. . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism es un art\u00EDculo de 1970 del economista George Akerlof, ampliamente citado, que examina c\u00F3mo la calidad de los bienes comercializados en un mercado puede degradarse en presencia de asimetr\u00EDa de informaci\u00F3n entre compradores y vendedores, dejando s\u00F3lo \"limones\". En el argot americano, un lim\u00F3n es un coche que se encuentra defectuoso despu\u00E9s de haberlo comprado. Supongamos que los compradores no pueden distinguir entre un coche de alta calidad (un \"melocot\u00F3n\") y un \"lim\u00F3n\". Entonces s\u00F3lo est\u00E1n dispuestos a pagar un precio fijo por un coche que promedia el valor de un \"melocot\u00F3n\" y un \"lim\u00F3n\" juntos (preciomedia). Pero los vendedores saben si tienen un melocot\u00F3n o un lim\u00F3n. Dado el precio fijo al que comprar\u00E1n los compradores, los vendedores s\u00F3lo vender\u00E1n cuando tengan \"limones\" (ya que preciolim\u00F3n < preciomedia) y abandonar\u00E1n el mercado cuando tengan \"melocotones\" (ya que preciomelocot\u00F3n > preciomedia). A la larga, cuando un n\u00FAmero suficiente de vendedores de \"melocotones\" abandone el mercado, la disposici\u00F3n media a pagar de los compradores disminuir\u00E1 (ya que la calidad media de los coches en el mercado disminuy\u00F3), lo que har\u00E1 que a\u00FAn m\u00E1s vendedores de coches de alta calidad abandonen el mercado a trav\u00E9s de un bucle de retroalimentaci\u00F3n positiva. As\u00ED, el precio del comprador desinformado crea un problema de selecci\u00F3n adversa que expulsa del mercado a los coches de alta calidad. La selecci\u00F3n adversa es un mecanismo de mercado que puede llevar al colapso del mismo. El art\u00EDculo de Akerlof muestra c\u00F3mo los precios pueden determinar la calidad de los bienes comercializados en el mercado. Los precios bajos ahuyentan a los vendedores de bienes de alta calidad, dejando s\u00F3lo los limones. En 2001, Akerlof, junto con Michael Spence y Joseph Stiglitz, recibieron conjuntamente el Premio Nobel de Econom\u00EDa por sus investigaciones sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la informaci\u00F3n asim\u00E9trica."@es . . . "\uB808\uBAAC \uC2DC\uC7A5(The Market for Lemons) \uB610\uB294 \uAC1C\uC0B4\uAD6C \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC740 \uACBD\uC81C\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC7AC\uD654\uB098 \uC11C\uBE44\uC2A4\uC758 \uD488\uC9C8\uC744 \uAD6C\uB9E4\uC790\uAC00 \uC54C \uC218 \uC5C6\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0, \uBD88\uB7C9\uD488\uB9CC\uC774 \uB098\uB3CC\uC544\uB2E4\uB2C8\uAC8C \uB418\uB294 \uC2DC\uC7A5 \uC0C1\uD669\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4.\uC601\uC5B4\uC5D0\uC11C \uB808\uBAAC(lemon)\uC740 \uC18D\uC5B4\uB85C '\uBD88\uCF8C\uD55C \uAC83', '\uBD88\uB7C9\uD488'\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC758\uBBF8\uAC00 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC774\uB294 \uD3F4\uD06C\uC2A4\uBC14\uAC90(Volkswagen)\uC758 \uBE44\uD2C0(Beetle) \uCC28\uB7C9 \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370 \uC720\uB3C5 1965\uB144\uC5D0 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uB41C \uB808\uBAAC \uC0C9\uAE54 \uCC28\uB7C9\uC5D0\uC11C \uC7A6\uC740 \uACE0\uC7A5\uC774 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD574 \uC911\uACE0\uCC28\uC2DC\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C \uB9CE\uC774 \uC720\uC785\uB418\uC5C8\uB294\uB370, \uC774\uB54C\uBD80\uD130 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC778\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uB808\uBAAC\uC740 \uACB0\uD568 \uC788\uB294 \uC911\uACE0\uCC28\uB97C \uC9C0\uCE6D\uD558\uB294 \uC740\uC5B4\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uAE30 \uC2DC\uC791\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC911\uACE0\uCC28\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0\uCC98\uB7FC \uC2E4\uC81C\uB85C \uAD6C\uC785\uD574 \uBCF4\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC73C\uBA74, \uC9C4\uC9DC \uD488\uC9C8\uC744 \uC54C \uC218 \uC5C6\uB294 \uC7AC\uD654\uAC00 \uAC70\uB798\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB294 \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC744 \uB808\uBAAC \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . "The Market for Lemons"@en . . . . "\"The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism\" (De markt van \"citroenen\": onzekerheid omtrent kwaliteit en het marktmechanisme) is een paper van de econoom George Akerlof gepubliceerd in 1970. Het paper behandelt informatieasymmetrie, wat zich voordoet als de verkoper meer over een product weet dan de koper. Lemon (\"citroen\") is Amerikaans slang voor een auto die defect blijkt te zijn na aankoop. Akerlof gebruikt de tweedehandsmarkt voor auto's als voorbeeld voor het probleem van onzekerheid omtrent kwaliteit. Als kopers geen onderscheid zien tussen slechte en goede auto's, zijn ze slechts bereid om een gemiddelde prijs te betalen, waardoor verkopers van goede auto's geen correcte prijs krijgen en de markt verlaten. Na een tijdje blijven dus enkel nog slechte auto's over. Dit marktfalen staat bekend als het lemons problem. In 2001 kregen Akerlof, Michael Spence en Joseph Stiglitz de Nobelprijs economie voor hun onderzoek naar asymmetrische informatie."@nl . . . . "\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u5E02\u5834"@ja . . . "\uB808\uBAAC \uC2DC\uC7A5"@ko . . . . . . . "\u67E0\u6AAC\u5E02\u573A"@zh . . . "Il mercato dei limoni"@it . . "The Market for Lemons"@nl . . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism is a widely-cited 1970 paper by economist George Akerlof which examines how the quality of goods traded in a market can degrade in the presence of information asymmetry between buyers and sellers, leaving only \"lemons\" behind. In American slang, a lemon is a car that is found to be defective after it has been bought."@en . . . "\u0420\u044B\u043D\u043E\u043A \u00AB\u043B\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u00BB: \u043D\u0435\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C"@ru . "The Market for \u201CLemons\u201D : Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism est un article de th\u00E9orie \u00E9conomique de George Akerlof \u00E9crit en 1970 \u00E9tablissant les bases de la th\u00E9orie de la s\u00E9lection adverse. L'apport essentiel de cet article est de d\u00E9montrer comment une asym\u00E9trie d'information en faveur du vendeur d'un bien, en l'occurrence le vendeur en sait plus que l'acheteur sur la qualit\u00E9 du bien qu'il vend, peut conduire \u00E0 la r\u00E9duction du nombre de transactions ou \u00E0 la disparition du march\u00E9, m\u00EAme dans des conditions par ailleurs concurrentielles. Une force de cette contribution est de montrer comment ce type de ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes peut se produire dans un cadre analytique tr\u00E8s simple."@fr . . "\u300A\u67E0\u6AAC\u5E02\u573A\uFF1A\u54C1\u8CEA\u4E0D\u786E\u5B9A\u6027\u548C\u5E02\u573A\u673A\u5236\u300B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AThe Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism\uFF09\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u5BB6\u4E54\u6CBB\u00B7\u963F\u514B\u6D1B\u592B\u57281970\u5E74\u53D1\u8868\u7684\u4E00\u7BC7\u8AD6\u6587\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7BC7\u8AD6\u6587\u4E2D\u89E3\u91CB\u4E86\uFF0C\u7576\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\uFF0C\u8CB7\u65B9\u8207\u8CE3\u65B9\u5B58\u5728\u8CC7\u8A0A\u4E0D\u5C0D\u7A31\u6642\uFF0C\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\u7684\u5546\u54C1\u54C1\u8CEA\u6703\u4E00\u76F4\u4E0B\u964D\u7684\u7D93\u6FDF\u73FE\u8C61\u3002\u8BE5\u8BBA\u6587\u66FE\u7ECF\u56E0\u4E3A\u88AB\u8BA4\u4E3A\u201C\u80A4\u6D45\u201D\uFF0C\u5148\u540E\u906D\u5230\u4E09\u5BB6\u6743\u5A01\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u520A\u7269\u62D2\u7EDD\u3002\u51E0\u7ECF\u5468\u6298\uFF0C\u8BE5\u8BBA\u6587\u624D\u5F97\u4EE5\u5728\u54C8\u4F5B\u5927\u5B66\u7684\u300A\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u5B63\u520A\u300B\u4E0A\u53D1\u8868\uFF0C\u7ED3\u679C\u7ACB\u523B\u5F15\u8D77\u5DE8\u5927\u53CD\u54CD\u3002\u3002\u4E54\u6CBB\u00B7\u963F\u514B\u6D1B\u592B\uFF0C\u8207\u8FC8\u514B\u5C14\u00B7\u65AF\u5F6D\u65AF\u8207\u7EA6\u745F\u592B\u00B7\u65AF\u8482\u683C\u5229\u8328\u7B49\u4E09\u4EBA\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5728\u4E0D\u5C0D\u7A31\u8CC7\u8A0A\u4E0A\u7684\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u5171\u540C\u7372\u5F972001\u5E74\u7684\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u5956\u3002 \u9019\u7BC7\u8AD6\u6587\u986F\u793A\uFF0C\u5728\u4FE1\u606F\u4E0D\u5BF9\u79F0\u4E0B\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\u7684\u50F9\u683C\u904E\u4F4E\uFF0C\u50F9\u683C\u6A5F\u5236\u5C07\u9A45\u4F7F\u64C1\u6709\u597D\u8ECA\u7684\u8CE3\u65B9\u96E2\u958B\u5E02\u5834\uFF0C\u5F62\u6210\u9006\u5411\u9078\u64C7\u3002\u6700\u7D42\u9020\u6210\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\u5145\u6EFF\u52A3\u8CEA\u54C1\uFF0C\u4F7F\u5E02\u5834\u5D29\u6F70\u3002"@zh . . . . "216867"^^ . . . . . "The Markets for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism \u2013 artyku\u0142 z 1970 roku, autorstwa ekonomisty George\u2019a Akerlofa, opisuj\u0105cy wp\u0142yw asymetrii informacji na rynek. Zjawisko zosta\u0142o opisane na przyk\u0142adzie rynku samochod\u00F3w u\u017Cywanych."@pl . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism ist der Titel eines Aufsatzes des US-amerikanischen Wirtschaftswissenschaftlers George A. Akerlof aus dem Jahre 1970, der sich mit der Thematik der asymmetrischen Information zwischen zwei oder mehr Vertragsparteien befasst."@de . . . "The Markets for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism \u2013 artyku\u0142 z 1970 roku, autorstwa ekonomisty George\u2019a Akerlofa, opisuj\u0105cy wp\u0142yw asymetrii informacji na rynek. Zjawisko zosta\u0142o opisane na przyk\u0142adzie rynku samochod\u00F3w u\u017Cywanych."@pl . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism is a widely-cited 1970 paper by economist George Akerlof which examines how the quality of goods traded in a market can degrade in the presence of information asymmetry between buyers and sellers, leaving only \"lemons\" behind. In American slang, a lemon is a car that is found to be defective after it has been bought. Suppose buyers cannot distinguish between a high-quality car (a \"peach\") and a \"lemon\". Then they are only willing to pay a fixed price for a car that averages the value of a \"peach\" and \"lemon\" together (pavg). But sellers know whether they hold a peach or a lemon. Given the fixed price at which buyers will buy, sellers will sell only when they hold \"lemons\" (since plemon < pavg) and they will leave the market when they hold \"peaches\" (since ppeach > pavg). Eventually, as enough sellers of \"peaches\" leave the market, the average willingness-to-pay of buyers will decrease (since the average quality of cars on the market decreased), leading to even more sellers of high-quality cars to leave the market through a positive feedback loop. Thus the uninformed buyer's price creates an adverse selection problem that drives the high-quality cars from the market. Adverse selection is a market mechanism that can lead to a market collapse. Akerlof's paper shows how prices can determine the quality of goods traded on the market. Low prices drive away sellers of high-quality goods, leaving only lemons behind. In 2001, Akerlof, along with Michael Spence, and Joseph Stiglitz, jointly received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, for their research on issues related to asymmetric information."@en . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "The Market for Lemons"@es . "\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u5E02\u5834\uFF08\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u3057\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3001\u82F1: lemon market\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8CA1\u3084\u30B5\u30FC\u30D3\u30B9\u306E\u54C1\u8CEA\u304C\u8CB7\u3044\u624B\u306B\u3068\u3063\u3066\u672A\u77E5\u3067\u3042\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u4E0D\u826F\u54C1\u3070\u304B\u308A\u304C\u51FA\u56DE\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307E\u3046\u5E02\u5834\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u300C\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u300D\u306F\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u306E\u4FD7\u8A9E\u3067\u8CEA\u306E\u60AA\u3044\u4E2D\u53E4\u8ECA\uFF08\uFF09\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3002\u4E2D\u53E4\u8ECA\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u8CFC\u5165\u3057\u306A\u3051\u308C\u3070\u771F\u306E\u54C1\u8CEA\u3092\u77E5\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u306A\u3044\u8CA1\u304C\u53D6\u5F15\u3055\u308C\u308B\u5E02\u5834\u306F\u3001\u60AA\u8CEA\u306A\u8CA1\uFF08\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\uFF09\u3070\u304B\u308A\u304C\u6D41\u901A\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u5E02\u5834\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "\u0420\u044B\u043D\u043E\u043A \u00AB\u043B\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u00BB: \u043D\u0435\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0410\u043A\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0444\u0430, \u043E\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432 1970 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0446 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043E \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C. \u0410\u043A\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0444, \u041C\u0430\u0439\u043A\u043B \u0421\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0441 \u0438 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u0437\u0435\u0444 \u0421\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0446 \u0432 2001 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0443\u044E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u044E \u043F\u043E \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437 \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u0441 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439."@ru . "The Market for \u201CLemons\u201D : Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism est un article de th\u00E9orie \u00E9conomique de George Akerlof \u00E9crit en 1970 \u00E9tablissant les bases de la th\u00E9orie de la s\u00E9lection adverse. L'apport essentiel de cet article est de d\u00E9montrer comment une asym\u00E9trie d'information en faveur du vendeur d'un bien, en l'occurrence le vendeur en sait plus que l'acheteur sur la qualit\u00E9 du bien qu'il vend, peut conduire \u00E0 la r\u00E9duction du nombre de transactions ou \u00E0 la disparition du march\u00E9, m\u00EAme dans des conditions par ailleurs concurrentielles. Une force de cette contribution est de montrer comment ce type de ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes peut se produire dans un cadre analytique tr\u00E8s simple. Professeur \u00E0 l'universit\u00E9 de Californie \u00E0 Berkeley, Akerlof a \u00E9t\u00E9 r\u00E9compens\u00E9 en 2001 par le \u00AB prix Nobel d'\u00E9conomie \u00BB en compagnie de Michael Spence et Joseph Stiglitz pour ses recherches sur l'asym\u00E9trie d'information dont cet article est un des points de d\u00E9part."