"Structural system"@en . "Gros \u0153uvre"@fr . "\u0422\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0301\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0301\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0447\u0456 \u2014 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0456\u0432\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0442\u0438\u043C\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0430/\u0430\u0431\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438, \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u043D\u0456\u0433\u0443, \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u0443 \u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0446\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0456\u043D\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456 \u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0438. \u0422\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0430\u0440\u043A\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043A\u0443 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0457\u0445\u043D\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0456 \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0433\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C."@uk . "Le gros \u0153uvre est l'ensemble des \u00E9l\u00E9ments de construction d'un \u00E9difice qui lui assure la reprise de tous les efforts subis, soit en permanence (le poids propre de l'\u00E9difice), soit temporairement, de mani\u00E8re variable (vent, neige, s\u00E9isme, tassement du sol) ou m\u00EAme, \u00E9ventuellement, accidentelle (chocs, incendie). Le gros \u0153uvre rassemble tout ce qui concourt \u00E0 la solidit\u00E9, \u00E0 la stabilit\u00E9 de l'\u00E9difice : fondations, murs porteurs, poteaux, poutres, planchers entre les \u00E9tages, etc. Une partie des auteurs de r\u00E9f\u00E9rence incluent la charpente de toiture dans le gros \u0153uvre, les autres l'excluent."@fr . . . . . . . . "\u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u0633\u064A\u0645 \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0643\u064A Static Behavior, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629: 1- \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 Load Bearing Wall. 2- Skeleton System, \u0648\u064A\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639:\u0623) . \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645. \u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 Frames. \u062A) \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A Trusses. 3- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628. 4- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064A\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 Box-Frame Structure. 5- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063A\u064A\u0629 Space Structure. 6- \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A Shell Structure. 7- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642 Tensile Structure."@ar . "Un sistema estructural es el modelo f\u00EDsico o cuerpo que sirve de marco para los elementos estructurales, y que refleja un modo de trabajo. Un objeto puede tener, a su vez, una mezcla de sistemas estructurales. Pueden clasificarse por su campo de actuaci\u00F3n (inform\u00E1tica, molecular...), sistema de trabajo (de vector activo, de compresi\u00F3n, de tracci\u00F3n...) y material (fibra natural, piedra natural, cer\u00E1mica...)."@es . . . . . "\u041D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u044F"@ru . . "Sistema estructural"@es . . "La struttura resistente (o struttura edilizia), in edilizia, indica una struttura edile di una costruzione espressamente destinata ad assorbire il carico strutturale e le azioni esterne cui il manufatto \u00E8 soggetto durante tutta la sua vita di esercizio. L\u2019enciclopedia Treccani definisce la struttura edilizia anche come \u201Cl\u2019insieme degli elementi costruttivi costituenti l\u2019ossatura di un fabbricato o di un manufatto\u201D."@it . "Un sistema estructural es el modelo f\u00EDsico o cuerpo que sirve de marco para los elementos estructurales, y que refleja un modo de trabajo. Un objeto puede tener, a su vez, una mezcla de sistemas estructurales. Pueden clasificarse por su campo de actuaci\u00F3n (inform\u00E1tica, molecular...), sistema de trabajo (de vector activo, de compresi\u00F3n, de tracci\u00F3n...) y material (fibra natural, piedra natural, cer\u00E1mica...)."@es . . "Nosn\u00E1 konstrukce je z\u00E1kladn\u00ED \u010D\u00E1st, zejm\u00E9na stavebn\u00ED (nap\u0159. zdivo budovy) \u010Di strojn\u00ED (nap\u0159. r\u00E1m lodi) konstrukce, kter\u00E1 zaji\u0161\u0165uje jej\u00ED pot\u0159ebnou \u00FAnosnost, tuhost a . Mus\u00ED bezpe\u010Dn\u011B p\u0159en\u00E9st ve\u0161ker\u00E1 dan\u00E1 zat\u00ED\u017Een\u00ED, nesm\u00ED doj\u00EDt k jej\u00EDmu poru\u0161en\u00ED, ztr\u00E1t\u011B stability, ani v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDm ne\u017E p\u0159\u00EDpustn\u00FDm deformac\u00EDm. Slou\u017E\u00ED tak\u00E9 jako z\u00E1klad pro mont\u00E1\u017E dal\u0161\u00EDch sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED. Skl\u00E1d\u00E1 se ze z\u00E1kladn\u00EDch (prut, , , atd.), kter\u00E9 mohou b\u00FDt spojeny do slo\u017Eit\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch celk\u016F. Nosnou konstrukci lze obecn\u011B vytvo\u0159it z jak\u00E9hokoliv materi\u00E1lu, kter\u00FD vykazuje z\u00E1kladn\u00ED charakteristiky jako jsou pevnost a modul pru\u017Enosti. \u0160patn\u00FD , oslaben\u00ED nebo nosn\u00E9 konstrukce m\u016F\u017Ee v\u00E9st k jej\u00EDm poruch\u00E1m, p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B a\u017E k jej\u00EDmu z\u0159\u00EDcen\u00ED (hav\u00E1rii)."