. . . . . "Ducado ra\u00EDz"@es . . . . . . . . . "Los ducados ra\u00EDz (en alem\u00E1n: Stammesherzogtum; literalmente, ducado tribal) fueron esencialmente los dominios de las antiguas tribus germ\u00E1nicas del \u00E1rea asociada con el Reino de los francos, especialmente su parte oriental, durante la Alta Edad Media. Finalmente, cuando la Francia Oriental comienza a conformar el Sacro Imperio Romano Germ\u00E1nico,\u200B las antiguas \u00E1reas tribales asumieron nuevas identidades como subdivisiones del reino, incorporando Lotaringia (propiamente Francia Media).\u200B"@es . . . . . . . "Um ducado raiz ou ducado tribal (em alem\u00E3o: Stammesherzogtum, literalmente ducado raiz) era, essencialmente, os dom\u00EDnios das antigas tribos germ\u00E2nicas na \u00E1rea associada com o Reino dos francos, especialmente a leste, durante o in\u00EDcio da idade m\u00E9dia. Finalmente, quando a Fr\u00E2ncia Oriental come\u00E7a a formar o Sacro Imp\u00E9rio Romano-Germ\u00E2nico, as \u00E1reas tribais antigas assumiram novas identidades como subdivis\u00F5es do Imp\u00E9rio, incorporando Lorena (devidamente Media de Fran\u00E7a). Os ducados mais tarde, n\u00E3o tinham definidos os limites administrativos de forma precisa, mas a \u00E1rea ocupada pelas principais tribos germ\u00E2nicas. Seus duques, portanto n\u00E3o foram os Administradores Reais, nem Senhores Territoriais."@pt . . . . . . . "A stem duchy (German: Stammesherzogtum, from Stamm, meaning \"tribe\", in reference to the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians and Swabians) was a constituent duchy of the German Empire at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (death of Louis the Child in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the Ottonian Empire formation later. The Carolingians had dissolved the original tribal duchies of the Empire in the 8th century. As the Carolingian Empire declined, the old tribal areas assumed new identities. The five stem duchies (sometimes also called \"younger stem duchies\" in contrast to the pre-Carolingian tribal duchies) were:Bavaria, Franconia, Lotharingia (Lorraine), Saxony and Swabia (Alemannia). The Salian emperors (reigned 1027\u20131125) retained the stem duchies as the major"@en . . . . . "\u00AB\u041F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00BB (\u043D\u0456\u043C. Stammesherzogtum) \u2014 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0449\u043E \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0443 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u0421\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E-\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438) \u0443 IX\u2014X \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F\u0445 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0439, \u0449\u043E \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0432. \u0426\u0456 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043E\u0432\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0433\u043B\u0438 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432 \u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0439 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0430\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041A\u0430\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u0433\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u044C \u00AB\u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457\u00BB. \u0420\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043A \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u043C\u0443 \u0456 \u0441\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0432 \u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0443 XII \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445\u00BB \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0439 \u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0439\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043A \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0456 \u043A\u0443\u0440\u0444\u044E\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0456\u0432."