@fr . . "\u0420\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043A \u00AB\u043B\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432\u00BB: \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0456 \u0440\u0438\u043D\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C"@uk . "\u0420\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043A \u00AB\u043B\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432\u00BB: \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0456 \u0440\u0438\u043D\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0410\u043A\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0444\u0430, \u043E\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0443 1970 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456. \u0420\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u044F\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457: \u0443 \u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0438\u043D\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u043A\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0454 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\u0410\u043A\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0444\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0433\u0430\u0454 \u0443 \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443, \u0449\u043E \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u044F\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043B\u044E\u044E\u0447\u0456 \u0456 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044E\u044E\u0447\u0456 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u043D\u043A\u0430\u0445."@uk . . . . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism ist der Titel eines Aufsatzes des US-amerikanischen Wirtschaftswissenschaftlers George A. Akerlof aus dem Jahre 1970, der sich mit der Thematik der asymmetrischen Information zwischen zwei oder mehr Vertragsparteien befasst."@de . "The Market for \u201CLemons\u201D"@fr . . . . "\u300A\u67E0\u6AAC\u5E02\u573A\uFF1A\u54C1\u8CEA\u4E0D\u786E\u5B9A\u6027\u548C\u5E02\u573A\u673A\u5236\u300B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AThe Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism\uFF09\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u5BB6\u4E54\u6CBB\u00B7\u963F\u514B\u6D1B\u592B\u57281970\u5E74\u53D1\u8868\u7684\u4E00\u7BC7\u8AD6\u6587\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7BC7\u8AD6\u6587\u4E2D\u89E3\u91CB\u4E86\uFF0C\u7576\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\uFF0C\u8CB7\u65B9\u8207\u8CE3\u65B9\u5B58\u5728\u8CC7\u8A0A\u4E0D\u5C0D\u7A31\u6642\uFF0C\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\u7684\u5546\u54C1\u54C1\u8CEA\u6703\u4E00\u76F4\u4E0B\u964D\u7684\u7D93\u6FDF\u73FE\u8C61\u3002\u8BE5\u8BBA\u6587\u66FE\u7ECF\u56E0\u4E3A\u88AB\u8BA4\u4E3A\u201C\u80A4\u6D45\u201D\uFF0C\u5148\u540E\u906D\u5230\u4E09\u5BB6\u6743\u5A01\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u520A\u7269\u62D2\u7EDD\u3002\u51E0\u7ECF\u5468\u6298\uFF0C\u8BE5\u8BBA\u6587\u624D\u5F97\u4EE5\u5728\u54C8\u4F5B\u5927\u5B66\u7684\u300A\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u5B63\u520A\u300B\u4E0A\u53D1\u8868\uFF0C\u7ED3\u679C\u7ACB\u523B\u5F15\u8D77\u5DE8\u5927\u53CD\u54CD\u3002\u3002\u4E54\u6CBB\u00B7\u963F\u514B\u6D1B\u592B\uFF0C\u8207\u8FC8\u514B\u5C14\u00B7\u65AF\u5F6D\u65AF\u8207\u7EA6\u745F\u592B\u00B7\u65AF\u8482\u683C\u5229\u8328\u7B49\u4E09\u4EBA\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5728\u4E0D\u5C0D\u7A31\u8CC7\u8A0A\u4E0A\u7684\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u5171\u540C\u7372\u5F972001\u5E74\u7684\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u5956\u3002 \u5728\u9019\u7BC7\u8AD6\u6587\u984C\u76EE\u4E2D\u7684\u6AB8\u6AAC\uFF08Lemon\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u7F8E\u570B\u4FDA\u8A9E\uFF0C\u6307\u5728\u8CFC\u8CB7\u5F8C\u624D\u88AB\u767C\u73FE\u54C1\u8CEA\u6709\u554F\u984C\u7684\u8ECA\u5B50\uFF1B\u800C\u9AD8\u54C1\u8CEA\u7684\u820A\u8ECA\uFF0C\u5728\u7F8E\u570B\u4FDA\u8A9E\u4E2D\u7A31\u70BA\u6843\u5B50\uFF08Peach\uFF09\u3002\u9019\u500B\u8AD6\u6587\u4E2D\u5047\u5B9A\u5728\u4E00\u500B\u4E8C\u624B\u8ECA\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5B58\u5728\u8457\u9AD8\u54C1\u8CEA\u7684\u820A\u8ECA\uFF08\u6210\u672C\u70BAppeach\uFF09\u8DDF\u4F4E\u54C1\u8CEA\u7684\u8ECA\uFF08\u6210\u672C\u70BAplemon\uFF09\u3002\u5047\u8A2D\u8CB7\u65B9\u4E0D\u80FD\u5206\u8FA8\u51FA\u9019\u5169\u7A2E\u8ECA\u7684\u5DEE\u7570\uFF0C\u5728\u9019\u500B\u72C0\u6CC1\u4E0B\uFF0C\u8CB7\u65B9\u9858\u610F\u4ED8\u7684\u50F9\u683C\uFF0C\u662F\u597D\u8ECA\u8207\u58DE\u8ECA\u50F9\u683C\u7684\u5E73\u5747\u503C\uFF08pavg\uFF09\u3002\u4F46\u662F\u8CE3\u65B9\u77E5\u9053\u4ED6\u5011\u624B\u4E0A\u7684\u8ECA\uFF0C\u662F\u6843\u5B50\uFF0C\u9084\u662F\u6AB8\u6AAC\u3002\u5728\u8CB7\u65B9\u9858\u610F\u4ED8\u51FA\u7684\u50F9\u683C\u662F\u56FA\u5B9A\u7684\u524D\u63D0\u4E0B\uFF0C\u53EA\u6709\u5728\u8CE3\u65B9\u624B\u4E0A\u7684\u8ECA\u662F\u6AB8\u6AAC\u6642\uFF0C\u624D\u6703\u9054\u6210\u4EA4\u6613\uFF08\u56E0\u70BAplemon < pavg\uFF09\u3002\u82E5\u4ED6\u5011\u624B\u4E0A\u7684\u8ECA\u662F\u6843\u5B50\uFF0C\u8CE3\u65B9\u5C07\u6703\u96E2\u958B\u5E02\u5834\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u7121\u6CD5\u9054\u6210\uFF08\u56E0\u70BA ppeach > pavg\uFF09\u3002 \u9019\u7BC7\u8AD6\u6587\u986F\u793A\uFF0C\u5728\u4FE1\u606F\u4E0D\u5BF9\u79F0\u4E0B\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\u7684\u50F9\u683C\u904E\u4F4E\uFF0C\u50F9\u683C\u6A5F\u5236\u5C07\u9A45\u4F7F\u64C1\u6709\u597D\u8ECA\u7684\u8CE3\u65B9\u96E2\u958B\u5E02\u5834\uFF0C\u5F62\u6210\u9006\u5411\u9078\u64C7\u3002\u6700\u7D42\u9020\u6210\u5E02\u5834\u4E2D\u5145\u6EFF\u52A3\u8CEA\u54C1\uFF0C\u4F7F\u5E02\u5834\u5D29\u6F70\u3002"@zh . "\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u5E02\u5834\uFF08\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u3057\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3001\u82F1: lemon market\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8CA1\u3084\u30B5\u30FC\u30D3\u30B9\u306E\u54C1\u8CEA\u304C\u8CB7\u3044\u624B\u306B\u3068\u3063\u3066\u672A\u77E5\u3067\u3042\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u4E0D\u826F\u54C1\u3070\u304B\u308A\u304C\u51FA\u56DE\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307E\u3046\u5E02\u5834\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u300C\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u300D\u306F\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u306E\u4FD7\u8A9E\u3067\u8CEA\u306E\u60AA\u3044\u4E2D\u53E4\u8ECA\uFF08\uFF09\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3002\u4E2D\u53E4\u8ECA\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u5B9F\u969B\u306B\u8CFC\u5165\u3057\u306A\u3051\u308C\u3070\u771F\u306E\u54C1\u8CEA\u3092\u77E5\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u306A\u3044\u8CA1\u304C\u53D6\u5F15\u3055\u308C\u308B\u5E02\u5834\u306F\u3001\u60AA\u8CEA\u306A\u8CA1\uFF08\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\uFF09\u3070\u304B\u308A\u304C\u6D41\u901A\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u30EC\u30E2\u30F3\u5E02\u5834\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "The Market for Lemons"@pl . . "25982"^^ . . . . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism \u00E9 um artigo do economista estadunidense George Akerlof, publicado em 1970, e desde ent\u00E3o amplamente citado, que examina como a qualidade dos bens negociados em um mercado pode se degradar na presen\u00E7a da chamada \"assimetria de informa\u00E7\u00F5es\" entre compradores e vendedores, deixando apenas \"lim\u00F5es\" para tr\u00E1s (Na g\u00EDria americana, um lim\u00E3o \u00E9 um carro que apresenta defeito ap\u00F3s a compra)."@pt . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism \u00E9 um artigo do economista estadunidense George Akerlof, publicado em 1970, e desde ent\u00E3o amplamente citado, que examina como a qualidade dos bens negociados em um mercado pode se degradar na presen\u00E7a da chamada \"assimetria de informa\u00E7\u00F5es\" entre compradores e vendedores, deixando apenas \"lim\u00F5es\" para tr\u00E1s (Na g\u00EDria americana, um lim\u00E3o \u00E9 um carro que apresenta defeito ap\u00F3s a compra). A teoria proposta por Akerlof no artigo demonstra como os pre\u00E7os podem determinar a qualidade dos bens comercializados no mercado. Os pre\u00E7os baixos afastam os vendedores de produtos de alta qualidade, deixando apenas lim\u00F5es para tr\u00E1s. Em 2001, Akerlof, juntamente com Michael Spence e Joseph Stiglitz, receberam conjuntamente o Pr\u00EAmio Nobel de Ci\u00EAncias