. "23915588"^^ . . . . . "947617509"^^ . "\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F"@en . "1799"^^ . . . . . . "1782"^^ . . . "The Shelikhov-Golikov Company (SGC) was a Russian fur trading venture, founded by Irkutsk entrepreneurs Grigory Shelikhov and in 1783. Formed in Eastern Siberia during the 1780s along with several competing companies, the SGC had operations in Kurile Islands and areas that later became Russian America. Russian ventures had been focused on maritime operations under promyshlenniki, though costs had continued to rise as more distant sea otter populations had to be exploited. Centered on the Kodiak and several Aleutian Islands, the majority of the company's indentured laborer was recruited among the Aleut and Alutiiq nations. A common practice amongst Russian companies was to take hostages from various villages, to force maritime hunters to gather otter furs. Shelikhov led aggressions on Kodiak Island against the indigenous Alutiiqs in 1784, known as the Awa'uq Massacre, where Russian employees killed over 2,000 people according to some estimates. In consequence of the massacre, the Island became fully controlled by the company. Competing European traders were generally fellow Russian traders, principally the . Visiting British and American ships typically paid higher rates for furs when negotiating with Alaskan Natives, which undercut the SGC trading operations. These same merchants were often the only means of supply for the scattered Russian stations, leaving the company dependent on its commercial rivals. The United American Company was created out of rival Russian companies in 1797, including the assets of Lebedev-Lastochkin Company, ensuring its commercial dominance among Russian merchants. In the Ukase of 1799 the company was granted a monopoly among Russians in North America by Tsar Paul I, becoming the basis of the Russian-American Company."@en . . . . . . . . . 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"La Companyia X\u00E9likhov-G\u00F3likov (en rus \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F) va ser una empresa de comer\u00E7 de pells russa, inicialment fundada a Irkutsk pels empresaris Grigori X\u00E9likhov i el 1783. L'empresa va prosperar per l'est de Sib\u00E8ria durant la d\u00E8cada de 1780, juntament amb altres empreses rivals. La Companyia X\u00E9likhov-G\u00F3likov operava a les illes Kurils i en \u00E0rees que posteriorment formarien part de l'Am\u00E8rica russa. Pr\u00E8viament les empreses russes s'havien centrat en operacions mar\u00EDtimes impulsades pels promyshlenniki, tot i que els costos havien augmentat a mesura les poblacions de ll\u00FAdria marina es trobaven m\u00E9s lluny. Centrada l'activitat a l'illa Kodiak i diverses de les illes Aleutianes, la majoria de treballadors de la companyia eren membres de les nacions aleutianes i alutiiq. Una pr\u00E0ctica comuna entre les companyies russes va anar a prendre ostatges de diversos pobles per obligar els ca\u00E7adors a recollir pells de ll\u00FAdriga per a ells. X\u00E9likhov va liderar atacs contra els ind\u00EDgenes alutiiq de l'illa Kodiak el 1784, en el que es coneix com a massacre d'Awa'uq, en qu\u00E8 els russos van matar m\u00E9s de 2.000 persones, segons algunes estimacions. Com a conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncia de la massacre l'illa qued\u00E0 sota control de l'empresa. Els comerciants rivals europeus solien seguir els comerciants russos. Els vaixells brit\u00E0nics o estatunidencs que visitaven la zona pagaven habitualment taxes m\u00E9s altes per les pells quan negociaven directament amb els natius d'Alaska, cosa que disminu\u00EFa el negoci de les operacions comercials de la Companyia X\u00E9likhov-G\u00F3likov. Aquests mateixos comerciants eren sovint l'\u00FAnic mitj\u00E0 d'abastament que tenien les bases russes disperses per la zona, deixant la Companyia X\u00E9likhov-G\u00F3likov depenent dels seus rivals comercials. La United American Company va ser creada a partir de les empreses russes rivals el 1797, assegurant el seu domini comercial entre comerciants russos. A l'uc\u00E0s de 1799 la Companyia va rebre el monopoli entre els russos a Am\u00E8rica del Nord pel tsar Pau I, sent la base de la futura Companyia Russo-Americana."@ca . . . "\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F"@ru . . . "Companyia X\u00E9likhov-G\u00F3likov"@ca . . . "Shelikhov-Golikov Company"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F"@en . . . . . . . "The Shelikhov-Golikov Company (SGC) was a Russian fur trading venture, founded by Irkutsk entrepreneurs Grigory Shelikhov and in 1783. Formed in Eastern Siberia during the 1780s along with several competing companies, the SGC had operations in Kurile Islands and areas that later became Russian America. Russian ventures had been focused on maritime operations under promyshlenniki, though costs had continued to rise as more distant sea otter populations had to be exploited. Centered on the Kodiak and several Aleutian Islands, the majority of the company's indentured laborer was recruited among the Aleut and Alutiiq nations. A common practice amongst Russian companies was to take hostages from various villages, to force maritime hunters to gather otter furs. Shelikhov led aggressions on Kodi"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Shelikhov-Golikov Company"@en . . . "\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043F\u0440\u0438\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435 (\u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F), \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u043A\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0428\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0438 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0413\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0432 1783 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 (\u043F\u043E \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C \u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0432 1781 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043C\u044F \u043A\u0443\u043F\u0446\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0413\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C\u0438) \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0443\u0448\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0438. \u0413\u043B\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u041A\u0430\u0434\u044C\u044F\u043A \u0432 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0441\u0432\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438."@ru . . . . "Irkutsk, later Saint Petersburg"@en . "Shelikhov-Golikov Company"@en . . . . . . . . . . "1782"^^ . . "Ukase of 1799"@en . . . . . . . . . "La Companyia X\u00E9likhov-G\u00F3likov (en rus \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F) va ser una empresa de comer\u00E7 de pells russa, inicialment fundada a Irkutsk pels empresaris Grigori X\u00E9likhov i el 1783. L'empresa va prosperar per l'est de Sib\u00E8ria durant la d\u00E8cada de 1780, juntament amb altres empreses rivals. La Companyia X\u00E9likhov-G\u00F3likov operava a les illes Kurils i en \u00E0rees que posteriorment formarien part de l'Am\u00E8rica russa. Pr\u00E8viament les empreses russes s'havien centrat en operacions mar\u00EDtimes impulsades pels promyshlenniki, tot i que els costos havien augmentat a mesura les poblacions de ll\u00FAdria marina es trobaven m\u00E9s lluny. Centrada l'activitat a l'illa Kodiak i diverses de les illes Aleutianes, la majoria de treballadors de la companyia eren membres de les nacions aleutianes i alutiiq. Una pr\u00E0ctica "@ca . "8859"^^ . . . .