@uk . . "Stamhertogdom"@nl . "\u041F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430"@uk . "Kadipaten suku"@in . . . . "\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD"@zh . "Kadipaten suku (bahasa Jerman: Stammesherzogtum, dari kata Stamm, yang berarti \"suku\", yang mengacu kepada suku-suku Jermanik Franka, , , dan Schwaben) adalah sebuah kadipaten yang menjadi bagian dari Kerajaan Jerman pada masa kepunahan Dinasti Karoling (kematian pada tahun 911) dan periode transisi menuju pembentukan Kekaisaran Romawi Suci pada abad ke-10. Wangsa Karoling sebelumnya telah membubarkan kadipaten-kadipaten suku Kekaisaran Franka pada abad ke-8. Setelah Kekaisaran Karoling mengalami kemunduran pada akhir abad ke-9, wilayah-wilayah suku lama mulai menggunakan identitas baru sebagai satuan daerah kerajaan. Subdivisi-subdivisi tersebut adalah lima kadipaten suku Bayern, Franken, Lotharingia, Sachsen dan Schwaben (Alemannia).Kadipaten-kadipaten suku ini tetap dipertahankan sebagai satuan daerah Jerman pada masa Dinasti Sali, tetapi sistem ini mulai tertinggal zaman pada masa Wangsa Hohenstaufen. Pada akhirnya kadipaten-kadipaten suku dibubarkan pada tahun 1180 oleh Frederick Barbarossa dan digantikan oleh kadipaten-kadipaten teritorial yang lebih banyak jumlahnya. Istilah Stammesherzogtum dalam berasal dari pertengahan abad ke-19 dan dari awal sangat terkait dengan permasalahan penyatuan Jerman. Maka dari itu, penggunaan istilah ini dan ciri kadipaten suku di Jerman abad pertengahan telah menjadi subjek yang sangat diperdebatkan dalam ilmu sejarah. Istilah \"stem duchy\" dalam bahasa Inggris yang merupakan terjemahan harfiah dicetuskan pada awal abad ke-20. Semenjak itu, istilah \"stem duchies\" menjadi istilah yang umum digunakan. Maka dari itu, dalam bahasa Indonesia, istilah ini dapat diterjemahkan secara harfiah menjadi \"kadipaten suku\"."@in . "\uBD80\uC871\uACF5\uAD6D(\uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Stammesherzogtum \uC288\uD0C0\uBA54\uC2A4\uD5E4\uC5B4\uCD08\uD06C\uD23C[*], \uC601\uC5B4: stem duchy)\uC740 10\uC138\uAE30 \uB9D0 \uCE74\uB864\uB8E8\uC2A4\uC870\uAC00 \uB2E8\uC808(911\uB144 \uB8E8\uB3C4\uBE44\uCFE0\uC2A4 4\uC138 \uC778\uD310\uC2A4\uC758 \uC8FD\uC74C) \uC2E0\uC131\uB85C\uB9C8\uC81C\uAD6D\uC774 \uD615\uC131\uB418\uB294 \uC804\uD658\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB3C5\uC77C \uC655\uAD6D\uC744 \uAD6C\uC131\uD558\uB358 5\uB300 \uACF5\uAD6D\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uBC14\uC774\uC5D0\uB978, , \uB85C\uD0C0\uB9C1\uAE30\uC544, \uC791\uC13C, \uC288\uBC14\uBCA4\uC774 \uC774 5\uAC1C \uACF5\uAD6D\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 5\uAC1C \uACF5\uAD6D\uC740 8\uC138\uAE30\uC5D0 \uCE74\uB864\uB8E8\uC2A4 1\uC138 \uB9C8\uADF8\uB204\uC2A4\uAC00 \uCE74\uB864\uB8E8\uC2A4 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC744 \uC138\uC6B0\uAE30 \uC804 \uC874\uC7AC\uD588\uB358 \uAC8C\uB974\uB9CC\uC871 \uBD80\uC871\uB4E4\uC758 \uADFC\uAC70\uC9C0\uC5D0\uC11C \uC720\uB798\uD588\uB2E4. \uAC01\uAC01 \uBC14\uC774\uC5D0\uB978\uC740 , \uD504\uB791\uCF04\uC740 \uD504\uB791\uD06C\uC778, \uC791\uC13C\uC740 \uC0C9\uC2A8\uC778, \uC288\uBC14\uBCA4\uC740 \uC54C\uB808\uB9CC\uB2C8\uC778\uC758 \uADFC\uAC70\uC9C0\uC600\uB2E4. \uD55C\uD3B8 \uC624\uB298\uB0A0\uC758 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uB85C\uB80C\uACFC \uC800\uC9C0\uB300 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC5D0 \uD574\uB2F9\uD558\uB294 \uB85C\uD0C0\uB9C1\uAE30\uC544\uB294 \uB85C\uD0C0\uB9AC\uC6B0\uC2A4 1\uC138\uC5D0\uAC8C\uC11C \uC774\uB984\uC774 \uC720\uB798\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774 \uACE0\uB300 \uBD80\uC871\uB4E4\uC740 \uCE74\uB864\uB8E8\uC2A4 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD615\uC131 \uACFC\uC815\uC5D0\uC11C \uD574\uC0B0\uB418\uC5C8\uC9C0\uB9CC, 9\uC138\uAE30 \uB9D0 \uC655\uAD8C\uC774 \uAE30\uC6B8\uBA74\uC11C \uACE0\uB300 \uBD80\uC871\uB4E4\uC758 \uADFC\uAC70\uC9C0\uAC00 \uC655\uAD6D\uC758 \uD558\uC704 \uB2E8\uC704\uB85C \uAE30\uB2A5\uD558\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC798\uB9AC\uC5B4\uC870(1027\uB144-1125\uB144)\uC758 \uC2E0\uC131\uB85C\uB9C8\uD669\uC81C\uB4E4\uC740 \uC774 5\uB300 \uACF5\uAD6D\uB4E4\uC744 \uADF8\uB300\uB85C \uC2E0\uC131\uB85C\uB9C8\uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD589\uC815\uB2E8\uC704\uB85C \uC804\uC6A9\uD558\uC600\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC911\uC138 \uC131\uAE30 \uD638\uC5D4\uC288\uD0C0\uC6B0\uD39C\uC870\uC758 \uD504\uB9AC\uB4DC\uB9AC\uD788 1\uC138 \uBC14\uB974\uBC14\uB85C\uC0AC \uD669\uC81C\uAC00 1180\uB144 5\uB300 \uACF5\uAD6D \uCCB4\uC81C\uB97C \uD3D0\uC9C0\uD558\uACE0 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uAC1C\uC758 \uC791\uC740 \uC81C\uD6C4\uAD6D\uB4E4\uB85C \uB300\uCCB4\uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \"\uBD80\uC871\uACF5\uAD6D\"\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uB9D0\uC740 19\uC138\uAE30 \uC911\uBC18 \uB3C5\uC77C \uC5ED\uC0AC\uD559\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C \uCC98\uC74C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD558\uAE30 \uC2DC\uC791\uD588\uACE0, \uADF8 \uAC1C\uB150\uC740 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC758 \uD1B5\uC77C\uACFC \uBC00\uC811\uD55C \uAD00\uB828\uC774 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "\u00AB\u041F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00BB (\u043D\u0435\u043C. Stammesherzogtum) \u2014 