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\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044B, \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0438\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u00AB\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043E\u043D\u00BB."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . "* Adnaviria\n* Duplodnaviria\n* Monodnaviria\n* Riboviria\n* Ribozyviria\n* Varidnaviria"@en . . . . . . . . . "Viren (Singular: das Virus, au\u00DFerhalb der Fachsprache auch der Virus, von lateinisch virus \u201Anat\u00FCrliche z\u00E4he Feuchtigkeit, Schleim, Saft, [speziell:] Gift\u2018) sind infekti\u00F6se organische Strukturen, die sich als Virionen au\u00DFerhalb von Zellen (extrazellul\u00E4r) durch \u00DCbertragung verbreiten, aber als Viren in der Natur nur innerhalb einer geeigneten Wirtszelle (intrazellul\u00E4r) vermehren k\u00F6nnen. Sie bestehen nur aus DNA oder RNA sowie aus Proteinen, die es ihnen erm\u00F6glichen, in eine Zelle einzudringen. Alle Viren enthalten mit diesen Nukleins\u00E4uren das \u201EProgramm\u201C zu ihrer Vermehrung und Ausbreitung (einige Viren auch weitere Hilfskomponenten), besitzen aber weder eine eigenst\u00E4ndige Replikation noch einen eigenen Stoffwechsel und sind deshalb in der Natur auf den Stoffwechsel einer Wirtszelle angewiese"@de . . "TMV structure simple.png"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9"@ja . . . . "Virus"@en . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4(\uC601\uC5B4: virus \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4[*], \uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4: virus \uBE44\uB8E8\uC2A4[*], \uBB38\uD654\uC5B4: \uBE44\uB8E8\uC2A4) \uB610\uB294 \uC5EC\uACFC\uC131 \uBBF8\uC0DD\uBB3C(\u6FFE\u904E\u6027\u5FAE\u751F\u7269), \uBCD1\uB3C5(\u75C5\u6BD2)\uC740 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\uC758 \uC0B4\uC544 \uC788\uB294 \uC138\uD3EC \uC548\uC5D0\uC11C\uB9CC \uC0B4 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uC804\uC5FC\uC131 \uAC10\uC5FC\uC6D0\uC774\uC790 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uACFC \uBB34\uC0DD\uBB3C\uC758 \uC911\uAC04\uC801 \uC874\uC7AC(\uBE44\uC138\uD3EC\uC131 \uBC18\uC0DD\uBB3C)\uC774\uB2E4. \uCD08\uD604\uBBF8\uACBD\uC801, \uC5EC\uACFC\uC131 \uBCD1\uC6D0\uCCB4\uC774\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uB2E4. \uAE30\uC0DD\uACFC \uC99D\uC2DD\uC744 \uC704\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC219\uC8FC\uAC00 \uD544\uC694\uD558\uB2E4. \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uB294 \uBC15\uD14C\uB9AC\uC544\uC640 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C \uB3D9\uBB3C\uACFC \uC2DD\uBB3C\uC5D0\uC11C \uBBF8\uC0DD\uBB3C\uC5D0 \uC774\uB974\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC885\uB958\uC758 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uCCB4\uB97C \uAC10\uC5FC\uC2DC\uD0AC \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uC2DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC790 \uB4DC\uBBF8\uD2B8\uB9AC \uC774\uBC14\uB178\uD504\uC2A4\uD0A4(Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky)\uC758 1892\uB144 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uAC00 \uB2E4\uB8E8\uC5C8\uB358 \uB2F4\uBC30\uBAA8\uC790\uC774\uD06C\uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC774\uB798\uB85C \uC9C4\uD589\uB41C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB4E4\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uB294 \uAC10\uC5FC\uB41C \uC138\uD3EC \uC548\uC5D0 \uC788\uC9C0 \uC54A\uAC70\uB098 \uC138\uD3EC\uB97C \uAC10\uC5FC\uC2DC\uD0A4\uB294 \uACFC\uC815\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uC548 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC778 \uC785\uC790\uC758 \uD615\uD0DC\uB85C \uC874\uC7AC\uD55C\uB2E4\uB294 \uC0AC\uC2E4\uC774 \uBC1D\uD600\uC84C\uB2E4. \uBE44\uB9AC\uC628\uC774\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD558\uB294 \uC774 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC785\uC790\uB4E4\uC740 DNA\uB098 RNA\uB85C \uB9CC\uB4E4\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC720\uC804 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC744 \uBCF4\uD638\uD558\uB294 \uB450 \uAC1C \uB610\uB294 \uC138 \uAC1C\uC758 \uBD80\uBD84\uC73C\uB85C \uAD6C\uC131\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC720\uC804\uC790 \uC678\uD53C\uC640 \uB2E8\uBC31\uC9C8 \uC678\uD53C\uB97C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2F8\uB294 \uAE34 \uBD84\uC790\uC778 \uC774 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC785\uC790\uB4E4\uC758 \uBAA8\uC591\uC740 \uBA87\uBA87 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC885\uB4E4\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uB2E8\uC21C\uD55C \uB098\uC120\uD615\uACFC \uD0C0\uC6D0\uD615 \uD615\uD0DC\uC5D0\uC11C\uBD80\uD130 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC885\uB4E4\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uB354 \uBCF5\uC7A1\uD55C \uAD6C\uC870\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uB2E4\uC591\uD558\uB2E4. \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC885\uB4E4\uC740 \uB108\uBB34 \uC791\uC544\uC11C \uAD11\uD559 \uD604\uBBF8\uACBD\uC73C\uB85C \uBCFC \uC218 \uC5C6\uB2E4. \uD3C9\uADE0\uC801\uC778 \uBE44\uB9AC\uC628\uC740 \uD3C9\uADE0\uC801\uC778 \uBC15\uD14C\uB9AC\uC544 \uD06C\uAE30\uC758 \uC57D 