. . . . . . . "\u8D85\u6B63\u5E38\u523A\u6FC0\uFF08\u3061\u3087\u3046\u305B\u3044\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3057\u3052\u304D\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: supernormal stimulus\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: superstimulus\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u52D5\u7269\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u73FE\u5B9F\u306B\u306F\u3042\u308A\u5F97\u306A\u3044\u306E\u306B\u3001\u305D\u306E\u52D5\u7269\u306B\u7279\u5B9A\u306E\u884C\u52D5\u3092\u5F15\u304D\u51FA\u3059\u523A\u6FC0\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Stimulus supranormal"@fr . . "\u8D85\u6B63\u5E38\u523A\u6FC0\uFF08\u3061\u3087\u3046\u305B\u3044\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3057\u3052\u304D\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: supernormal stimulus\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: superstimulus\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u52D5\u7269\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u73FE\u5B9F\u306B\u306F\u3042\u308A\u5F97\u306A\u3044\u306E\u306B\u3001\u305D\u306E\u52D5\u7269\u306B\u7279\u5B9A\u306E\u884C\u52D5\u3092\u5F15\u304D\u51FA\u3059\u523A\u6FC0\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Um est\u00EDmulo supernormal ou superest\u00EDmulo, tamb\u00E9m chamado de estimula\u00E7\u00E3o supranormal, \u00E9 uma vers\u00E3o exagerada de um est\u00EDmulo para o qual existe uma tend\u00EAncia de resposta, ou qualquer est\u00EDmulo que elicia uma resposta mais forte do que o est\u00EDmulo para o qual evoluiu. Por exemplo, quando se trata de ovos de p\u00E1ssaros, eles podem evoluir para preferir as vers\u00F5es artificiais \u00E0s suas, particularmente evidente no parasitismo de cria, e os humanos podem ser explorados de forma semelhante por junk food e pornografia. Os organismos tendem a mostrar prefer\u00EAncia pelas propriedades do est\u00EDmulo (ou seja, tamanho, cor etc.) que evolu\u00EDram na natureza; mas quando oferecido um est\u00EDmulo artificial exagerado, os animais mostrar\u00E3o um comportamento em favor do est\u00EDmulo artificial, sobre o est\u00EDmulo que ocorre naturalmente. Uma variedade de organismos que exibem ou s\u00E3o suscet\u00EDveis a est\u00EDmulos supernormais incluem insetos, p\u00E1ssaros e humanos. Os est\u00EDmulos supranormais est\u00E3o presentes em \u00E1reas da biologia e da psicologia, mas tamb\u00E9m s\u00E3o estudados em outros campos, como sociologia e arte. O acad\u00EAmico brit\u00E2nico Nigel Spivey demonstra o efeito no primeiro epis\u00F3dio da s\u00E9rie de document\u00E1rios da BBC de 2005, How Art Made the World, para ilustrar as especula\u00E7\u00F5es do neurocientista Vilayanur S. Ramachandran de que essa pode ser a raz\u00E3o para a imagem corporal grosseiramente exagerada demonstrada em obras de arte de a V\u00EAnus de Willendorf at\u00E9 os dias atuais."@pt . . . . "19420"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u8D85\u6B63\u5E38\u523A\u6FC0"@ja . . . . . . "403425"^^ . . . . . "En biologie, les stimuli supranormaux ou hyperstimulus sont des caract\u00E8res qui provoquent des r\u00E9ponses exag\u00E9r\u00E9es des organismes. C'est Konrad Lorenz qui le premier a mis en \u00E9vidence l'existence de ce ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne. Son collaborateur Nikolaas Tinbergen \u00E9prouva cette d\u00E9couverte en d\u00E9montrant qu'une oie pr\u00E9f\u00E8re rouler vers son nid des \u0153ufs artificiels hypertrophi\u00E9s plut\u00F4t que ses propres \u0153ufs. L'exp\u00E9rience renouvel\u00E9e avec nombre d'animaux, notamment par Nikolaas Tinbergen et Iren\u00E4us Eibl-Eibesfeldt, r\u00E9v\u00E8le que ces stimuli seraient tr\u00E8s r\u00E9pandus et correspondent \u00E0 des r\u00E9ponses \u00E9thologiques \u00E9tranges. Pour le biologiste Thierry Lod\u00E9, il faudrait chercher dans ces stimuli une tendance \u00E9volutive \u00E0 l'exag\u00E9ration provenant d'un biais sensoriel. C'est aussi une des explications de l'attraction qu'exerce la beaut\u00E9. La plupart des animaux seraient sensibles \u00E0 ces stimuli et cette tendance expliquerait l'\u00E9dification \u00E9volutive des caract\u00E8res extravagants tels que la queue du paon ou le d\u00E9veloppement des bois des cervid\u00E9s par exemple. Ces traits qui attisent les r\u00E9actions comportementales comme des stimuli supranormaux sont dits hypert\u00E9liques."@fr . . "A supernormal stimulus or superstimulus is an exaggerated version of a stimulus to which there is an existing response tendency, or any stimulus that elicits a response more strongly than the stimulus for which it evolved. Supernormal stimuli are present in areas of biology and psychology, but are also studied within other fields like sociology and art."@en . . . . . "Um est\u00EDmulo supernormal ou superest\u00EDmulo, tamb\u00E9m chamado de estimula\u00E7\u00E3o supranormal, \u00E9 uma vers\u00E3o exagerada de um est\u00EDmulo para o qual existe uma tend\u00EAncia de resposta, ou qualquer est\u00EDmulo que elicia uma resposta mais forte do que o est\u00EDmulo para o qual evoluiu. Os est\u00EDmulos supranormais est\u00E3o presentes em \u00E1reas da biologia e da psicologia, mas tamb\u00E9m s\u00E3o estudados em outros campos, como sociologia e arte."@pt . . . . "Supernormal stimulus"@en . . . . "1120990612"^^ . . "A supernormal stimulus or superstimulus is an exaggerated version of a stimulus to which there is an existing response tendency, or any stimulus that elicits a response more strongly than the stimulus for which it evolved. For example, it is possible to create artificial bird eggs which certain birds will prefer over their own eggs, particularly evident in brood parasitism, and humans can be similarly exploited by junk food and pornography. Organisms tend to show a preference for the stimulus properties (e.g. size, colour, etc.) that have evolved in nature, but when offered an artificial exaggerated stimulus, animals will show behaviour in favour of the artificial stimulus over the naturally occurring stimulus. A variety of organisms display or are susceptible to supernormal stimuli, including insects, birds, and humans. Supernormal stimuli are present in areas of biology and psychology, but are also studied within other fields like sociology and art. British academic Nigel Spivey demonstrates the effect in the first episode of the 2005 BBC documentary series How Art Made the World to illustrate neuroscientist Vilayanur S. Ramachandran's speculation that this might be the reason for the exaggerated body image demonstrated in works of art from the Venus of Willendorf right up to the present day."@en . . . . . . "Est\u00EDmulo supranormal"@pt . . "En biologie, les stimuli supranormaux ou hyperstimulus sont des caract\u00E8res qui provoquent des r\u00E9ponses exag\u00E9r\u00E9es des organismes. C'est Konrad Lorenz qui le premier a mis en \u00E9vidence l'existence de ce ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne. Son collaborateur Nikolaas Tinbergen \u00E9prouva cette d\u00E9couverte en d\u00E9montrant qu'une oie pr\u00E9f\u00E8re rouler vers son nid des \u0153ufs artificiels hypertrophi\u00E9s plut\u00F4t que ses propres \u0153ufs. L'exp\u00E9rience renouvel\u00E9e avec nombre d'animaux, notamment par Nikolaas Tinbergen et Iren\u00E4us Eibl-Eibesfeldt, r\u00E9v\u00E8le que ces stimuli seraient tr\u00E8s r\u00E9pandus et correspondent \u00E0 des r\u00E9ponses \u00E9thologiques \u00E9tranges."@fr . . . . . . .