. . . . . . . . . . . . . "http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32538.pdf|title=9/11 Commission Recommendations: Joint Committee on Atomic Energy \u2014 A Model for Congressional Oversight?"@en . . . . . . . . . "United States Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy"@en . . . . "background:#cff"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "25184"^^ . "The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) was a United States congressional committee that was tasked with exclusive jurisdiction over \"all bills, resolutions, and other matters\" related to civilian and military aspects of nuclear power from 1946 through 1977. It was established by the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and was the overseer of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. It had been preceded by the Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy, chaired by Senator Brien McMahon. For its broad powers, it is described as one of the most powerful congressional committees in U.S. history. It was the only permanent joint committee in modern times to have legislative authority. The panel coupled these legislative powers with exclusive access to the information upon which its highly secretive deliberations were based. In particular its relations with the U.S. Department of Defense and the individual armed services were especially close. The joint committee was also entitled by statute to be kept \"fully and currently informed\" of all commission activities and vigorously exercised that statutory right, demanding information and attention from the executive branch in a fashion that arguably has no equivalent today. During the early years of the Cold War, McMahon became the Senate's most prominent expert on atomic energy matters and as chairman exercised considerable influence towards increasing the focus on nuclear weapons as being essential to the American national interest. In this McMahon was aided by the executive director of the committee's staff, William L. Borden, who himself became a powerful figure. Senator Bourke Hickenlooper also served as chair during the early years of the committee and shared a similar sensibility. Indeed regardless of which party controlled the committee, the push for increased production of nuclear materials, and a resultant increase in the American nuclear stockpile, continued. One major power wielded by the JCAE was the \"Legislative Veto\". This unique power enabled the JCAE to influence policy decisions while matters were pending. This enabled the JCAE to act as a co-decision maker with the executive branch rather than only providing congressional oversight of actions that had already occurred. The legislative veto power was later found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1983. This committee was the main opponent to the creation of the EPA. The Ash Council addressed its resistance to interference by proposing to only transfer over to the new agency the responsibilities of setting radiation standards outside of nuclear power plants. The JCAE had various subcommittees including Agreements for Cooperation, Communities, Legislation, Military Application, National Security, Raw Materials, Radiation (Special), and Research and Development. During the 1970s, the committee's role in shaping nuclear policy began to diminish after the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was created to replace the Atomic Energy Commission. Congress soon transferred the bulk of the joint committee's jurisdiction over civilian nuclear power to other standing congressional committees in the House and Senate. The joint committee was finally abolished on August 5, 1977."@en . . . . . . "1121101902"^^ . . . . . . "Historical membership"@en . . "Congressional Research Service"@en . . . "Joint Committee on Atomic Energy"@fr . . . "2004-08-20"^^ . . . . "The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) was a United States congressional committee that was tasked with exclusive jurisdiction over \"all bills, resolutions, and other matters\" related to civilian and military aspects of nuclear power from 1946 through 1977. It was established by the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and was the overseer of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. It had been preceded by the Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy, chaired by Senator Brien McMahon. For its broad powers, it is described as one of the most powerful congressional committees in U.S. history. It was the only permanent joint committee in modern times to have legislative authority."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) \u00E9tait un (en) auquel on avait donn\u00E9 pour t\u00E2che d'exercer une juridiction exclusive sur tous les \u00AB lois, r\u00E9solutions et autres \u00BB li\u00E9s aux aspects civils et militaires de l'\u00E9nergie nucl\u00E9aire. Cr\u00E9\u00E9 en 1946 \u00E0 la suite de l' (en) et ayant pour mission de surveiller la Commission de l'\u00E9nergie atomique des \u00C9tats-Unis (AEC), le comit\u00E9 a \u00E9t\u00E9 actif jusqu'en 1977. Il est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 l'un des comit\u00E9s du congr\u00E8s les plus puissants de l'histoire des \u00C9tats-Unis, \u00E9tant notamment le seul comit\u00E9 conjoint des temps modernes ayant eu une autorit\u00E9 l\u00E9gislative."@fr . . . "9638730"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) \u00E9tait un (en) auquel on avait donn\u00E9 pour t\u00E2che d'exercer une juridiction exclusive sur tous les \u00AB lois, r\u00E9solutions et autres \u00BB li\u00E9s aux aspects civils et militaires de l'\u00E9nergie nucl\u00E9aire. Cr\u00E9\u00E9 en 1946 \u00E0 la suite de l' (en) et ayant pour mission de surveiller la Commission de l'\u00E9nergie atomique des \u00C9tats-Unis (AEC), le comit\u00E9 a \u00E9t\u00E9 actif jusqu'en 1977. Il est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 l'un des comit\u00E9s du congr\u00E8s les plus puissants de l'histoire des \u00C9tats-Unis, \u00E9tant notamment le seul comit\u00E9 conjoint des temps modernes ayant eu une autorit\u00E9 l\u00E9gislative. L'un des pouvoirs majeurs du comit\u00E9 \u00E9tait son \u00AB veto l\u00E9gislatif \u00BB. Ce dernier permettait au comit\u00E9 d'agir comme co-d\u00E9cideur avec la branche ex\u00E9cutive plut\u00F4t que d'avoir sur elle un simple (en). Ce veto a \u00E9t\u00E9 jug\u00E9 par la Cour supr\u00EAme des \u00C9tats-Unis en 1983. Au cours des ann\u00E9es 1970, apr\u00E8s la cr\u00E9ation de la Commission de r\u00E9glementation nucl\u00E9aire, visant \u00E0 remplacer la Commission de l'\u00E9nergie atomique, le r\u00F4le du comit\u00E9 a commenc\u00E9 \u00E0 diminuer. Le Congr\u00E8s a transf\u00E9r\u00E9 la plus grande partie du pouvoir l\u00E9gislatif du comit\u00E9 sur les installations civiles \u00E0 d'autres comit\u00E9s de la Chambre des repr\u00E9sentants et du S\u00E9nat. Le comit\u00E9 a \u00E9t\u00E9 aboli le 5 ao\u00FBt 1977."@fr . . . . . . . . . "border:solid 1px silver; padding:8px; background:white;"@en . . . . . . . .