100\uBD84\uC758 1\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Een virus is een klein stukje organisch materiaal dat zich uitsluitend kan vermenigvuldigen in cellen van levende wezens. Wanneer een virus een levende cel binnendringt, zal deze cel \u2013 een zogenaamde gastheercel \u2013 grote hoeveelheden kopie\u00EBn van het oorspronkelijke virus gaan produceren. Virussen infecteren alle vormen van leven, van dieren, schimmels en planten tot micro-organismen als bacteri\u00EBn en archaea. Ze komen voor in alle ecosystemen en zijn zeer talrijk in de bodem, de lucht en in het water. De wetenschap die virussen onderzoekt heet virologie, een deelgebied van de microbiologie. Virussen hebben een relatief eenvoudige structuur. Een individueel virusdeeltje wordt een virion genoemd en bevat aan de binnenzijde het genetisch materiaal. Dit bestaat uit een lang DNA- of RNA-molecuul dat instructies bevat voor het maken van eiwitten. Een virus is altijd voorzien van een eiwitmantel, de capside, die het genetisch materiaal omgeeft en beschermt. In sommige gevallen is een buitenomhulsel van lipiden aanwezig, de zogenaamde envelop. De meeste virussen zijn zo klein dat ze met een lichtmicroscoop niet kunnen worden waargenomen; ze zijn ongeveer honderd keer zo klein als de meeste bacteri\u00EBn. Virussen verspreiden zich op verschillende manieren, bijvoorbeeld via uitgeademde aerosolen of via vectoren als muggen en teken. Om binnendringende virussen uit te schakelen hebben gewervelde dieren een complex immuunsysteem. Sommige voor de mens gevaarlijke virussen, zoals herpesvirussen of hiv, kunnen aan het immuunsysteem ontsnappen. Ter voorkoming van virale infecties zijn verschillende vaccins ontwikkeld. Dankzij succesvolle vaccinatiestrategie\u00EBn zijn enkele beruchte virusziekten inmiddels uitgeroeid. De evolutionaire oorsprong van virussen is onduidelijk. Ze zijn vermoedelijk verschillende keren ontstaan uit 'ontsnapte' stukken DNA of RNA van levende organismen. Over de vraag of virussen zelf levend zijn, bestaat evenmin consensus. Hoewel ze genetisch materiaal bezitten en evolueren, hebben ze geen eigen stofwisseling en ze zijn niet in staat om zichzelf voort te planten. Voor hun replicatie zijn ze volledig afhankelijk van hun gastheer. Virussen zijn om deze reden wel omschreven als \"organismen aan de rand van het leven\"."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . "Un virus (dal latino v\u012Brus, \"veleno\") \u00E8 un'entit\u00E0 biologica con caratteristiche di simbionte o parassita obbligato, in quanto si replica esclusivamente all'interno delle cellule degli organismi. I virus possono infettare tutte le forme di vita, dagli animali, alle piante, ai microrganismi (compresi altri agenti infettanti come i batteri) e anche altri virus. Molte specie di virus convivono all'interno di sistemi viventi ospiti in modo simbiotico e gli individui di ogni specie animale, compreso l'uomo, ospitano normalmente un elevato numero di specie virali simbionti, che formano una popolazione detta viroma. I virus nella loro forma isolata, detta virione, sono particelle di materiale biologico estremamente piccole (con dimensioni di ordine variabile dalla decina al centinaio di nanometri), composte da filamenti di DNA o RNA racchiusi all'interno di un involucro proteico, detto \"capside\"; possono inoltre contenere enzimi, essere circondati da un ulteriore involucro esterno, formato da uno strato lipidico, ed essere dotati di altri tipi di proteine. Le forme dei virus possono variare notevolmente, ma alcune sono pi\u00F9 comuni: tra queste vi sono le tipologie sferiche, quelle poliedriche, come pure quelle elicoidali, filiformi, amorfe o composite. Nel 1892, Dmitrij Ivanovskij descrisse in un articolo un agente patogeno non batterico in grado di infettare le piante di tabacco, da cui nel 1898 Martinus Beijerinck scopr\u00EC il virus del mosaico del tabacco. Da allora, circa 5 000 specie di virus sono state descritte in dettaglio, anche se si ritiene che ve ne siano milioni. I virus si trovano in quasi tutti gli ecosistemi della Terra e rappresentano l'entit\u00E0 biologica pi\u00F9 abbondante in assoluto. La disciplina che si occupa dello studio dei virus \u00E8 nota come virologia, una sub-specialit\u00E0 della microbiologia. Quando non si trovano nella fase dell'infezione o all'interno di una cellula infetta, i virus esistono in forma di particelle indipendenti e inattive. Queste particelle virali, note anche come virioni, sono costituite da due o tre parti: (I) il materiale genetico costituito da DNA o RNA, lunghe molecole che trasportano le informazioni genetiche; (II) un rivestimento proteico, chiamato capside, che circonda e protegge il materiale genetico; e in alcuni casi (III) un involucro esterno formato da uno strato di lipidi, che circonda il rivestimento proteico, detto pericapside. Non tutti i virus sono dotati di questo secondo involucro (i virus delle piante ad esempio, in genere ne sono privi). I virioni possono avere forme semplici, elicoidali e icosaedriche, ma anche architetture pi\u00F9 complesse. La maggior parte dei virus possiede virioni che sono troppo piccoli per essere visti con un microscopio ottico. In media il virione ha una dimensione di circa un centesimo della dimensione media di un batterio. Le origini dei virus non sono chiare: possono essersi evoluti dai plasmidi, o dai trasposoni e retrotrasposoni, o come prodotti di degradazione del DNA cellulare, o ancora durante la fase del mondo a RNA, cio\u00E8 prima dell'origine della vita. L'evoluzione per i virus \u00E8 un importante mezzo di trasferimento genico orizzontale, il che aumenta la loro diversit\u00E0 genetica. I virus sono considerati da alcuni biologi come una forma di vita, poich\u00E9 sono possessori di materiale genetico, si riproducono e si evolvono attraverso la selezione naturale. Tuttavia sono privi di alcune importanti caratteristiche degli esseri viventi, quali una struttura cellulare e un metabolismo. Poich\u00E9 possiedono alcune, ma non tutte le caratteristiche, i virus sono stati spesso descritti come \"organismi ai margini della vita\". I virus hanno bisogno di un ospite (una cellula, eventualmente parte di un organismo pluricellulare, o un altro sistema biologico) per replicarsi, ma hanno anche la necessit\u00E0 di trasmettersi da un ospite all'altro. Il processo pu\u00F2 avvenire in molti modi: quelli delle piante hanno generalmente necessit\u00E0 di un vettore, cio\u00E8 un organismo intermedio mobile, pertanto spesso vengono trasmessi da pianta a pianta da insetti che si nutrono della loro linfa (ad esempio gli afidi). Lo stesso meccanismo pu\u00F2 avvenire negli animali a opera di parassiti succhiatori di sangue. La maggioranza dei virus non vegetali ha per\u00F2 capacit\u00E0 di trasmettersi senza il contributo di altre specie vettori. I virus influenzali ad esempio si diffondono direttamente da un ospite all'altro attraverso le esalazioni respiratorie, e ricevono particolare diffusione tramite fenomeni come tosse e starnuti. I norovirus e i rotavirus, comuni cause di gastroenterite virale, sono trasmessi per via oro-fecale, vengono trasportati e depositati in luoghi esterni (come oggetti, alimenti o fonti d'acqua) tramite contatto, e possono entrare nel corpo con cibo e bevande contaminate. L'HIV \u00E8 uno dei numerosi virus trasmessi attraverso il contatto sessuale o dallo scambio di fluidi corporei, come il sangue. L'insieme delle tipologie di cellule che un virus pu\u00F2 utilizzare per replicarsi, viene chiamata il suo \"ospite\". Si tratta sempre di cellule dotate di sistemi adatti a replicare le sequenze genetiche contenute nel virus. Inoltre, i virus devono anche essere dotati di meccanismi specializzati per riuscire a oltrepassare le membrane delle cellule ospiti. Alcuni virus sono in grado di infettare solo pochi ospiti, altri invece sono in grado di infettarne molti. Negli animali, le infezioni da virus dannosi provocano una risposta immunitaria che solitamente elimina o comunque neutralizza il virus infettante. Gli animali sono generalmente dotati di difese molto potenti nei confronti dei virus dannosi, che consistono non soltanto in meccanismi di risposta, automatica o mirata, ma anche in barriere fisiche e chimiche molto difficili da oltrepassare per i virus esterni. Le risposte immunitarie possono essere prodotte anche da vaccini, che conferiscono un'immunit\u00E0 artificialmente acquisita per l'infezione virale specifica. Tuttavia, alcuni virus, come quelli che causano l'AIDS e l'epatite virale, sono in grado di eludere queste risposte immunitarie e provocano infezioni croniche. Poich\u00E9 i virus non hanno un metabolismo, i farmaci antibiotici non possono eliminarli e non hanno alcun effetto diretto su di essi. Sono stati osservati effetti indiretti di taluni farmaci antibiotici e antiparassitari che inibiscono meccanismi vitali delle cellule ospiti, ma la loro efficacia resta dubbia o marginale. Sono stati sviluppati diversi e specifici farmaci antivirali, la cui capacit\u00E0 di contrasto ai virus nell'insieme sembra essere comunque limitata."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . "Viren"@de . . . . . "Is \u00E9 is v\u00EDreas ann n\u00E1 gn\u00EDomhaire t\u00F3g\u00E1lach beag nach ach laistigh de chealla beo org\u00E1naigh. Is f\u00E9idir le v\u00EDris gach a ionfhabht\u00FA, \u00F3 ainmhithe agus planda\u00ED go miocrorg\u00E1naigh, lena n-\u00E1ir\u00EDtear baict\u00E9ir agus archaea. \u00D3 rinne cur s\u00EDos in alt sa bhliain 1892 ar phataigin neamh-baict\u00E9arach a bh\u00ED ag ionfhabht\u00FA planda\u00ED tobac, agus ar fhionnachtain an tobam\u00F3iv\u00EDris ag Martinus Beijerinck i 1898, t\u00E1 cur s\u00EDos mionsonraithe d\u00E9anta ar thart ar 5,000 speiceas v\u00EDris, de na milli\u00FAin cine\u00E1lacha v\u00EDreas sa timpeallacht. Faightear v\u00EDris i mbeagnach gach \u00E9iceach\u00F3ras ar an Domhan agus is iad an cine\u00E1l aon\u00E1in bhitheola\u00EDoch is iomad\u00FAla iad. Tugtar v\u00EDreola\u00EDocht, fo-speisialtacht de mhicribhitheola\u00EDocht, ar staid\u00E9ar ar v\u00EDris. Nuair nach bhfuil siad taobh istigh de chill ionfhabhtaithe n\u00F3 i bpr\u00F3iseas ionfhabhtaithe cille, b\u00EDonn v\u00EDris ann i bhfoirm c\u00E1ithn\u00EDn\u00ED neamhsple\u00E1cha, n\u00F3 v\u00EDor\u00F3in , arb \u00E9ard at\u00E1 iontu: (i) an \u00E1bhar g\u00E9initeach, ie m\u00F3il\u00EDn fada d'ADN n\u00F3 d' a ionch\u00F3da\u00EDonn strucht\u00FAr na pr\u00F3it\u00E9in\u00ED tr\u00EDna bhfeidhm\u00EDonn an v\u00EDreas; (ii) pr\u00F3it\u00E9in caipside, a th\u00E9ann timpeall agus a chosna\u00EDonn an t-\u00E1bhar g\u00E9initeach; agus i gc\u00E1sanna \u00E1irithe (iii) taobh amuigh imchl\u00FAdach seachtrach de lipid\u00ED. T\u00E1 