. . . "1102764407"^^ . . . "Slavery in Bhutan was a common legal, economic, and social institution until its abolition in 1958. In historical records, unfree labourers in Bhutan were referred to as slaves, coolies, and serfs. These labourers originated mostly in and around Bhutan, Assam, and Sikkim, and were the backbone of Bhutan's pre-money feudal economy."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u4E0D\u4E39\u57281958\u5E74\u524D\u4E00\u76F4\u5B58\u5728\u5974\u96B6\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u5974\u96B6\u5305\u62EC\u82E6\u529B\u3001\u519C\u5974\u4E0E\u5974\u96B6\u3002\u4ED6\u4EEC\u57281958\u5E74\u524D\u5B9E\u884C\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u5974\u96B6\u6765\u6E90\u662F\u9521\u91D1\u4E0E\u963F\u8428\u59C6\u5C45\u6C11\u3002 \u5409\u683C\u6885\u00B7\u591A\u5409\u00B7\u65FA\u695A\u514B\u57281952\u5E74\u767B\u57FA\u540E\u8FDB\u884C\u73B0\u4EE3\u5316\uFF0C\u57281958\u5E74\u5B8C\u5168\u5E9F\u6B62\u3002"@zh . "Slavery in Bhutan was a common legal, economic, and social institution until its abolition in 1958. In historical records, unfree labourers in Bhutan were referred to as slaves, coolies, and serfs. These labourers originated mostly in and around Bhutan, Assam, and Sikkim, and were the backbone of Bhutan's pre-money feudal economy. Bhutan abolished slavery as part of modernization reforms at the behest of the Third Druk Gyalpo Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, who ascended to the throne in 1952 at the age of 25. In breaking with slavery and feudalism, King Jigme Dorji enacted legal reforms, awarding citizenship and outright ownership of land to former slaves."@en . . . . "13174"^^ . . . "31802872"^^ . . . . "\u0420\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0432 1958 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C, \u043A \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0440\u0430\u0431\u044B, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0438\u0435-\u043A\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0435. \u042D\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430, \u0410\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0438\u043A\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443 \u0434\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0432 1958 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C, \u043A \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0440\u0430\u0431\u044B, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0438\u0435-\u043A\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0435. \u042D\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430, \u0410\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0438\u043A\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443 \u0434\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043C\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C \u043F\u043E \u0432\u043E\u043B\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044C\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0414\u0440\u0443\u043A \u0413\u044C\u044F\u043B\u043F\u043E \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0433\u043C\u0435 \u0414\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043D\u0433\u0447\u0443\u043A\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u043E\u0448\u0451\u043B \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B \u0432 1952 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435 25 \u043B\u0435\u0442. \u041F\u043E\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u043E\u043C, \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0433\u043C\u0435 \u0414\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0451\u043B \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u044B, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u044B\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043C \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u044E."@ru . . "Slavery in Bhutan"@en . . . . "\u0420\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0435"@ru . . . . . . "\u4E0D\u4E39\u57281958\u5E74\u524D\u4E00\u76F4\u5B58\u5728\u5974\u96B6\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u5974\u96B6\u5305\u62EC\u82E6\u529B\u3001\u519C\u5974\u4E0E\u5974\u96B6\u3002\u4ED6\u4EEC\u57281958\u5E74\u524D\u5B9E\u884C\u5C01\u5EFA\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u5974\u96B6\u6765\u6E90\u662F\u9521\u91D1\u4E0E\u963F\u8428\u59C6\u5C45\u6C11\u3002 \u5409\u683C\u6885\u00B7\u591A\u5409\u00B7\u65FA\u695A\u514B\u57281952\u5E74\u767B\u57FA\u540E\u8FDB\u884C\u73B0\u4EE3\u5316\uFF0C\u57281958\u5E74\u5B8C\u5168\u5E9F\u6B62\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . "\u4E0D\u4E39\u5974\u96B6\u5236\u5EA6"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .