. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "21024"^^ . . . . . "Las iglesias ortodoxas rusas se distinguen por su verticalidad, colores brillantes y m\u00FAltiples c\u00FApulas que ofrecen un fuerte contraste con el llano paisaje ruso a menudo cubierto de nieve. Las primeras iglesias del Rus de Kiev, como la iglesia de madera de 13 c\u00FApulas de la catedral de Santa Sof\u00EDa de N\u00F3vgorod, difiere en este aspecto de sus predecesoras bizantinas principalmente de una sola c\u00FApula. El n\u00FAmero de c\u00FApulas era y es simb\u00F3licamente importante: una c\u00FApula simboliza el Dios \u00FAnico; tres, representan la Trinidad; y cinco, a Cristo y sus cuatro evangelistas.\u200B Al principio, el baptisterio, el n\u00E1rtex y la galer\u00EDa del coro por encima del n\u00E1rtex fueron caracter\u00EDsticas comunes de las iglesias del Rus', pero poco a poco fueron desapareciendo. Despu\u00E9s de un siglo de imitaciones bizantinas, los constructores rusos comenzaron a enfatizar la verticalidad al dise\u00F1ar sus iglesias. El final del siglo XII vio el desarrollo de las llamadas iglesias-torre en Polotsk y Smolensk; este dise\u00F1o se extendi\u00F3 m\u00E1s tarde a otras \u00E1reas, como Kiev y Chern\u00EDgov. La transici\u00F3n visual entre el cubo principal de la iglesia y el alargado cilindro bajo la c\u00FApula era realizado mediante una o varias filas de arcos conopiales, conocidos como kokoshnik. Pod\u00EDan tener forma de pala, de medio punto o apuntados. En las iglesias moscovitas posteriores, los masivos bancos de kokoshniki evolucionaron hacia una distintiva forma piramidal. El reinado de Iv\u00E1n el Terrible se caracteriz\u00F3 por la introducci\u00F3n de las llamadas cubiertas en tienda de campa\u00F1a. Iglesias como la catedral de San Basilio fueron una acumulaci\u00F3n de capillas coronadas por cubiertas c\u00F3nicas muy empinados de dise\u00F1os extravagantes. Los arquitectos de Vladimir-Suzdal empezaron a utilizar la siller\u00EDa de piedra caliza blanca como material principal de construcci\u00F3n en lugar del ladrillo, lo que propiciaba iglesias con siluetas muy eficaces, pero que hicieron que la construcci\u00F3n de esas iglesias fuera muy costosa. La ornamentaci\u00F3n combinaba la carpinter\u00EDa nativa, oriental, con motivos del renacimiento italiano y g\u00F3ticos alemanes. Los arquitectos de Novgorod y Pskov construyeron sus iglesias con mamposter\u00EDa y desnudos bloques de piedra caliza. Como resultado, los edificios del noroeste tienen paredes de textura muy gruesa, como si se moldeasen a mano en arcilla. La fachada en tr\u00E9bol con hastiales apuntados fue una disposici\u00F3n muy com\u00FAn en la \u00E9poca tard\u00EDa de la Rep\u00FAblica de Novgorod. Las iglesias de Pskov eran peque\u00F1as y a dos aguas; desarrollaron una galer\u00EDa cerrada que llevaba a un porche y a un sencillo campanario o . El problema dominante de la arquitectura eclesial rusa de la Baja Edad Media fue la colocaci\u00F3n del campanario. Una primera soluci\u00F3n al problema fue disponerlo por encima del cuerpo principal de la iglesia. Los campanarios independientes con cubiertas carpadas fueron luego muy comunes en el siglo XVII; a menudo se unieron a la iglesia por una galer\u00EDa o un bajo n\u00E1rtex alargado. La \u00FAltima disposici\u00F3n se conoce como \u00ABdise\u00F1o de barco\u00BB, ya que el campanario se levanta sobre el porche que le sirve de proa. Las iglesias del barroco moscovita representan la estructura en niveles de las tradicionales iglesias rusas de troncos \u00ABen que una silueta piramidal asciende en una serie de octoedros en disminuci\u00F3n\u00BB (W. C. Brumfield). Este tipo es conocido como iglesia de \u00ABoct\u00F3gono sobre cubo\u00BB."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . "Russian churches often have various recurrent elements in their architecture. The onion dome is for example a recurrent and important element in the architecture of Russian churches. Often Russian churches have also multi-colored filigree ornamental elements. Furthermore the colour white plays an important role in the style of Russian churches. In the past, Russian churches were made out of wood. Many Russian Orthodox churches are distinguished by their verticality, bright colors and multiple domes, which provide a striking contrast with the flat Russian landscape, often covered in snow. The very first churches in Kievan Rus', such as the 13-domed wooden Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod, differed in this regard from their mainly single-dome Byzantine predecessors. The number of domes was important symbolically. One dome symbolized the single God; three represented the Trinity, and five represented Christ and his four evangelists. At first the baptistery, narthex, and choir gallery above the narthex were a common feature of Rus' churches, but gradually they disappeared. After a century of Byzantine imitations, the Russian masons began to emphasise the verticality in church design. The late 12th century saw the development of so-called tower churches in Polotsk and Smolensk; this design later spread to other areas such as Kiev and Chernihiv. A visual transition