cruthanna na gc\u00E1ithn\u00EDn\u00ED v\u00EDreas seo \u00E9ags\u00FAil \u00F3 fhoirmeacha simpl\u00ED agus go strucht\u00FAir n\u00EDos casta. T\u00E1 v\u00EDor\u00F3in r\u00F3bheag ag an gcuid is m\u00F3 de na speicis v\u00EDris at\u00E1 le feice\u00E1il le micreasc\u00F3p opt\u00FAil, ag timpeall aon ch\u00E9ad\u00FA de mh\u00E9id an chuid is m\u00F3 de na baict\u00E9ir. N\u00EDl bun\u00FAs na v\u00EDreas i soil\u00E9ir: d\u2019fh\u00E9adfadh go dtiocfadh cuid acu chun cinn \u00F3 - p\u00EDosa\u00ED d'ADN at\u00E1 in ann bogadh idir chealla - c\u00E9 go bhf\u00E9adfadh cuid eile teacht chun cinn \u00F3 bhaict\u00E9ir. San \u00E9abhl\u00F3id, is modh t\u00E1bhachtach iad v\u00EDris chun aistrithe cothrom\u00E1naigh g\u00E9ine a bhaint amach, a mh\u00E9ada\u00EDonn an \u00E9ags\u00FAlacht gh\u00E9initeach ar bhealach at\u00E1 cos\u00FAil le at\u00E1irgeadh gn\u00E9asach. Measann cuid gur beathachrut iad v\u00EDris, toisc go n-iompra\u00EDonn siad \u00E1bhar g\u00E9initeach, go n-athchrutha\u00EDonn siad, agus \u00E9abhl\u00F3id\u00EDonn siad tr\u00ED roghnaithe n\u00E1d\u00FArtha, c\u00E9 nach bhfuil pr\u00EDomhthr\u00E9ithe acu (cos\u00FAil le strucht\u00FAr cille) a mheastar a bheith riachtanach de ghn\u00E1th chun beatha a \u00E1ireamh. Toisc go bhfuil roinnt c\u00E1il\u00EDochta\u00ED den s\u00F3rt sin acu ach nach bhfuil gach c\u00E1il\u00EDocht acu, rinneadh cur s\u00EDos ar v\u00EDris mar \"org\u00E1naigh ar imeall an tsaoil\", agus mar . Scaipeann v\u00EDris ar go leor beala\u00ED. T\u00E1 bealach tarchuir amh\u00E1in ann tr\u00ED org\u00E1naigh a bhfuil galariompartha ar a dtugtar veicteoir\u00ED: mar shampla, is minic a tharchuireann feithid\u00ED a itheann v\u00EDris \u00F3 phlanda go pl\u00E1nda, a leith\u00E9id agus aifid\u00ED; agus is f\u00E9idir le v\u00EDris in ainmhithe a bheith iompraithe ag feithid\u00ED foladhi\u00FAlacha. Scaiptear v\u00EDris fli\u00FA tr\u00ED chasachtach agus shraothartach. Tarchuirtear agus , c\u00FAiseanna coitianta le gaistreintr\u00EDteas v\u00EDreasach, tarchuirtear iad tr\u00ED thras-seoladh \u00F3 fhaecas go b\u00E9al, a tharchur tr\u00ED theagmh\u00E1il agus a th\u00E9ann isteach sa chorp i mbia n\u00F3 in uisce. T\u00E1 VEID ar cheann de roinnt v\u00EDreas a tharchuirtear tr\u00ED theagmh\u00E1il ghn\u00E9asach agus tr\u00ED nochtadh d\u2019fhuil ionfhabhtaithe. Tugtar \"\" ar \u00E9ags\u00FAlacht na gcealla \u00F3stacha is f\u00E9idir le v\u00EDreas a ionfhabht\u00FA. F\u00E9adann s\u00E9 seo a bheith c\u00FAng, rud a chialla\u00EDonn nach bhfuil v\u00EDreas in ann m\u00F3r\u00E1n speiceas a ionfhabht\u00FA, n\u00F3 leathan, rud a chialla\u00EDonn go bhfuil s\u00E9 in ann go leor a ionfhabht\u00FA. Spreagann ionfhabhtuithe v\u00EDreasacha in ainmhithe a chuireann deireadh leis an v\u00EDreas ionfhabhtaithe de ghn\u00E1th. Is f\u00E9idir freagra\u00ED imdh\u00EDonachta a shol\u00E1thar freisin tr\u00ED vacsa\u00EDn\u00ED, a thugann don ionfhabht\u00FA v\u00EDreasach ar leith. Seachna\u00EDonn roinnt v\u00EDreas, lena n-\u00E1ir\u00EDtear iad si\u00FAd is c\u00FAis le SEIF, ionfhabht\u00FA an Papal\u00F3maiv\u00EDreas Daonna (PVD), agus , na freagra\u00ED imdh\u00EDonachta seo agus b\u00EDonn ionfhabhtuithe ainsealacha mar thoradh orthu. Forbra\u00EDodh roinnt ."@ga . . . "\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E: virus\u3014\u30F4\u30A1\u30A4\u30E9\u30B9\u3015, \u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u8A9E: virus\u3014\u30A6\u30A3\u30FC\u30EB\u30B9\u3015, \u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E: \u75C5\u6BD2\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u4ED6\u751F\u7269\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u81EA\u5DF1\u3092\u8907\u88FD\u3055\u305B\u308B\u3001\u6975\u5FAE\u5C0F\u306A\u611F\u67D3\u6027\u306E\u69CB\u9020\u4F53\u3067\u3001\u30BF\u30F3\u30D1\u30AF\u8CEA\u306E\u6BBB\u3068\u305D\u306E\u5185\u90E8\u306B\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u6838\u9178\u304B\u3089\u306A\u308B\u3002\u751F\u547D\u306E\u6700\u5C0F\u5358\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u7D30\u80DE\u3084\u305D\u306E\u751F\u4F53\u819C\u3067\u3042\u308B\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u3082\u6301\u305F\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u5C0F\u5668\u5B98\u304C\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u81EA\u5DF1\u5897\u6B96\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304B\u3089\u3001\u751F\u7269\u304B\u3069\u3046\u304B\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8B70\u8AD6\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u306F\u300C\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u306F\u751F\u7269\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u300D\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u306E\u9032\u5316\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u8005\u30D1\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u30FB\u30D5\u30A9\u30EB\u30C6\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u751F\u7269\u306B\u542B\u3081\u308B\u898B\u89E3\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u304C\u5BBF\u4E3B\u306B\u611F\u67D3\u3057\u305F\u72B6\u614B\uFF08\u30F4\u30A1\u30A4\u30ED\u30BB\u30EB\u3001virocell\uFF09\u3092\u672C\u6765\u306E\u59FF\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308C\u3070\u751F\u7269\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3075\u308B\u307E\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3001\u30DF\u30DF\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u591A\u6570\u306E\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305F\u5DE8\u5927\u306A\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306A\u3069\u3092\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or virions, consisting of (i) the genetic material, i.e., long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; (ii) a protein coat, the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an outside envelope of lipids. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more complex structures. Most virus species have virions too small to be seen with an optical microscope and are one-hundredth the size of most bacteria. The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids\u2014pieces of DNA that can move between cells\u2014while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity in a way analogous to sexual reproduction. Viruses are considered by some biologists to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection, although they lack the key characteristics, such as cell structure, that are generally considered necessary criteria for defining life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as \"organisms at the edge of life\", and as replicators. Viruses spread in many ways. One transmission pathway is through disease-bearing organisms known as vectors: for example, viruses are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, such as aphids; and viruses in animals can be carried by blood-sucking insects. Many viruses, including influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2, chickenpox, smallpox, and measles, spread in the air by coughing and sneezing. Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal\u2013oral route, passed by hand-to-mouth contact or in food or water. The infectious dose of norovirus required to produce infection in humans is fewer than 100 particles. HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. The variety of host cells that a virus can infect is called its \"host range\". This can be narrow, meaning a virus is capable of infecting few species, or broad, meaning it is capable of infecting many. Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines, which confer an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection. Some viruses, including those that cause HIV/AIDS, HPV infection, and viral hepatitis, evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections. Several classes of antiviral drugs have been developed."@en . . . "Wirusy (\u0142ac. virus \u201Etrucizna, jad\u201D) \u2013 niewielkie cz\u0105stki zaka\u017Ane infekuj\u0105ce wszystkie formy \u017Cycia, niezdolne do namna\u017Cania si\u0119 poza kom\u00F3rk\u0105 gospodarzem. Wirusy nie maj\u0105 struktury kom\u00F3rkowej, w\u0142asnych uk\u0142ad\u00F3w metabolicznych, ani nie zawieraj\u0105 organelli. W zwi\u0105zku z tym nie zalicza si\u0119 ich do organizm\u00F3w. Z drugiej strony do \u017Cywych istot upodabnia je zdolno\u015B\u0107 do reprodukcji, posiadanie gen\u00F3w i podleganie ewolucji. Najprostsze wirusy s\u0105 zbudowane z kwasu nukleinowego stanowi\u0105cego ich genom oraz otaczaj\u0105cego go p\u0142aszcza bia\u0142kowego zwanego kapsydem. Zawieraj\u0105 jeden z dw\u00F3ch kwas\u00F3w nukleinowych \u2013 RNA (wirusy RNA) albo DNA (wirusy DNA), w kt\u00F3rym zawarta jest informacja potrzebna do wytworzenia cz\u0105stek potomnych. Wirusy s\u0105 wewn\u0105trzkom\u00F3rkowymi paso\u017Cytami bezwzgl\u0119dnymi \u2013 s\u0105 ca\u0142kowicie zale\u017Cne od \u017Cywych kom\u00F3rek pe\u0142ni\u0105cych rol\u0119 ich gospodarza. Niekt\u00F3re wirusy maj\u0105 w\u0142asne enzymy, ale nie pozwalaj\u0105 im one na samodzielne powielanie si\u0119 czy wykorzystanie informacji z w\u0142asnego genomu. Do namna\u017Cania wykorzystuj\u0105 maszyneri\u0119 kom\u00F3rki b\u0119d\u0105cej \u017Cywicielem. S\u0105 obecne w praktycznie ka\u017Cdym ekosystemie, tak\u017Ce w \u015Brodowiskach o ekstremalnych warunkach dla rozwoju \u017Cycia. S\u0105 wielokrotnie liczniejsze ni\u017C bakterie i wszystkie inne organizmy razem wzi\u0119te. Dziedzin\u0105 nauki zajmuj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 wirusami jest wirusologia."@pl . . . . "Wirusy"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "V\u00EDreas"@ga . . . "Un virus \u00E9s un agent infecci\u00F3s submicrosc\u00F2pic que nom\u00E9s es pot replicar a l'interior de les c\u00E8l\u00B7lules d'un organisme hoste. Els virus infecten tota mena d'\u00E9ssers vius, des dels animals i les plantes fins als microorganismes, incloent-hi els bacteris i els arqueobacteris. Des de l'article del 1892 de Dimitri Ivanovski que donava compte d'un patogen no bacteri\u00E0 que infectava les plantes del tabac, seguit pel descobriment del virus del mosaic del tabac per Martinus Beijerinck el 1898, s'han descrit m\u00E9s de 6.000 esp\u00E8cies de virus dels milions que existeixen. Els virus es troben en gaireb\u00E9 tots els ecosistemes del planeta i s\u00F3n l'entitat biol\u00F2gica m\u00E9s nombrosa de la Terra. L'estudi dels virus rep el nom de \u00ABvirologia\u00BB i \u00E9s una branca de la microbiologia. Els virus es reprodueixen infectant c\u00E8l\u00B7lules hoste i obligant-les a fabricar milers de c\u00F2pies de