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u044B \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438) \u0432 IX\u2014X \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u041E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u044F\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432: \n* \u0421\u0430\u043A\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044F \n* \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044F \n* \u0411\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044F \n* \u0428\u0432\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044F \n* \u041B\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0438\u044F (\u0438\u043B\u0438, \u043F\u043E \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0422\u044E\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0438\u044F)"@ru . . . . "Ett stamhertigd\u00F6me (tyska Stammesherzogtum eller Herzogtum), var en av de territoriella enheter under tidig medeltid i Tysk-romerska riket som motsvarade utbredningen av en germansk stam. De viktigaste var Bayern, Franken, Sachsen, Schwaben och Th\u00FCringen som vart och ett styrdes av en stamhertig som ofta utmanade kejsarmakten."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . "Kadipaten suku (bahasa Jerman: Stammesherzogtum, dari kata Stamm, yang berarti \"suku\", yang mengacu kepada suku-suku Jermanik Franka, , , dan Schwaben) adalah sebuah kadipaten yang menjadi bagian dari Kerajaan Jerman pada masa kepunahan Dinasti Karoling (kematian pada tahun 911) dan periode transisi menuju pembentukan Kekaisaran Romawi Suci pada abad ke-10. Wangsa Karoling sebelumnya telah membubarkan kadipaten-kadipaten suku Kekaisaran Franka pada abad ke-8. Setelah Kekaisaran Karoling mengalami kemunduran pada akhir abad ke-9, wilayah-wilayah suku lama mulai menggunakan identitas baru sebagai satuan daerah kerajaan. Subdivisi-subdivisi tersebut adalah lima kadipaten suku Bayern, Franken, Lotharingia, Sachsen dan Schwaben (Alemannia).Kadipaten-kadipaten suku ini tetap dipertahankan sebag"@in . . . "Els ducats arrels (de l'alemany Stammesherzogtum, literalment \"ducat tribal\") foren territoris que van constituir el Regne Franc Oriental, o el futur Regne d'Alemanya. Tot i que en el futur es convertirien en ducats, el nom no fa refer\u00E8ncia a una regi\u00F3 administrativa amb fronteres definides sin\u00F3 als territoris habitats per les tribus germ\u00E0niques principals. Els historiadors distingeixen entre dos grups de ducats arrel: els \"ducats arrel vells\" (segles VI-VII) i els \"ducats arrel joves\" (segles IX-XII)."@ca . . . . . . . . . . "Een stamhertogdom is een titel van hertog, verkozen of zelfbenoemd, als hoofd van een bepaalde volksstam. Met hertogdom kan niet alleen de titel maar ook het gebied bedoeld worden. Waarschijnlijk gaan de stamhertogdommen terug op pogingen van plaatselijke adellijke machthebbers om zich in hun stamgebied te promoveren tot een soort koning, onderkoning of hertog. Daarmee konden de stamverbanden beter behouden blijven en getoond worden in vooral de tijd van de Grote Volksverhuizing. Men onderscheidde in het bijzonder in Duitsland een vijftal stamhertogdommen, oorspronkelijk uitgaande van de grotere Germaanse stammen die zich in de vroege middeleeuwen blijvend gevestigd hadden in het gebied dat ongeveer met het huidige Duitsland overeenkomt.Karel de Grote probeerde al deze titels op te heffen "@nl . . . . . . . . "\u90E8\u65CF\u5927\u516C\uFF08\u3076\u305E\u304F\u305F\u3044\u3053\u3046\u3001\u82F1\uFF1AStem duke\u3001\u72EC\uFF1AStammesherzog\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u300110\u4E16\u7D00\u3001\u30AB\u30ED\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u671D\u306E\u65AD\u7D76\u304A\u3088\u3073\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u518D\u8208\u6642\u306B\u4E2D\u4E16\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u306B\u6210\u7ACB\u3057\u305F\u5927\u516C\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u00AB\u041F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00BB (\u043D\u0435\u043C. Stammesherzogtum) \u2014 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u044B \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438) \u0432 IX\u2014X \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u042D\u0442\u0438 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0431\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043F\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u041A\u0430\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0433\u043E\u0432 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u00AB\u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00BB. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0432 XII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0435 \u043A \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0422\u0435\u043C \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445\u00BB \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0451 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0435 \u043A\u0443\u0440\u0444\u044E\u0440\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0432. \u041E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u044F\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432: \n* \u0421\u0430\u043A\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044F \n* \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044F \n* \u0411\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044F \n* \u0428\u0432\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044F \n* \u041B\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0438\u044F (\u0438\u043B\u0438, \u043F\u043E \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0422\u044E\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0438\u044F)"@ru . . . . . . . . . . "Un duch\u00E9 ethnique ou duch\u00E9 tribal (allemand : Stammesherzogtum) \u00E9tait un duch\u00E9 constitutif du royaume de Germanie constitu\u00E9 \u00E0 partir de la Francie orientale au Xe si\u00E8cle, lors de l'extinction de la dynastie carolingienne et de la p\u00E9riode transitoire ayant men\u00E9 plus tard \u00E0 la formation du Saint-Empire romain germanique."@fr . . . "Un duch\u00E9 ethnique ou duch\u00E9 tribal (allemand : Stammesherzogtum) \u00E9tait un duch\u00E9 constitutif du royaume de Germanie constitu\u00E9 \u00E0 partir de la Francie orientale au Xe si\u00E8cle, lors de l'extinction de la dynastie carolingienne et de la p\u00E9riode transitoire ayant men\u00E9 plus tard \u00E0 la formation du Saint-Empire romain germanique."@fr . . "\u00AB\u041F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00BB (\u043D\u0456\u043C. Stammesherzogtum) \u2014 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0449\u043E \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0443 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u0421\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E-\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438) \u0443 IX\u2014X \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F\u0445 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0439, \u0449\u043E \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0432. \u0426\u0456 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043E\u0432\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0433\u043B\u0438 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432 \u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0439 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0430\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041A\u0430\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u0433\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u044C \u00AB\u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457\u00BB. \u0420\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043A \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u043C\u0443 \u0456 \u0441\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0432 \u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0443 XII \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445\u00BB \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0439 \u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0439\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043A \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0456 \u043A\u0443\u0440\u0444\u044E\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0456\u0432. \u0417\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0456 \u043F'\u044F\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432: \n* \u0421\u0430\u043A\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0456\u044F \n* \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0456\u044F \n* \u0411\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0456\u044F \n* \u0428\u0432\u0430\u0431\u0456\u044F \n* \u041B\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0456\u044F (\u0430\u0431\u043E, \u0437\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u043E\u044E \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044E, \u0422\u044E\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0456\u044F)"@uk . . . . "I ducati originari (in tedesco Stammesherzogtum e in inglese Stem duchies) erano le principali circoscrizioni del regno dei Franchi Orientali tra il X e il XII secolo. Nel corso dell'VIII secolo, i Carolingi avevano annesso al regno franco gli originali ducati tribali (regna), alcuni dei quali erano gi\u00E0 tributari del regno dei merovingi. Questi cinque ducati