@cs . "\u67A0"@ja . . . . . "\u0422\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . "Struttura resistente"@it . . "Tragwerk ist im Bauwesen eine Bezeichnung f\u00FCr das statische Gesamtsystem der Tragglieder, die ma\u00DFgeblich f\u00FCr die Standsicherheit eines Bauwerks sind. Das Tragwerk eines Geb\u00E4udes besteht in der Regel aus Decken, Balken, St\u00FCtzen, W\u00E4nden, B\u00F6gen und der Gr\u00FCndung."@de . "\u041D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044F, \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043A\u0438, \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439\u043A\u0438. \u041E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438 (\u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438)."@ru . . . . "The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to the load-resisting sub-system of a building or object. The structural system transfers loads through interconnected elements or members."@en . "Portilaro en la konstrufako estas la portantaj partoj de konstrua\u0135o, kiuj estas bazonataj por la de konstrua\u0135o. La portilaro de konstrua\u0135o konsistas ordinare el plafonoj, traboj, , muroj kaj la fundamento. La konas du grandajn grupojn de portilaroj: \n* kolonaroj kaj trabfakoj \n* areportilaroj, konsistantaj el platoj, diskoj, pelvoj a\u016D membranoj."@eo . "Portilaro (konstrufako)"@eo . . . "\u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u0633\u064A\u0645 \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0643\u064A Static Behavior, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629: 1- \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 Load Bearing Wall. 2- Skeleton System, \u0648\u064A\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639:\u0623) . \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645. \u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 Frames. \u062A) \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A Trusses. 3- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628. 4- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064A\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 Box-Frame Structure. 5- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063A\u064A\u0629 Space Structure. 6- \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A Shell Structure. 7- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642 Tensile Structure."@ar . . . . . "Nosn\u00E1 konstrukce je z\u00E1kladn\u00ED \u010D\u00E1st, zejm\u00E9na stavebn\u00ED (nap\u0159. zdivo budovy) \u010Di strojn\u00ED (nap\u0159. r\u00E1m lodi) konstrukce, kter\u00E1 zaji\u0161\u0165uje jej\u00ED pot\u0159ebnou \u00FAnosnost, tuhost a . Mus\u00ED bezpe\u010Dn\u011B p\u0159en\u00E9st ve\u0161ker\u00E1 dan\u00E1 zat\u00ED\u017Een\u00ED, nesm\u00ED doj\u00EDt k jej\u00EDmu poru\u0161en\u00ED, ztr\u00E1t\u011B stability, ani v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDm ne\u017E p\u0159\u00EDpustn\u00FDm deformac\u00EDm. Slou\u017E\u00ED tak\u00E9 jako z\u00E1klad pro mont\u00E1\u017E dal\u0161\u00EDch sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED. Skl\u00E1d\u00E1 se ze z\u00E1kladn\u00EDch (prut, , , atd.), kter\u00E9 mohou b\u00FDt spojeny do slo\u017Eit\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch celk\u016F. Nosnou konstrukci lze obecn\u011B vytvo\u0159it z jak\u00E9hokoliv materi\u00E1lu, kter\u00FD vykazuje z\u00E1kladn\u00ED charakteristiky jako jsou pevnost a modul pru\u017Enosti. \u0160patn\u00FD , oslaben\u00ED nebo nosn\u00E9 konstrukce m\u016F\u017Ee v\u00E9st k jej\u00EDm poruch\u00E1m, p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B a\u017E k jej\u00EDmu z\u0159\u00EDcen\u00ED (hav\u00E1rii)."@cs . "Le gros \u0153uvre est l'ensemble des \u00E9l\u00E9ments de construction d'un \u00E9difice qui lui assure la reprise de tous les efforts subis, soit en permanence (le poids propre de l'\u00E9difice), soit temporairement, de mani\u00E8re variable (vent, neige, s\u00E9isme, tassement du sol) ou m\u00EAme, \u00E9ventuellement, accidentelle (chocs, incendie). Le gros \u0153uvre rassemble tout ce qui concourt \u00E0 la solidit\u00E9, \u00E0 la stabilit\u00E9 de l'\u00E9difice : fondations, murs porteurs, poteaux, poutres, planchers entre les \u00E9tages, etc. Une partie des auteurs de r\u00E9f\u00E9rence incluent la charpente de toiture dans le gros \u0153uvre, les autres l'excluent. Dans une construction, le gros \u0153uvre se compl\u00E8te du second \u0153uvre qui est constitu\u00E9 de tous les autres ouvrages qui s'appuient sur lui : isolation, cloisons, rev\u00EAtements, chemin\u00E9es, agencements, \u00E9quipement, etc. En droit fran\u00E7ais, d\u00E9j\u00E0 au XVIIe si\u00E8cle, le constructeur est tenu de garantir les ouvrages de gros \u0153uvre pendant dix ans (garantie d\u00E9cennale). Le nu-propri\u00E9taire est tenu de les entretenir. Le gros \u0153uvre auquel s'ajoutent la couverture, les menuiseries ext\u00E9rieures et tous les ouvrages participant \u00E0 l'\u00E9tanch\u00E9it\u00E9, fournit \u00AB le clos et le couvert \u00BB qui fait l'objet de droits sp\u00E9cifiques. La distinction juridique entre \u00AB gros ouvrage \u00BB et \u00AB menu ouvrage \u00BB n'a plus cours."@fr . . "La struttura resistente (o struttura edilizia), in edilizia, indica una struttura edile di una costruzione espressamente destinata ad assorbire il carico strutturale e le azioni esterne cui il manufatto \u00E8 soggetto durante tutta la sua vita di esercizio. L\u2019enciclopedia Treccani definisce la struttura edilizia anche come \u201Cl\u2019insieme degli elementi costruttivi costituenti l\u2019ossatura di un fabbricato o di un manufatto\u201D."