. . . . . . . . . . . . "Deklaration der Unabh\u00E4ngigkeit \u00C4gyptens"@de . . "28235960"^^ . "The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence on 28 February 1922 was the formal legal instrument by which the United Kingdom recognised Egypt as an independent sovereign state. The status of Egypt had become highly convoluted ever since its virtual breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805 under Muhammad Ali Pasha. From then on, Egypt was de jure a self-governing vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto independent, with its own hereditary monarchy, military, currency, legal system, and empire in Sudan. From 1882 onwards, Egypt was occupied by the United Kingdom, but not annexed, leading to a unique situation of a country that was legally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire whilst having almost all the attributes of statehood, but in reality being governed by the United Kingdom in what was known as a \"veiled protectorate\". In 1914, the legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty was ended, and the Sultanate of Egypt (which the Ottomans had destroyed in 1517) was re-established, but Egypt was not legally independent. Though the United Kingdom did not annex Egypt, it made the restored sultanate a protectorate (a state not part of the British Empire but nonetheless administered by the United Kingdom), thereby formalising the political and military role that it had exercised in Egypt since 1882. The continued control of Egyptian affairs by the United Kingdom, as well as British repression of Egyptians who pushed for independence, sparked the Egyptian Revolution of 1919. Subsequently, the United Kingdom government entered into negotiations intended to abate Egyptian grievances whilst maintaining its own military presence and political influence in the country. When these negotiations failed, the United Kingdom acted unilaterally to terminate the protectorate and recognise Egypt as an independent state. In the unilateral declaration, the United Kingdom granted to itself \"reserved\" powers in four areas central to the governance of Egypt: foreign relations, communications, the military, and Sudan, which was legally a condominium of both Egypt and the United Kingdom. These reserved powers, to which the Egyptian government did not consent, meant that nationalist grievances against the United Kingdom continued and would contribute to the causes of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 three decades later. According to historian Jennifer Elkins, the Egyptian independence declaration did not entail sovereignty for Egypt, but rather a \"semiautonomous\" status."@en . . "Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence"@en . . "La d\u00E9claration unilat\u00E9rale d'ind\u00E9pendance de l'\u00C9gypte du 28 f\u00E9vrier 1922 est l'instrument juridique par lequel la Grande-Bretagne abolit le protectorat en \u00C9gypte, reconna\u00EEt ce pays comme un \u00C9tat souverain ind\u00E9pendant, mais y maintient son influence dans plusieurs domaines importants. Les restrictions \u00E0 la souverainet\u00E9 de l'Egypte ne permettent pas de parler de d\u00E9colonisation pleine et enti\u00E8re, l'ind\u00E9pendance accord\u00E9e \u00E9tant \u00E0 certains \u00E9gards plus formelle que r\u00E9elle. La d\u00E9claration d'ind\u00E9pendance \u00E9gyptienne n'impliquait pas de souverainet\u00E9 pour l'\u00C9gypte, mais un statut \u00ABsemi-autonome\u00BB selon l'historienne Caroline Elkins."@fr . . . . . "A declara\u00E7\u00E3o unilateral de independ\u00EAncia eg\u00EDpcia foi emitida pelo governo do Reino Unido da Gr\u00E3-Bretanha e Irlanda em 28 de fevereiro de 1922. Atrav\u00E9s desta declara\u00E7\u00E3o, o governo brit\u00E2nico encerrou unilateralmente seu protetorado sobre o Egito e concedeu independ\u00EAncia nominal com exce\u00E7\u00E3o de quatro \"\u00E1reas reservadas\": rela\u00E7\u00F5es exteriores, comunica\u00E7\u00F5es, militares e o Sud\u00E3o Anglo-Eg\u00EDpcio."@pt . "To recognize Egypt as an independent state"@en . . . "United Kingdom"@en . . "La d\u00E9claration unilat\u00E9rale d'ind\u00E9pendance de l'\u00C9gypte du 28 f\u00E9vrier 1922 est l'instrument juridique par lequel la Grande-Bretagne abolit le protectorat en \u00C9gypte, reconna\u00EEt ce pays comme un \u00C9tat souverain ind\u00E9pendant, mais y maintient son influence dans plusieurs domaines importants. Les restrictions \u00E0 la souverainet\u00E9 de l'Egypte ne permettent pas de parler de d\u00E9colonisation pleine et enti\u00E8re, l'ind\u00E9pendance accord\u00E9e \u00E9tant \u00E0 certains \u00E9gards plus formelle que r\u00E9elle."@fr . . . . . . . . "The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence on 28 February 1922 was the formal legal instrument by which the United Kingdom recognised Egypt as an independent sovereign state. The status of Egypt had become highly convoluted ever since its virtual breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805 under Muhammad Ali Pasha. From then on, Egypt was de jure a self-governing vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto independent, with its own hereditary monarchy, military, currency, legal system, and empire in Sudan. From 1882 onwards, Egypt was occupied by the United Kingdom, but not annexed, leading to a unique situation of a country that was legally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire whilst having almost all the attributes of statehood, but in reality being governed by the United Kingdom i"@en . . "1922-02-28"^^ . . . . . "D\u00E9claration unilat\u00E9rale d'ind\u00E9pendance de l'\u00C9gypte"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Einseitige Deklaration der \u00E4gyptischen Unabh\u00E4ngigkeit vom 28. Februar 1922 (englisch Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence, arabisch \u062A\u0635\u0631\u064A\u062D 28 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0631) war eine Erkl\u00E4rung Gro\u00DFbritanniens, in welcher die britische Regierung unter Premierminister David Lloyd George \u00C4gypten unter der Herrschaft der Dynastie des Muhammad Ali die staatliche Unabh\u00E4ngigkeit gew\u00E4hrte."@de . . . "A declara\u00E7\u00E3o unilateral de independ\u00EAncia eg\u00EDpcia foi emitida pelo governo do Reino Unido da Gr\u00E3-Bretanha e Irlanda em 28 de fevereiro de 1922. Atrav\u00E9s desta declara\u00E7\u00E3o, o governo brit\u00E2nico encerrou unilateralmente seu protetorado sobre o Egito e concedeu independ\u00EAncia nominal com exce\u00E7\u00E3o de quatro \"\u00E1reas reservadas\": rela\u00E7\u00F5es exteriores, comunica\u00E7\u00F5es, militares e o Sud\u00E3o Anglo-Eg\u00EDpcio."@pt . . . . . . . . . "Declara\u00E7\u00E3o unilateral de independ\u00EAncia do Egito"@pt . . "\u062A\u0635\u0631\u064A\u062D 28 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0631 1922 \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0635\u0631\u064A\u062D \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062A\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0644\u0646\u062F\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062A \u0641\u064A\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \" \u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0633\u064A\u0627\u062F\u0629 \"\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062D\u062A\u0641\u0638\u062A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0628\u062D\u0642 \u062A\u0623\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060C \u0648\u062D\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062F \u0623\u064A \u0627\u0639\u062A\u062F\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062A\u062F\u062E\u0644 \u0623\u062C\u0646\u0628\u064A\u060C \u0648\u062D\u0645\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0646\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647. \u0648\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0629."@ar . "Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence"@en . . . . "Die Einseitige Deklaration der \u00E4gyptischen Unabh\u00E4ngigkeit vom 28. Februar 1922 (englisch Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence, arabisch \u062A\u0635\u0631\u064A\u062D 28 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0631) war eine Erkl\u00E4rung Gro\u00DFbritanniens, in welcher die britische Regierung unter Premierminister David Lloyd George \u00C4gypten unter der Herrschaft der Dynastie des Muhammad Ali die staatliche Unabh\u00E4ngigkeit gew\u00E4hrte."@de . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0635\u0631\u064A\u062D 28 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0631"@ar . . . . . "\u062A\u0635\u0631\u064A\u062D 28 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0631 1922 \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0635\u0631\u064A\u062D \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062A\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0644\u0646\u062F\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062A \u0641\u064A\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \" \u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0633\u064A\u0627\u062F\u0629 \"\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062D\u062A\u0641\u0638\u062A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0628\u062D\u0642 \u062A\u0623\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060C \u0648\u062D\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062F \u0623\u064A \u0627\u0639\u062A\u062F\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062A\u062F\u062E\u0644 \u0623\u062C\u0646\u0628\u064A\u060C \u0648\u062D\u0645\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0646\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647. \u0648\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . "1082911908"^^ . "7818"^^ . . . . .