Econ\u00F4micas, por suas pesquisas sobre quest\u00F5es relacionadas \u00E0 informa\u00E7\u00E3o assim\u00E9trica. A recep\u00E7\u00E3o inicial do artigo foi pouco entusiasmada. Tanto a quanto a Review of Economic Studies rejeitaram o artigo por \"trivialidade\", enquanto os revisores do Journal of Political Economy o rejeitaram como incorreto, argumentando que, se este artigo estivesse correto, nenhuma mercadoria poderia ser comercializada. Acabou sendo aceito pelo Quarterly Journal of Economics. Hoje, o artigo \u00E9 um dos artigos mais citados na teoria econ\u00F4mica moderna, com mais de 53.000 cita\u00E7\u00F5es em trabalhos de pesquisa segundo o Google Scholar, e o jornal econ\u00F4mico mais baixado de todos os tempos no RePEC (mais de 39.275 cita\u00E7\u00F5es em artigos acad\u00EAmicos em fevereiro de 2022). Influenciou profundamente praticamente todos os campos da economia, desde a organiza\u00E7\u00E3o industrial e as finan\u00E7as p\u00FAblicas at\u00E9 a macroeconomia e a teoria dos contratos."@pt . . . . . "\"The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism\" (De markt van \"citroenen\": onzekerheid omtrent kwaliteit en het marktmechanisme) is een paper van de econoom George Akerlof gepubliceerd in 1970. Het paper behandelt informatieasymmetrie, wat zich voordoet als de verkoper meer over een product weet dan de koper."@nl . . . "\u0420\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043A \u00AB\u043B\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432\u00BB: \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0456 \u0440\u0438\u043D\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0410\u043A\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0444\u0430, \u043E\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0443 1970 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456. \u0420\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u044F\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457: \u0443 \u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0438\u043D\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u043A\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0454 \u043F\u0440\u043E \u044F\u043A\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435, \u043D\u0456\u0436 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0446\u044C. \u0414\u0436\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0436 \u0410\u043A\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0444, \u041C\u0430\u0439\u043A\u043B \u0421\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0441 \u0456 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u0437\u0435\u0444 \u0421\u0442\u0456\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0446 \u0443 2001 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u041F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456\u044E \u0437 \u0435\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0438 \u043F\u0430\u043C'\u044F\u0442\u0456 \u0410. \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u044F \u00AB\u0437\u0430 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437 \u0440\u0438\u043D\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0437 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044E\u00BB."@uk . . . . . . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism \u00E8 un articolo del 1970 scritto dall'economista statunitense George Akerlof. Nel suo contributo, l'autore esemplifica le condizioni di asimmetria informativa nel mercato, in particolare quando il venditore gode di una maggiore quantit\u00E0 d'informazioni sul bene proposto all'acquirente. Akerlof, Michael Spence e Joseph Stiglitz hanno ricevuto, congiuntamente, il Premio Nobel per l'economia nel 2001 per la loro ricerca sull'asimmetria d'informazioni."