between the main cube of the church and the elongated cylinder below the dome was provided by one or several rows of curved corbel arches, known as kokoshniki. They could be spade-shaped, semicircular, or pointed. In later Muscovite churches, the massed banks of kokoshniki evolved into a distinctive pyramidal shape. The reign of Ivan the Terrible was marked by the introduction of so-called tented roofs. The churches such as St. Basil's Cathedral were an agglomeration of chapels capped by the steeply-pitched conical roofs of fanciful designs. The architects of Vladimir-Suzdal switched from brick to white limestone ashlar as their main building material, which provided for dramatically effective church silhouettes, but made church construction very costly. The ornamentation combined native carpentry, oriental, Italian Renaissance, and German Gothic motifs. The architects of Novgorod and Pskov constructed their churches of fieldstone and undressed blocks of limestone. As a result, the northwestern buildings have highly textured walls, as if hand-moulded of clay. A trefoil facade with pointed gables was a common arrangement in the later Novgorod Republic. The churches of Pskov were tiny and gabled; they developed an enclosed gallery which led to a porch and a simple belfry, or zvonnitsa. The dominant concern of late medieval Russian architecture was the placement of the belfry. An early solution to the problem was to put the belfry above the main body of the church. Detached belfries with tent roofs are exceedingly common in the 17th century; they are often joined to the church by a gallery or a low elongated narthex. The latter arrangement is known as the \"ship design\", with the belfry rising above the porch serving as the prow. The Muscovite Baroque churches represent the tiered structure of traditional Russian log churches \"in which a pyramidal silhouette ascends in a series of diminishing octahedrons\" (W. C. Brumfield). This type of the church is known as the \"octagon on cube\" church."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "28649756"^^ . . . . "\u041A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043E-\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043C\u044B \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438"@ru . . . . . . . . "Le pr\u00E9sent article reprend les types architecturaux d'\u00E9glises russes du XIe si\u00E8cle au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle.La structure des \u00E9glises russes a vari\u00E9 aux cours des si\u00E8cles notamment suivant le nombre de piliers qui les soutiennent, suivant la forme de leurs toitures, la forme des fa\u00E7ades ou encore la forme des diff\u00E9rents volumes dont elles sont compos\u00E9es. Article d\u00E9taill\u00E9 : Architecture russe."@fr . . . . . "Le pr\u00E9sent article reprend les types architecturaux d'\u00E9glises russes du XIe si\u00E8cle au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle.La structure des \u00E9glises russes a vari\u00E9 aux cours des si\u00E8cles notamment suivant le nombre de piliers qui les soutiennent, suivant la forme de leurs toitures, la forme des fa\u00E7ades ou encore la forme des diff\u00E9rents volumes dont elles sont compos\u00E9es. Article d\u00E9taill\u00E9 : Architecture russe."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Russian churches often have various recurrent elements in their architecture. The onion dome is for example a recurrent and important element in the architecture of Russian churches. Often Russian churches have also multi-colored filigree ornamental elements. Furthermore the colour white plays an important role in the style of Russian churches. In the past, Russian churches were made out of wood. Many Russian Orthodox churches are distinguished by their verticality, bright colors and multiple domes, which provide a striking contrast with the flat Russian landscape, often covered in snow. The very first churches in Kievan Rus', such as the 13-domed wooden Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod, differed in this regard from their mainly single-dome Byzantine predecessors. The number of domes was "@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Las iglesias ortodoxas rusas se distinguen por su verticalidad, colores brillantes y m\u00FAltiples c\u00FApulas que ofrecen un fuerte contraste con el llano paisaje ruso a menudo cubierto de nieve. Las primeras iglesias del Rus de Kiev, como la iglesia de madera de 13 c\u00FApulas de la catedral de Santa Sof\u00EDa de N\u00F3vgorod, difiere en este aspecto de sus predecesoras bizantinas principalmente de una sola c\u00FApula. El n\u00FAmero de c\u00FApulas era y es simb\u00F3licamente importante: una c\u00FApula simboliza el Dios \u00FAnico; tres, representan la Trinidad; y cinco, a Cristo y sus cuatro evangelistas.\u200B Al principio, el baptisterio, el n\u00E1rtex y la galer\u00EDa del coro por encima del n\u00E1rtex fueron caracter\u00EDsticas comunes de las iglesias del Rus', pero poco a poco fueron desapareciendo. Despu\u00E9s de un siglo de imitaciones bizantinas, l"@es . . "Types architecturaux d'\u00E9glises russes"@fr . 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