originari furono: Baviera, Franconia, Lotaringia, Sassonia e Svevia. Alla fine del IX secolo, col declino dell'Impero carolingio, questi ducati/regna vennero governati dalla pi\u00F9 alta aristocrazia tedesca, che alla morte di Ludovico il Fanciullo cerc\u00F2 di affermare il proprio diritto a eleggere il monarca tedesco, richiamando in maniera diretta il loro legame con le antiche entit\u00E0 tribali come fondamento della legittimit\u00E0 del loro potere. I ducati originari rimasero i principali attori politici del regno di Germania con le dinastie sassone e salica, sia in veste di alleati che di potenziali rivali del sovrano. La situazione venne mutata nel 1180 da Federico Barbarossa, sovrano della casata sveva degli Hohenstaufen, che decise di frazionare i ducati pi\u00F9 potenti per contenere la potenziale minaccia al suo potere che essi continuavano a rappresentare. Per indicare questi ducati gli storiografi tedeschi della alla met\u00E0 del XIX secolo crearono il vocabolo Stammesherzogtum (Stamm, che significa \"trib\u00F9\", in riferimento alle trib\u00F9 germaniche), che nel XX secolo portarono alla coniazione in ambito anglosassone del termine Stem duchy, divenuto di uso convenzionale nella storiografia di lingua inglese. Tuttavia, questi appellativi sono stati oggetto di critica, in quanto essi non compaiono mai nelle fonti medievali, ma sono strettamente legati alla storiografia di stampo nazionalista tipica del Romanticismo e della Belle \u00C9poque."@it . . "Kmenov\u00E1 v\u00E9vodstv\u00ED (n\u011Bmecky Stammesherzogtum) je historick\u00FD term\u00EDn pro feud\u00E1ln\u00ED \u00FAzem\u00ED V\u00FDchodofransk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e, kter\u00E1 vznikla v rozsahu hranic v\u00FDznamn\u00FDch germ\u00E1nsk\u00FDch etnik v pr\u016Fb\u011Bhu 9. stolet\u00ED a pod\u00EDlela se vz\u00E1jemn\u011B na vzniku N\u011Bmeck\u00E9ho kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED."@cs . . . "Kmenov\u00E1 v\u00E9vodstv\u00ED (n\u011Bmecky Stammesherzogtum) je historick\u00FD term\u00EDn pro feud\u00E1ln\u00ED \u00FAzem\u00ED V\u00FDchodofransk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e, kter\u00E1 vznikla v rozsahu hranic v\u00FDznamn\u00FDch germ\u00E1nsk\u00FDch etnik v pr\u016Fb\u011Bhu 9. stolet\u00ED a pod\u00EDlela se vz\u00E1jemn\u011B na vzniku N\u011Bmeck\u00E9ho kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED."@cs . . "\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\uFF08\u5FB7\u8A9E\uFF1AStammesherzogtum\uFF0C\u6E90\u4E8E\u201C\u90E8\u843D\u201D\uFF08Stamm\uFF09\uFF0C\u5373\u65E5\u8033\u66FC\u4EBA\u4E2D\u7684\u6CD5\u5170\u514B\uFF0C\u8428\u514B\u68EE\uFF0C\u5DF4\u4F10\u5229\u4E9A\u548C\u58EB\u74E6\u672C\u7B49\u90E8\u843D\uFF09\u662F911\u5E74\u5361\u6D1B\u6797\u738B\u671D\u7EDD\u55E3\u5230\u5341\u4E16\u7EAA\u795E\u5723\u7F57\u9A6C\u5E1D\u56FD\u5EFA\u7ACB\u4E4B\u95F4\uFF0C\u5FB7\u610F\u5FD7\u738B\u56FD\u7684\u7EC4\u6210\u5F62\u5F0F\u3002\u516B\u4E16\u7EAA\u65F6\uFF0C\u5361\u6D1B\u6797\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u6CD5\u5170\u514B\u738B\u56FD\u56FD\u738B\u66FE\u8BD5\u56FE\u6253\u4E71\u5404\u4E2A\u65E5\u8033\u66FC\u90E8\u843D\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u968F\u7740\u5176\u52BF\u529B\u5728\u4E5D\u4E16\u7EAA\u540E\u671F\u7684\u8870\u9000\uFF0C\u8FD9\u4E9B\u90E8\u843D\u53C8\u5F00\u59CB\u5404\u884C\u5176\u662F\uFF0C\u6309\u7167\u539F\u6765\u7684\u90E8\u843D\u9886\u5730\u5F62\u6210\u4E86\u4E94\u4E2A\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\uFF1A\u5DF4\u4F10\u5229\u4E9A\uFF0C\u5F17\u5170\u80AF\uFF08\u6CD5\u5170\u514B\u5C3C\u4E9A\uFF09\uFF0C\u6D1B\u5854\u6797\u5409\u4E9A\uFF0C\u8428\u514B\u68EE\u548C\u58EB\u74E6\u672C\uFF08\u963F\u52D2\u66FC\u5C3C\u4E9A\uFF09\u3002 \u5728\u8428\u5229\u5B89\u738B\u671D\u65F6\u671F\uFF0C\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\u4F9D\u7136\u662F\u738B\u56FD\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u884C\u653F\u533A\u5212\u3002\u4F46\u5230\u4E86\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u524D\u671F\u7684\u970D\u4EA8\u65AF\u9676\u82AC\u738B\u671D\u65F6\u671F\u5404\u90E8\u843D\u7684\u51DD\u805A\u529B\u5DF2\u7ECF\u663E\u8457\u964D\u4F4E\u30021180\u5E74\uFF0C\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\u88AB\u8153\u7279\u70C8\u4E00\u4E16\u5E9F\u9664\u3002\u968F\u540E\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7684\u516C\u56FD\u5F00\u59CB\u4EE5\u5730\u533A\u800C\u4E0D\u662F\u4EE5\u6C11\u65CF\u5212\u5206\uFF0C\u6570\u91CF\u4E5F\u8FDC\u4E0D\u6B62\u4E94\u4E2A\u3002 \u5FB7\u8BED\u4E2D\u201CStammesherzogtum\u201D\u4E00\u8BCD\u572819\u4E16\u7EAA\u4E2D\u671F\u624D\u5F00\u59CB\u4E3A\u5FB7\u56FD\u53F2\u5B66\u754C\u91C7\u7528\uFF0C\u800C\u4E14\u4ECE\u4E00\u5F00\u59CB\u5C31\u4E0E\u5FB7\u610F\u5FD7\u7EDF\u4E00\u7684\u601D\u6F6E\u5BC6\u5207\u76F8\u5173\u3002 \u8FD9\u4E00\u672F\u8BED\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u5BF9\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\u7684\u5B9A\u6027\u56E0\u6B64\u4ECE\u5F88\u4E45\u4EE5\u524D\u5C31\u5E7F\u6709\u4E89\u8BAE\u3002\u82F1\u6587\u4E2D\u6309\u7167\u5B57\u9762\u7FFB\u8BD1\u7684Stem Duchy\u4E00\u8BCD\u8981\u5230\u4E8C\u5341\u4E16\u7EAA\u65E9\u671F\u624D\u88AB\u521B\u9020\u51FA\u6765\u3002 \u540E\u4E16\u5B66\u8005\u4E3A\u4E86\u907F\u514D\u4E89\u8BAE\uFF0C\u901A\u5E38\u907F\u514D\u4F7F\u7528\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\u8FD9\u4E00\u8BF4\u6CD5\u3002"@zh . . . . . "21815"^^ . . . . . "Els ducats arrels (de l'alemany Stammesherzogtum, literalment \"ducat tribal\") foren territoris que van constituir el Regne Franc Oriental, o el futur Regne d'Alemanya. Tot i que en el futur es convertirien en ducats, el nom no fa refer\u00E8ncia a una regi\u00F3 administrativa amb fronteres definides sin\u00F3 als territoris habitats per les tribus germ\u00E0niques principals. Els historiadors distingeixen entre dos grups de ducats arrel: els \"ducats arrel vells\" (segles VI-VII) i els \"ducats arrel joves\" (segles IX-XII)."@ca . . "Stamhertigd\u00F6me"@sv . "\uBD80\uC871\uACF5\uAD6D"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A stem duchy (German: Stammesherzogtum, from Stamm, meaning \"tribe\", in reference to the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians and Swabians) was a constituent duchy of the German Empire at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (death of Louis the Child in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the Ottonian Empire formation later. The Carolingians had dissolved the original tribal duchies of the Empire in the 8th century. As the Carolingian Empire declined, the old tribal areas assumed new identities. The five stem duchies (sometimes also called \"younger stem duchies\" in contrast to the pre-Carolingian tribal duchies) were:Bavaria, Franconia, Lotharingia (Lorraine), Saxony and Swabia (Alemannia). The Salian emperors (reigned 1027\u20131125) retained the stem duchies as the major divisions of Germany, but the stem duchies became increasingly obsolete during the early high-medieval period under the Hohenstaufen, and Frederick Barbarossa finally abolished them in 1180 in favour of more numerous territorial duchies. The term Stammesherzogtum as used in German historiography dates to the mid-19th century, and from the beginning was closely related to the question of national unification. The term's applicability, and the nature of the stem duchies in medieval Germany, consequently have a long history of controversy.The overly literal or etymologizing English translation \"stem duchy\" was coined in the early 20th century. While later authors tend to clarify the term by using the alternative translation \"tribal\", use of the term \"stem duchies\" has become conventional."@en . . . . "Kmenov\u00E1 v\u00E9vodstv\u00ED"@cs . "Ducats arrel"@ca . . "\u90E8\u65CF\u5927\u516C"@ja . . . . "Um ducado raiz ou ducado tribal (em alem\u00E3o: Stammesherzogtum, literalmente ducado raiz) era, essencialmente, os dom\u00EDnios das antigas tribos germ\u00E2nicas na \u00E1rea associada com o Reino dos francos, especialmente a leste, durante o in\u00EDcio da idade m\u00E9dia. Finalmente, quando a Fr\u00E2ncia Oriental come\u00E7a a formar o Sacro Imp\u00E9rio Romano-Germ\u00E2nico, as \u00E1reas tribais antigas assumiram novas identidades como subdivis\u00F5es do Imp\u00E9rio, incorporando Lorena (devidamente Media de Fran\u00E7a). Os ducados mais tarde, n\u00E3o tinham definidos os limites administrativos de forma precisa, mas a \u00E1rea ocupada pelas principais tribos germ\u00E2nicas. Seus duques, portanto n\u00E3o foram os Administradores Reais, nem Senhores Territoriais."@pt . . . . . . "Ducato originario"@it . . "Ett stamhertigd\u00F6me (tyska Stammesherzogtum eller Herzogtum), var en av de territoriella enheter under tidig medeltid i Tysk-romerska riket som motsvarade utbredningen av en germansk stam. De viktigaste var Bayern, Franken, Sachsen, Schwaben och Th\u00FCringen som vart och ett styrdes av en stamhertig som ofta utmanade kejsarmakten."