si mateixos a un ritme molt alt. Quan no es troben a l'interior d'una c\u00E8l\u00B7lula infectada o estan en curs d'infectar-ne una, els virus existeixen en forma de part\u00EDcules independents que es coneixen com a \u00ABvirions\u00BB i es componen de diverses parts: (i) el material gen\u00E8tic, \u00E9s a dir, mol\u00E8cules llargues d'ADN o ARN que codifiquen les prote\u00EFnes que utilitza el virus; (ii) la c\u00E0psida, una capa proteica que envolta i protegeix el material gen\u00E8tic; i, en alguns casos, (iii), un embolcall v\u00EDric extern format per l\u00EDpids. Aquestes part\u00EDcules v\u00EDriques poden tenir una forma helicoidal o icosa\u00E8drica simple o una estructura m\u00E9s complexa. Els virions de la majoria de les esp\u00E8cies no es poden veure ni amb un microscopi \u00F2ptic, car s\u00F3n cent vegades m\u00E9s petits que la majoria dels bacteris. No es coneixen amb certesa els or\u00EDgens dels virus en la hist\u00F2ria evolutiva de la vida. Alguns podrien haver evolucionat a partir de plasmidis (elements d'ADN que es mouen entre c\u00E8l\u00B7lules), mentre que d'altres podrien ser el resultat de la regressi\u00F3 de bacteris. En l'evoluci\u00F3, els virus s\u00F3n un mecanisme important de transfer\u00E8ncia horitzontal de gens, fenomen que augmenta la diversitat gen\u00E8tica de manera similar a com ho fa la reproducci\u00F3 sexual. Alguns bi\u00F2legs veuen els virus com una forma de vida perqu\u00E8 s\u00F3n portadors de material gen\u00E8tic, es reprodueixen i evolucionen per selecci\u00F3 natural, tot i que manquen de diverses caracter\u00EDstiques fonamentals que se solen considerar indispensables per a la vida, com ara una estructura cel\u00B7lular. Com que tan sols presenten alguns dels trets propis de la vida, han estat descrits com a \u00ABorganismes al l\u00EDmit de la vida\u00BB i com a autoduplicadors. Els virus es poden encomanar de moltes maneres. Per exemple, hi ha organismes que es coneixen com a \u00ABvectors\u00BB i transmeten virus d'un \u00E9sser viu a un altre, com ho fan els pugons amb les plantes i els insectes hemat\u00F2fags amb els animals. Els virus de la grip es contagien mitjan\u00E7ant la tos i els esternuts. Els norovirus i els rotavirus, causes habituals de la gastroenteritis v\u00EDrica, es transmeten per via fecal-oral, \u00E9s a dir, quan hi ha contacte entre les mans i la boca o quan es consumeixen aliments o begudes que contenen el virus. En els \u00E9ssers humans, la dels norovirus \u00E9s de menys de 100 part\u00EDcules v\u00EDriques. El virus de la immunodefici\u00E8ncia humana (VIH) \u00E9s un dels virus que es transmeten per contacte sexual i per exposici\u00F3 a sang contaminada. El conjunt de c\u00E8l\u00B7lules que pot infectar un virus \u00E9s el seu espectre d'hostes. En els animals, les infeccions v\u00EDriques generen una resposta immunit\u00E0ria que sol eliminar el virus. Les vacunes tamb\u00E9 poden induir una resposta immunit\u00E0ria i conferir una immunitat adquirida artificial a la infecci\u00F3 v\u00EDrica en q\u00FCesti\u00F3. Hi ha virus, com els que provoquen la sida, la infecci\u00F3 per virus del papil\u00B7loma hum\u00E0 i l'hepatitis v\u00EDrica, que s\u00F3n capa\u00E7os d'eludir aquestes respostes immunit\u00E0ries i causar infeccions cr\u00F2niques. S'han desenvolupat nombrosos antiv\u00EDrics."@ca . . . . . . . "Varicella Virus PHIL 1878 lores.jpg"@en . "ebola virus em.png"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Virus"@ca . . . . . . . . . "V\u00EDrus"@pt . . "A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology."@en . . . . "Virus adalah mikroorganisme patogen yang hanya dapat bereplikasi di dalam sel karena mereka tidak memiliki perlengkapan seluler untuk bereproduksi sendiri. Semua bentuk kehidupan dapat diinfeksi oleh virus, mulai dari hewan, tumbuhan, hingga bakteri dan arkea. Istilah virus biasanya digunakan untuk menyebut jenis virus yang menginfeksi sel-sel eukariota, sementara virus yang menginfeksi sel prokariota (seperti bakteri dan arkea) dikenal sebagai bakteriofag. Keberadaan virus pertama kali diketahui melalui tulisan ilmiah Dmitri Ivanovsky pada 1892 yang menguraikan patogen non-bakteri yang menginfeksi tanaman tembakau dan penemuan virus mosaik tembakau oleh Martinus Beijerinck pada tahun 1898. Hingga tahun 2019, lebih dari 6.000 spesies virus telah dideskripsikan secara rinci, dari total jutaan jenis virus di lingkungan. Virus ditemukan di hampir setiap ekosistem di Bumi dan merupakan entitas biologis yang paling banyak jumlahnya. Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang virus dikenal sebagai virologi, sebuah subspesialisasi mikrobiologi. Saat terinfeksi, sel inang dipaksa untuk menghasilkan ribuan salinan identik dari virus asli dengan cepat. Ketika tidak berada di dalam sel atau tidak dalam proses menginfeksi sel, virus berada dalam bentuk partikel independen yang disebut virion. Virion terdiri atas dua atau tiga bagian: (1) materi genetik, yaitu molekul panjang asam nukleat (berupa DNA saja atau RNA saja, tetapi tidak kombinasi keduanya) yang menyandi struktur protein yang digunakan virus; (2) mantel protein yang disebut kapsid, berfungsi mengelilingi dan melindungi materi genetik; dan pada sebagian virus terdapat (3) selubung atau amplop luar yang terbuat dari lipid. Bentuk partikel virus berkisar dari bentuk heliks (pilinan) sederhana, ikosahedral (bangun ruang bersisi 20), hingga struktur yang lebih kompleks. Kebanyakan spesies virus memiliki virion yang terlalu kecil untuk dilihat dengan mikroskop cahaya karena ukurannya seperseratus dari bakteri pada umumnya. Asal-usul virus dalam sejarah evolusi kehidupan masih belum jelas: beberapa virus mungkin berevolusi dari plasmid (potongan DNA yang dapat berpindah antarsel), sementara yang lain mungkin berevolusi dari bakteri. Dalam evolusi, virus merupakan perantara penting dalam transfer gen horizontal, yang meningkatkan keanekaragaman genetik dengan cara yang dianalogikan dengan reproduksi seksual. Ada perbedaan pendapat ilmiah mengenai status virus sebagai makhluk hidup atau sebagai struktur organik yang berinteraksi dengan makhluk hidup. Sebagai bentuk kehidupan, virus membawa materi genetik, berkembang biak, dan berevolusi melalui seleksi alam, meskipun mereka tidak memiliki karakteristik utama makhluk hidup, seperti struktur sel, yang umumnya dianggap sebagai kriteria yang diperlukan untuk kehidupan. Karena mereka memiliki beberapa kriteria makhluk hidup tetapi tidak semuanya, virus digambarkan sebagai \"organisme di tepi kehidupan\", dan sebagai pengganda diri. Virus menyebar dengan berbagai cara. Salah satu jalur penularan adalah melalui organisme pembawa penyakit yang dikenal sebagai vektor: misalnya, virus sering ditularkan dari tumbuhan satu ke tumbuhan oleh serangga yang memakan getah tumbuhan, seperti kutu daun; dan virus pada hewan dapat dibawa oleh serangga pengisap darah. Virus influenza menyebar melalui batuk dan bersin. Norovirus dan Rotavirus, penyebab umum gastroenteritis viral, ditularkan melalui jalur fekal\u2013oral, melalui kontak dari-tangan-ke-mulut atau terbawa dalam makanan atau air. Norovirus yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan infeksi pada manusia kurang dari 100 partikel. HIV merupakan salah satu dari beberapa virus yang ditularkan melalui hubungan seksual dan terpapar darah yang mengandung virus. Beragam variasi sel inang yang dapat diinfeksi oleh suatu virus disebut \"kisaran inang\". Kisaran ini bisa saja sempit, artinya virus tersebut hanya mampu menginfeksi beberapa spesies, atau luas, artinya ia mampu menginfeksi banyak spesies. Infeksi virus pada hewan memicu yang biasanya menghilangkan virus yang menginfeksi. Respons kekebalan juga dapat dihasilkan oleh vaksin, yang memberikan kekebalan buatan terhadap infeksi virus tertentu. Beberapa virus, termasuk yang menyebabkan AIDS, infeksi papilomavirus manusia, dan virus hepatitis, menghindari respons kekebalan ini dan menyebabkan infeksi kronis. Beberapa obat antivirus telah dikembangkan untuk mengobati penyakit akibat virus."@in . "Marburg virus.jpg"@en . "Wirusy (\u0142ac. virus \u201Etrucizna, jad\u201D) \u2013 niewielkie cz\u0105stki zaka\u017Ane infekuj\u0105ce wszystkie formy \u017Cycia, niezdolne do namna\u017Cania si\u0119 poza kom\u00F3rk\u0105 gospodarzem. Wirusy nie maj\u0105 struktury kom\u00F3rkowej, w\u0142asnych uk\u0142ad\u00F3w metabolicznych, ani nie zawieraj\u0105 organelli. W zwi\u0105zku z tym nie zalicza si\u0119 ich do organizm\u00F3w. Z drugiej strony do \u017Cywych istot upodabnia je zdolno\u015B\u0107 do reprodukcji, posiadanie gen\u00F3w i podleganie ewolucji. Najprostsze wirusy s\u0105 zbudowane z kwasu nukleinowego stanowi\u0105cego ich genom oraz otaczaj\u0105cego go p\u0142aszcza bia\u0142kowego zwanego kapsydem. Zawieraj\u0105 jeden z dw\u00F3ch kwas\u00F3w nukleinowych \u2013 RNA (wirusy RNA) albo DNA (wirusy DNA), w kt\u00F3rym zawarta jest informacja potrzebna do wytworzenia cz\u0105stek potomnych."@pl . . . . "SARS-CoV-2, a member of the subfamily Coronavirinae"@en . . "1113706072"^^ . . . . . "Viruso (latine: virus, el greka \u1F30\u03CC\u03C2, signifante venenon) estas mikroskopa sen\u0109ela infekta agento, pse\u016Ddoviva\u0135o, kiu reproduktas sin per parazitado je iu viva \u0109elo. \u011Ci reprogramas sian \u0109elon per la genetika materialo (RNA a\u016D DNA) de la infektitato. La virusoj estas konstituitaj per genoj kiuj enhavas nukleajn acidojn kiuj formas longajn molekulojn de DNA a\u016D de RNA, \u0109irka\u016Ditaj de proteinoj. Infektinte \u0109elon, tiuj genoj \"devigas\" la gastigantan \u0109elon sintezigi la nukleajn acidojn kaj proteinojn de la viruso por sukcesi formi novajn virusojn.\u200B La studado kaj scienco pri virusoj estas bran\u0109o de la mikrobiologio kiu ricevas la nomon de virusologio a\u016D virusscienco. Virusoj ekzistas la\u016D lar\u011Da diverseco je formoj kaj grandoj, nomataj 'morfologioj'. \u011Cenerale virusoj estas multe pli malgrandaj ol bakterioj. Multaj virusoj studitaj havas diametron inter 20 kaj 300 nanometroj. La virusoj povas infekti \u0109ian tipon de organismoj, ekde animaloj, fungoj, plantoj, protistoj \u011Dis bakterioj kaj ar\u0125eoj. Ili povas infekti anka\u016D aliajn virusojn; tiuj specioj ricevas la nomon Lavidaviridae, nome virusfagoj, virusman\u011Dantoj, virusvoroj. La virusoj kiuj dependas de aliaj virusoj por plenumi siajn postulojn estas nomataj \"satelitaj virusoj\", nome kategorio kiu inkludas anka\u016D la virusfagojn. Virusoj estas majoritate tro malgrandaj por povi esti observataj e\u0109 per helpo de optika mikroskopo, kaj pro tio oni diras, ke ili estas submikroskopaj. Tamen, estas esceptoj inter la grandaj nukleocitoplasmaj virusoj de DNA a\u016D \"girusoj\", tiaj kiaj Pandoravirus a\u016D Pithovirus, kiuj ja estas observeblaj pere de optika mikroskopio. Ili e\u0109 povas superi la\u016D grando kelkajn prokariotojn. La unua konata viruso, nome la tabakmozaika viruso, estis malkovrita de Martinus Beijerinck en 1899. Aktuale oni priskribis pli ol 5000, kaj kelkaj fakuloj opinias, ke eble ekzistas milionoj da malsamaj tipoj. La virusoj estas en preska\u016D \u0109iuj ekosistemoj de la Tero; ili estas la plej abunda biologia ento.