare, deve ricercare la posizione di Philidor o cercare di attuare una delle altre tecniche difensive illustrate nel seguito."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0448\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u2014 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043A \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0435\u043D\u0434\u0448\u043F\u0456\u043B\u0456\u0432, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0434\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043A\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043E. \u0415\u043D\u0434\u0448\u043F\u0456\u043B\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0448\u0430\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0454 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0439, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432 10% \u0432\u0438\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456\u0433\u043E\u0440."@uk . . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0448\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438"@uk . . . . . . . "The rook and pawn versus rook endgame is a fundamentally important, widely studied chess endgame. Precise play is usually required in these positions. With optimal play, some complicated wins require sixty moves to either checkmate, capture the defending rook, or successfully promote the pawn. In some cases, thirty-five moves are required to advance the pawn once."@en . "Rook and pawn versus rook endgame"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .