. . . . "\u0428\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u2014 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043Da \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043A\u0430, \u0449\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u0454 \u043C\u0430\u0441\u043E\u043E\u0431\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0430\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0456 \u0437\u043E\u043D\u0438, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0456 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043B\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0443\u043C\u0456\u0448\u0456. \u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0456 \u043F\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0432, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431, \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0456\u043B\u044F\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D. \u041D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448 \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0456 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u2014 . \u0417\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456 . \u0414\u0435\u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044E\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0443 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043D\u0456 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u043A \u043C\u0456\u043A\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F, \u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F, \u0437\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0441\u043C\u043E\u0441, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F, \u0441\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0443, \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044F. \u0421\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0443 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0443, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0437\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440\u043E\u043C, \u0445\u0456\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0456."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "15081"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0428\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430"@uk . . . . "Membran sintetis"@in . . . . . . . . "An artificial membrane, or synthetic membrane, is a synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or in industry. Synthetic membranes have been successfully used for small and large-scale industrial processes since the middle of twentieth century. A wide variety of synthetic membranes is known. They can be produced from organic materials such as polymers and liquids, as well as inorganic materials. The most of commercially utilized synthetic membranes in separation industry are made of polymeric structures. They can be classified based on their surface chemistry, bulk structure, morphology, and production method. The chemical and physical properties of synthetic membranes and separated particles as well as a choice of driving force define a particular membrane separation process. The most commonly used driving forces of a membrane process in industry are pressure and concentration gradients. The respective membrane process is therefore known as filtration. Synthetic membranes utilized in a separation process can be of different geometry and of respective flow configuration. They can also be categorized based on their application and separation regime. The best known synthetic membrane separation processes include water purification, reverse osmosis, dehydrogenation of natural gas, removal of cell particles by microfiltration and ultrafiltration, removal of microorganisms from dairy products, and Dialysis."@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043A\u0443\u044E \u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u043C\u0443\u044E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043A\u0443, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0443\u044E \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043E\u043E\u0431\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043F\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043D\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043E\u043D\u044B, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044B \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0441\u0438. \u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0432\u044B\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043F\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431, \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0438\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D. \u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B. \u041D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u2014 . \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u044F\u0445, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043C\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044B ."@ru . "Una membrana artificiale, anche chiamata membrana sintetica, \u00E8 una membrana preparata per la separazione di elementi in laboratorio e nell'industria. La sua parte attiva, che permette il trasporto selettivo del materiale, consiste solitamente di polimeri (ad esempio , , acetato di cellulosa, poliammide, o poliacrilonitrile) o materiale inorganico (ad esempio allumina, vetro borosilicato, o ). Una membrana potrebbe contenere parti ausiliarie per il supporto meccanico, il drenaggio, rattoppo, ecc.Rispetto alla comune filtrazione, la filtrazione a membrana permette di trattenere particelle di dimensioni molto minori (ad esempio batteri, molecole, e ioni)."@it . . . . "1112843416"^^ . . . "\u0418\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430"@ru . . . "\u0428\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u2014 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043Da \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043A\u0430, \u0449\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u0454 \u043C\u0430\u0441\u043E\u043E\u0431\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0430\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0456 \u0437\u043E\u043D\u0438, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0456 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043B\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0443\u043C\u0456\u0448\u0456. \u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0456 \u043F\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0432, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431, \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0456\u043B\u044F\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D. \u041D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448 \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0456 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u2014 . \u0417\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456 ."@uk . . "Membrana artificiale"@it . "Synthetic membrane"@en . . "Une membrane synth\u00E9tique est une membrane agissant comme un filtre dans des proc\u00E9d\u00E9s industriels ou des exp\u00E9riences biochimiques."@fr . . . . . . . . "Sebuah membran sintetis, disebut juga sebagai membran artifisial, adalah suatu membran yang dibuat untuk proses pemisahan di laboratorium dan industri. Sisi aktif dari suatu membran, yang berfungsi sebagai transport selektif material, umumnya terbuat dari polimer atau keramik, dan kadang-kadang terbuat dari gelas atau logam. Sebuah sistem membran tersusun dari membran dan alat penunjang seperti alat penyangga, sistem aliran buang, dan sebagainya. \n* l \n* \n* s"@in . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u060C \u0647\u0648 \u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062A\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062E\u0635\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063A\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062C\u0627\u062D \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062C\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062A\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0646\u062A\u062C \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0629 \u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064A\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0629. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062A\u0635\u0646\u064A\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064B \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062D\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C. \u062A\u062D\u062F\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0633\u064A\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u062A\u062F\u0631\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063A\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062A\u064F\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0634\u064A\u062D. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u062A\u062F\u0641\u0642 \u062E\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u062A\u0635\u0646\u064A\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064B \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u062A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062A\u0646\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0647\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0634\u064A\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0642\u064A\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0634\u064A\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060C \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062A\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0648\u063A\u0633\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0649."@ar . . . . . . "Membrane synth\u00E9tique"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Une membrane synth\u00E9tique est une membrane agissant comme un filtre dans des proc\u00E9d\u00E9s industriels ou des exp\u00E9riences biochimiques."@fr . . "Sebuah membran sintetis, disebut juga sebagai membran artifisial, adalah suatu membran yang dibuat untuk proses pemisahan di laboratorium dan industri. Sisi aktif dari suatu membran, yang berfungsi sebagai transport selektif material, umumnya terbuat dari polimer atau keramik, dan kadang-kadang terbuat dari gelas atau logam. Sebuah sistem membran tersusun dari membran dan alat penunjang seperti alat penyangga, sistem aliran buang, dan sebagainya. Faktor pendorong terjadinya transpor material adalah beda konsentrasi, tekanan, konstanta elektrik atau sepanjang membran. Membran dapat dibuat dalam bentuk lembaran, tabung, kapiler, ataupun hollow fibre. Membran kemudian disusun ke dalam bentuk pelat (plate and frame), modul spiral, modul hollow fiber, ataupun modul tube-in-shell. Membran sintetis digunakan secara luas dalam proses , ultrafiltrasi, reverse osmosis, , , dialisis ataupun kromatografi. Aplikasi bergantung pada jenis membran yang digunakan. Aplikasi umum membran sintetis adalah sistem pemurnian air, menyaring mikroorganisme dari produk susu, desalinasi air, dehidrogenasi gas alam, hemodialisis, dan komponen pada sel bahan bakar. \n* l \n* \n* s"@in . . "1561268"^^ . "\u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u060C \u0647\u0648 \u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062A\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062E\u0635\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063A\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062C\u0627\u062D \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062C\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062A\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0646\u062A\u062C \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0629 \u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064A\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0629. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062A\u0635\u0646\u064A\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064B \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062D\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C. \u062A\u062D\u062F\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0633\u064A\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u062A\u062F\u0631\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063A\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062A\u064F\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0634\u064A\u062D. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645"@ar . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043A\u0443\u044E \u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u043C\u0443\u044E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043A\u0443, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0443\u044E \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043E\u043E\u0431\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043F\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043D\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043E\u043D\u044B, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044B \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0441\u0438. \u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0432\u044B\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043F\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431, \u043A\u0430\u043F\u0438\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D. \u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B. \u041D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u2014 . \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u044F\u0445, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043C\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044B . \u041D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043D\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0445, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043C\u0438\u043A\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043E\u0441\u043C\u043E\u0441, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, , \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044F. \u0421\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043E\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0443, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0435."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "An artificial membrane, or synthetic membrane, is a synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or in industry. Synthetic membranes have been successfully used for small and large-scale industrial processes since the middle of twentieth century. A wide variety of synthetic membranes is known. They can be produced from organic materials such as polymers and liquids, as well as inorganic materials. The most of commercially utilized synthetic membranes in separation industry are made of polymeric structures. They can be classified based on their surface chemistry, bulk structure, morphology, and production method. The chemical and physical properties of synthetic membranes and separated particles as well as a choice of driving force define a "@en . . . . . . "Una membrana artificiale, anche chiamata membrana sintetica, \u00E8 una membrana preparata per la separazione di elementi in laboratorio e nell'industria. La sua parte attiva, che permette il trasporto selettivo del materiale, consiste solitamente di polimeri (ad esempio , , acetato di cellulosa, poliammide, o poliacrilonitrile) o materiale inorganico (ad esempio allumina, vetro borosilicato, o ). Una membrana potrebbe contenere parti ausiliarie per il supporto meccanico, il drenaggio, rattoppo, ecc.Rispetto alla comune filtrazione, la filtrazione a membrana permette di trattenere particelle di dimensioni molto minori (ad esempio batteri, molecole, e ioni)."@it . . "\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A"@ar . . . .