@it . . . . . . "\u0420\u044B\u043D\u043E\u043A \u00AB\u043B\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u00BB: \u043D\u0435\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0410\u043A\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0444\u0430, \u043E\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432 1970 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0446 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043E \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C. \u0410\u043A\u0435\u0440\u043B\u043E\u0444, \u041C\u0430\u0439\u043A\u043B \u0421\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0441 \u0438 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u0437\u0435\u0444 \u0421\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0446 \u0432 2001 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0443\u044E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u044E \u043F\u043E \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437 \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u0441 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439."@ru . . . . . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism es un art\u00EDculo de 1970 del economista George Akerlof, ampliamente citado, que examina c\u00F3mo la calidad de los bienes comercializados en un mercado puede degradarse en presencia de asimetr\u00EDa de informaci\u00F3n entre compradores y vendedores, dejando s\u00F3lo \"limones\". En el argot americano, un lim\u00F3n es un coche que se encuentra defectuoso despu\u00E9s de haberlo comprado."@es . . . . . "1102113685"^^ . "\uB808\uBAAC \uC2DC\uC7A5(The Market for Lemons) \uB610\uB294 \uAC1C\uC0B4\uAD6C \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC740 \uACBD\uC81C\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC7AC\uD654\uB098 \uC11C\uBE44\uC2A4\uC758 \uD488\uC9C8\uC744 \uAD6C\uB9E4\uC790\uAC00 \uC54C \uC218 \uC5C6\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0, \uBD88\uB7C9\uD488\uB9CC\uC774 \uB098\uB3CC\uC544\uB2E4\uB2C8\uAC8C \uB418\uB294 \uC2DC\uC7A5 \uC0C1\uD669\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4.\uC601\uC5B4\uC5D0\uC11C \uB808\uBAAC(lemon)\uC740 \uC18D\uC5B4\uB85C '\uBD88\uCF8C\uD55C \uAC83', '\uBD88\uB7C9\uD488'\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC758\uBBF8\uAC00 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC774\uB294 \uD3F4\uD06C\uC2A4\uBC14\uAC90(Volkswagen)\uC758 \uBE44\uD2C0(Beetle) \uCC28\uB7C9 \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370 \uC720\uB3C5 1965\uB144\uC5D0 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uB41C \uB808\uBAAC \uC0C9\uAE54 \uCC28\uB7C9\uC5D0\uC11C \uC7A6\uC740 \uACE0\uC7A5\uC774 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD574 \uC911\uACE0\uCC28\uC2DC\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C \uB9CE\uC774 \uC720\uC785\uB418\uC5C8\uB294\uB370, \uC774\uB54C\uBD80\uD130 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC778\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uB808\uBAAC\uC740 \uACB0\uD568 \uC788\uB294 \uC911\uACE0\uCC28\uB97C \uC9C0\uCE6D\uD558\uB294 \uC740\uC5B4\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uAE30 \uC2DC\uC791\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC911\uACE0\uCC28\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0\uCC98\uB7FC \uC2E4\uC81C\uB85C \uAD6C\uC785\uD574 \uBCF4\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC73C\uBA74, \uC9C4\uC9DC \uD488\uC9C8\uC744 \uC54C \uC218 \uC5C6\uB294 \uC7AC\uD654\uAC00 \uAC70\uB798\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB294 \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC744 \uB808\uBAAC \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . "The Market for Lemons"@de . . "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism \u00E8 un articolo del 1970 scritto dall'economista statunitense George Akerlof. Nel suo contributo, l'autore esemplifica le condizioni di asimmetria informativa nel mercato, in particolare quando il venditore gode di una maggiore quantit\u00E0 d'informazioni sul bene proposto all'acquirente. Akerlof, Michael Spence e Joseph Stiglitz hanno ricevuto, congiuntamente, il Premio Nobel per l'economia nel 2001 per la loro ricerca sull'asimmetria d'informazioni."@it . . . .