@it . . . . . "4371"^^ . "\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A"@ar . "Portilaro en la konstrufako estas la portantaj partoj de konstrua\u0135o, kiuj estas bazonataj por la de konstrua\u0135o. La portilaro de konstrua\u0135o konsistas ordinare el plafonoj, traboj, , muroj kaj la fundamento. La konas du grandajn grupojn de portilaroj: \n* kolonaroj kaj trabfakoj \n* areportilaroj, konsistantaj el platoj, diskoj, pelvoj a\u016D membranoj."@eo . "\u041D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044F, \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043A\u0438, \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439\u043A\u0438. \u041E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438 (\u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438). \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043A\u0438, \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432, \u0442\u043E \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0433\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 (\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0440\u044B\u0442\u0438\u044F) \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 (\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D\u044B, \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0431\u044B, \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0439\u043A\u0438, \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B \u0438 \u0442. \u0434.) (\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445) \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432. \u041A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435 \u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430, \u043A \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u044F\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044B (\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043A\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043D\u0442), \u043B\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044B, \u043A\u0440\u044B\u0448\u0443 (\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0443\u044E \u043A\u0440\u044B\u0448\u0443 \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0442 \u043A \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0440\u044B\u0442\u0438\u044F\u043C)."@ru . "\u0422\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0301\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0301\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0447\u0456 \u2014 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0456\u0432\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0442\u0438\u043C\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0430/\u0430\u0431\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438, \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u043D\u0456\u0433\u0443, \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u0443 \u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0446\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0456\u043D\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456 \u043E\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0438. \u0422\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0430\u0440\u043A\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043A\u0443 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0457\u0445\u043D\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0456 \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0433\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C."@uk . . . . . "Tragwerk (Bauwesen)"@de . . . . . . . . . "1035150013"^^ . . . . . . "The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to the load-resisting sub-system of a building or object. The structural system transfers loads through interconnected elements or members. Commonly used structures can be classified into five major categories, depending on the type of primary stress that may arise in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types described in the following may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structure's functional requirements. \n* Tensile structures: Members of tensile structures are subject to pure tension under the action of external loads. Because the tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area of members, the material of such a structure is utilized in the most efficient manner. \n* Compressive structures: Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of axial loads. Because compressive structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of these failures should be considered in their design. If necessary, adequate bracing must be provided to avoid such failures. \n* Trusses: Trusses are composed of straight members connected at their ends by hinged connections to form a stable configuration. Because of their light weight and high strength, they are among the most commonly used types of structure. \n* Shear structures: These are structures such as reinforced concrete or wooden shear walls, which are used in multistory buildings to reduce lateral movements due to wind loads and earthquake excitations. Shear structures develop mainly in-plane shear with relatively small bending stresses under the action of external loads. \n* Bending structures: Bending structures develop mainly bending stresses under the action of external loads. The shear stresses associated with the changes in bending moments may also be significant, and should be considered in their design."@en . "Tragwerk ist im Bauwesen eine Bezeichnung f\u00FCr das statische Gesamtsystem der Tragglieder, die ma\u00DFgeblich f\u00FCr die Standsicherheit eines Bauwerks sind. Das Tragwerk eines Geb\u00E4udes besteht in der Regel aus Decken, Balken, St\u00FCtzen, W\u00E4nden, B\u00F6gen und der Gr\u00FCndung."@de . "3647754"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Nosn\u00E1 konstrukce"@cs . .