@sv . . . "Stem duchy"@en . . . "\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\uFF08\u5FB7\u8A9E\uFF1AStammesherzogtum\uFF0C\u6E90\u4E8E\u201C\u90E8\u843D\u201D\uFF08Stamm\uFF09\uFF0C\u5373\u65E5\u8033\u66FC\u4EBA\u4E2D\u7684\u6CD5\u5170\u514B\uFF0C\u8428\u514B\u68EE\uFF0C\u5DF4\u4F10\u5229\u4E9A\u548C\u58EB\u74E6\u672C\u7B49\u90E8\u843D\uFF09\u662F911\u5E74\u5361\u6D1B\u6797\u738B\u671D\u7EDD\u55E3\u5230\u5341\u4E16\u7EAA\u795E\u5723\u7F57\u9A6C\u5E1D\u56FD\u5EFA\u7ACB\u4E4B\u95F4\uFF0C\u5FB7\u610F\u5FD7\u738B\u56FD\u7684\u7EC4\u6210\u5F62\u5F0F\u3002\u516B\u4E16\u7EAA\u65F6\uFF0C\u5361\u6D1B\u6797\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u6CD5\u5170\u514B\u738B\u56FD\u56FD\u738B\u66FE\u8BD5\u56FE\u6253\u4E71\u5404\u4E2A\u65E5\u8033\u66FC\u90E8\u843D\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u968F\u7740\u5176\u52BF\u529B\u5728\u4E5D\u4E16\u7EAA\u540E\u671F\u7684\u8870\u9000\uFF0C\u8FD9\u4E9B\u90E8\u843D\u53C8\u5F00\u59CB\u5404\u884C\u5176\u662F\uFF0C\u6309\u7167\u539F\u6765\u7684\u90E8\u843D\u9886\u5730\u5F62\u6210\u4E86\u4E94\u4E2A\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\uFF1A\u5DF4\u4F10\u5229\u4E9A\uFF0C\u5F17\u5170\u80AF\uFF08\u6CD5\u5170\u514B\u5C3C\u4E9A\uFF09\uFF0C\u6D1B\u5854\u6797\u5409\u4E9A\uFF0C\u8428\u514B\u68EE\u548C\u58EB\u74E6\u672C\uFF08\u963F\u52D2\u66FC\u5C3C\u4E9A\uFF09\u3002 \u5728\u8428\u5229\u5B89\u738B\u671D\u65F6\u671F\uFF0C\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\u4F9D\u7136\u662F\u738B\u56FD\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u884C\u653F\u533A\u5212\u3002\u4F46\u5230\u4E86\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u524D\u671F\u7684\u970D\u4EA8\u65AF\u9676\u82AC\u738B\u671D\u65F6\u671F\u5404\u90E8\u843D\u7684\u51DD\u805A\u529B\u5DF2\u7ECF\u663E\u8457\u964D\u4F4E\u30021180\u5E74\uFF0C\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\u88AB\u8153\u7279\u70C8\u4E00\u4E16\u5E9F\u9664\u3002\u968F\u540E\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7684\u516C\u56FD\u5F00\u59CB\u4EE5\u5730\u533A\u800C\u4E0D\u662F\u4EE5\u6C11\u65CF\u5212\u5206\uFF0C\u6570\u91CF\u4E5F\u8FDC\u4E0D\u6B62\u4E94\u4E2A\u3002 \u5FB7\u8BED\u4E2D\u201CStammesherzogtum\u201D\u4E00\u8BCD\u572819\u4E16\u7EAA\u4E2D\u671F\u624D\u5F00\u59CB\u4E3A\u5FB7\u56FD\u53F2\u5B66\u754C\u91C7\u7528\uFF0C\u800C\u4E14\u4ECE\u4E00\u5F00\u59CB\u5C31\u4E0E\u5FB7\u610F\u5FD7\u7EDF\u4E00\u7684\u601D\u6F6E\u5BC6\u5207\u76F8\u5173\u3002 \u8FD9\u4E00\u672F\u8BED\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u5BF9\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\u7684\u5B9A\u6027\u56E0\u6B64\u4ECE\u5F88\u4E45\u4EE5\u524D\u5C31\u5E7F\u6709\u4E89\u8BAE\u3002\u82F1\u6587\u4E2D\u6309\u7167\u5B57\u9762\u7FFB\u8BD1\u7684Stem Duchy\u4E00\u8BCD\u8981\u5230\u4E8C\u5341\u4E16\u7EAA\u65E9\u671F\u624D\u88AB\u521B\u9020\u51FA\u6765\u3002 \u540E\u4E16\u5B66\u8005\u4E3A\u4E86\u907F\u514D\u4E89\u8BAE\uFF0C\u901A\u5E38\u907F\u514D\u4F7F\u7528\u90E8\u843D\u516C\u56FD\u8FD9\u4E00\u8BF4\u6CD5\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . "1107948351"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "1553576"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uBD80\uC871\uACF5\uAD6D(\uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Stammesherzogtum \uC288\uD0C0\uBA54\uC2A4\uD5E4\uC5B4\uCD08\uD06C\uD23C[*], \uC601\uC5B4: stem duchy)\uC740 10\uC138\uAE30 \uB9D0 \uCE74\uB864\uB8E8\uC2A4\uC870\uAC00 \uB2E8\uC808(911\uB144 \uB8E8\uB3C4\uBE44\uCFE0\uC2A4 4\uC138 \uC778\uD310\uC2A4\uC758 \uC8FD\uC74C) \uC2E0\uC131\uB85C\uB9C8\uC81C\uAD6D\uC774 \uD615\uC131\uB418\uB294 \uC804\uD658\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB3C5\uC77C \uC655\uAD6D\uC744 \uAD6C\uC131\uD558\uB358 5\uB300 \uACF5\uAD6D\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uBC14\uC774\uC5D0\uB978, , \uB85C\uD0C0\uB9C1\uAE30\uC544, \uC791\uC13C, \uC288\uBC14\uBCA4\uC774 \uC774 5\uAC1C \uACF5\uAD6D\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 5\uAC1C \uACF5\uAD6D\uC740 8\uC138\uAE30\uC5D0 \uCE74\uB864\uB8E8\uC2A4 1\uC138 \uB9C8\uADF8\uB204\uC2A4\uAC00 \uCE74\uB864\uB8E8\uC2A4 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC744 \uC138\uC6B0\uAE30 \uC804 \uC874\uC7AC\uD588\uB358 \uAC8C\uB974\uB9CC\uC871 \uBD80\uC871\uB4E4\uC758 \uADFC\uAC70\uC9C0\uC5D0\uC11C \uC720\uB798\uD588\uB2E4. \uAC01\uAC01 \uBC14\uC774\uC5D0\uB978\uC740 , \uD504\uB791\uCF04\uC740 \uD504\uB791\uD06C\uC778, \uC791\uC13C\uC740 \uC0C9\uC2A8\uC778, \uC288\uBC14\uBCA4\uC740 \uC54C\uB808\uB9CC\uB2C8\uC778\uC758 \uADFC\uAC70\uC9C0\uC600\uB2E4. \uD55C\uD3B8 \uC624\uB298\uB0A0\uC758 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uB85C\uB80C\uACFC \uC800\uC9C0\uB300 \uAD6D\uAC00\uC5D0 \uD574\uB2F9\uD558\uB294 \uB85C\uD0C0\uB9C1\uAE30\uC544\uB294 \uB85C\uD0C0\uB9AC\uC6B0\uC2A4 1\uC138\uC5D0\uAC8C\uC11C \uC774\uB984\uC774 \uC720\uB798\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774 \uACE0\uB300 \uBD80\uC871\uB4E4\uC740 \uCE74\uB864\uB8E8\uC2A4 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD615\uC131 \uACFC\uC815\uC5D0\uC11C \uD574\uC0B0\uB418\uC5C8\uC9C0\uB9CC, 9\uC138\uAE30 \uB9D0 \uC655\uAD8C\uC774 \uAE30\uC6B8\uBA74\uC11C \uACE0\uB300 \uBD80\uC871\uB4E4\uC758 \uADFC\uAC70\uC9C0\uAC00 \uC655\uAD6D\uC758 \uD558\uC704 \uB2E8\uC704\uB85C \uAE30\uB2A5\uD558\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC798\uB9AC\uC5B4\uC870(1027\uB144-1125\uB144)\uC758 \uC2E0\uC131\uB85C\uB9C8\uD669\uC81C\uB4E4\uC740 \uC774 5\uB300 \uACF5\uAD6D\uB4E4\uC744 \uADF8\uB300\uB85C \uC2E0\uC131\uB85C\uB9C8\uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD589\uC815\uB2E8\uC704\uB85C \uC804\uC6A9\uD558\uC600\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC911\uC138 \uC131\uAE30 \uD638\uC5D4\uC288\uD0C0\uC6B0\uD39C\uC870\uC758 \uD504\uB9AC\uB4DC\uB9AC\uD788 1\uC138 \uBC14\uB974\uBC14\uB85C\uC0AC \uD669\uC81C\uAC00 1180\uB144 5\uB300 \uACF5\uAD6D \uCCB4\uC81C\uB97C \uD3D0\uC9C0\uD558\uACE0 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uAC1C\uC758 \uC791\uC740 \uC81C\uD6C4\uAD6D\uB4E4\uB85C \uB300\uCCB4\uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4."@ko . . "Los ducados ra\u00EDz (en alem\u00E1n: Stammesherzogtum; literalmente, ducado tribal) fueron esencialmente los dominios de las antiguas tribus germ\u00E1nicas del \u00E1rea asociada con el Reino de los francos, especialmente su parte oriental, durante la Alta Edad Media. Finalmente, cuando la Francia Oriental comienza a conformar el Sacro Imperio Romano Germ\u00E1nico,\u200B las antiguas \u00E1reas tribales asumieron nuevas identidades como subdivisiones del reino, incorporando Lotaringia (propiamente Francia Media).\u200B A diferencia de los ducados posteriores, estas entidades no defin\u00EDan l\u00EDmites administrativos precisos, sino el \u00E1rea ocupada por las tribus germ\u00E1nicas principales. Sus duques, por tanto, no eran administradores reales ni se\u00F1ores territoriales."@es . . . . "Een stamhertogdom is een titel van hertog, verkozen of zelfbenoemd, als hoofd van een bepaalde volksstam. Met hertogdom kan niet alleen de titel maar ook het gebied bedoeld worden. Waarschijnlijk gaan de stamhertogdommen terug op pogingen van plaatselijke adellijke machthebbers om zich in hun stamgebied te promoveren tot een soort koning, onderkoning of hertog. Daarmee konden de stamverbanden beter behouden blijven en getoond worden in vooral de tijd van de Grote Volksverhuizing. Men onderscheidde in het bijzonder in Duitsland een vijftal stamhertogdommen, oorspronkelijk uitgaande van de grotere Germaanse stammen die zich in de vroege middeleeuwen blijvend gevestigd hadden in het gebied dat ongeveer met het huidige Duitsland overeenkomt.Karel de Grote probeerde al deze titels op te heffen of in zijn persoon te verenigen. Maar hun macht bleek uiteindelijk zo groot dat de latere Duitse koningen (keizers) deze (weer) moesten erkennen. Dit gebeurde door de bevestiging van de titel en de erkenning van hun waardigheid als hertog. Daardoor was de status redelijk gewaarborgd: van onderuit door de aangesloten edelen, van bovenaf door de koning. Nochtans bleek de territoriale autoriteit nooit volledig, vooral tegenover de macht van sommige graven. Tot in de 11de eeuw waren de stamhertogdommen min of meer afhankelijk van de centrale koninklijke autoriteit en dienden ze voor eventuele concurrerende koningskandidaten als machtsbasis. Stamhertogdommen in het Oost-Frankenrijk of Duitsland: \n* hertogdom Franken, het land van de Franken \n* hertogdom Saksen, het land van de Saksen \n* hertogdom Beieren, het land van de Bajuwaren \n* hertogdom Zwaben, het land van de Sueben of de Alemannen Het hertogdom Th\u00FCringen, het land van de Th\u00FCringers, was voor de komst van Karel de Grote al opgedeeld geraakt tussen Franken en Saksen, en deze titel werd nadien niet meer gevoerd. \n* later overgenomen uit het Middenrijk: het hertogdom Lotharingen, het land van Lotharius (II) \u2013 deze naam verwijst dus niet meer naar de naam van een volksstam."@nl . . "Ducado raiz"@pt . . . "I ducati originari (in tedesco Stammesherzogtum e in inglese Stem duchies) erano le principali circoscrizioni del regno dei Franchi Orientali tra il X e il XII secolo. Nel corso dell'VIII secolo, i Carolingi avevano annesso al regno franco gli originali ducati tribali (regna), alcuni dei quali erano gi\u00E0 tributari del regno dei merovingi. Questi cinque ducati originari furono: Baviera, Franconia, Lotaringia, Sassonia e Svevia."@it . . . "Duch\u00E9 ethnique"@fr . "\u90E8\u65CF\u5927\u516C\uFF08\u3076\u305E\u304F\u305F\u3044\u3053\u3046\u3001\u82F1\uFF1AStem duke\u3001\u72EC\uFF1AStammesherzog\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u300110\u4E16\u7D00\u3001\u30AB\u30ED\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u671D\u306E\u65AD\u7D76\u304A\u3088\u3073\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u518D\u8208\u6642\u306B\u4E2D\u4E16\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u306B\u6210\u7ACB\u3057\u305F\u5927\u516C\u3002"@ja . . . . "\u041F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430"@ru . . . . . . .