\u200B Ili estas anka\u016D la plej etaj, la majoritato \u0109irka\u016D centfoje pli malgrandaj ol bakterioj: ili longas \u0109irka\u016D 10 nanometroj, tio estas, 0,00001 mm. Tio signifas, ke necesus meti proksimume cent mil virusojn vice por kovri 1 mm. Proviruso estas virusa genaro, integri\u011Dinta en la genaron de kromosomo de la gastiganto (gastiganta kromosomo), ekz. proviruso de aidoso (angle retroviruso)."@eo . . "Viruso (biologio)"@eo . . . . "Virus"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u044C, \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u044E\u044E\u0447\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0443 \u0445\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0443. \u0410\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0431\u0456\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u043D\u0435 \u0434\u0456\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0432."@uk . . . . "Virus"@es . . . "Icosahedral Adenoviruses.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . "Diagram of how a virus capsid can be constructed using multiple copies of just two protein molecules"@en . . "Virus"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Virus \u00E4r de minsta biologiska enheterna som kan infektera levande organismer. Virus \u00E4r parasiter i celler. Ett virus som infekterar en v\u00E4rdcell omprogrammerar cellen s\u00E5 att cellen skapar och uts\u00F6ndrar fler viruspartiklar. Viruspartiklar best\u00E5r av nukleinsyra (arvsmassa i form av antingen RNA eller DNA), omgivet av ett proteinskal (ikosaeder) och ibland ett membran. Utanf\u00F6r v\u00E4rdcellen \u00E4r viruspartiklarna en inaktiv transportform. Studiet av virus kallas virologi och \u00E4r en gren av mikrobiologin. I genterapi anv\u00E4nds virus som vektorer, det vill s\u00E4ga f\u00F6r att b\u00E4ra den relevanta genen in i cellen."@sv . . . . "Structure of tobacco mosaic virus: RNA coiled in a helix of repeating protein sub-units"@en . . . . . . "Virus (biologie)"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "En biolog\u00EDa, un virus (del lat\u00EDn virus, en griego \u1F30\u03CC\u03C2 \u00ABtoxina\u00BB o \u00ABveneno\u00BB) es un agente infeccioso microsc\u00F3pico acelular que solo puede replicarse dentro de las c\u00E9lulas de otros organismos.\u200B Los virus est\u00E1n constituidos por genes que contienen \u00E1cidos nucleicos que forman mol\u00E9culas largas de ADN o ARN, rodeadas de prote\u00EDnas. Al infectar una c\u00E9lula, estos genes \"obligan\" a la c\u00E9lula anfitriona a sintetizar los \u00E1cidos nucleicos y prote\u00EDnas del virus para formar nuevos virus.\u200B El estudio de los virus es una rama de la microbiolog\u00EDa\u200B\u200B que recibe el nombre de virolog\u00EDa.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . "Structure of chickenpox virus. They have a lipid envelope"@en . . "Is \u00E9 is v\u00EDreas ann n\u00E1 gn\u00EDomhaire t\u00F3g\u00E1lach beag nach ach laistigh de chealla beo org\u00E1naigh. Is f\u00E9idir le v\u00EDris gach a ionfhabht\u00FA, \u00F3 ainmhithe agus planda\u00ED go miocrorg\u00E1naigh, lena n-\u00E1ir\u00EDtear baict\u00E9ir agus archaea. \u00D3 rinne cur s\u00EDos in alt sa bhliain 1892 ar phataigin neamh-baict\u00E9arach a bh\u00ED ag ionfhabht\u00FA planda\u00ED tobac, agus ar fhionnachtain an tobam\u00F3iv\u00EDris ag Martinus Beijerinck i 1898, t\u00E1 cur s\u00EDos mionsonraithe d\u00E9anta ar thart ar 5,000 speiceas v\u00EDris, de na milli\u00FAin cine\u00E1lacha v\u00EDreas sa timpeallacht. Faightear v\u00EDris i mbeagnach gach \u00E9iceach\u00F3ras ar an Domhan agus is iad an cine\u00E1l aon\u00E1in bhitheola\u00EDoch is iomad\u00FAla iad. Tugtar v\u00EDreola\u00EDocht, fo-speisialtacht de mhicribhitheola\u00EDocht, ar staid\u00E9ar ar v\u00EDris."@ga . . . . "Virus (biologia)"@it . . . . . . "\u75C5\u6BD2\uFF08\u62C9\u4E01\u8A9E\uFF1Avirus\uFF09\u662F\u50C5\u80FD\u5728\u751F\u7269\u9AD4\u6D3B\u7D30\u80DE\u5167\u8907\u88FD\u7E41\u884D\u7684\u4E9E\u986F\u5FAE\u75C5\u539F\u9AD4\u3002\u5B83\u7531\u6838\u9178\u5206\u5B50\uFF08DNA\u6216RNA\uFF09\u4E0E\u4FDD\u62A4\u6027\u5916\u58F3\uFF08\u86CB\u767D\u8D28\uFF09\u6784\u6210\u7684\u975E\u7EC6\u80DE\u5F62\u6001\u7684\u7C7B\u751F\u7269\u7ED3\u6784\uFF08bio-like structure\uFF09\uFF0C\u7121\u6CD5\u81EA\u884C\u8868\u73FE\u51FA\u751F\u547D\u73FE\u8C61\uFF0C\u662F\u4ECB\u65BC\u751F\u547D\u4F53\u53CA\u975E\u751F\u547D\u9AD4\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u751F\u5316\u7D50\u69CB\uFF0C\u65E2\u4E0D\u662F\u751F\u7269\u4EA6\u4E0D\u662F\u975E\u751F\u7269\uFF0C\u537B\u662F\u5BC4\u751F\u6027\u81EA\u6211\u8907\u88FD\u7269\uFF08self-replicator\uFF09\u3002\u85C9\u7531\u611F\u67D3\u6A5F\u5236\u4FB5\u5165\u6709\u6A5F\u9AD4\u5F8C\uFF0C\u8FD9\u4E9B\u7B80\u5355\u7684\u751F\u5316\u7D50\u69CB\u53EF\u4EE5\u5229\u7528\u5BBF\u4E3B\u7684\u7EC6\u80DE\u7CFB\u7EDF\u81EA\u6211\u590D\u5236\uFF0C\u4F46\u65E0\u6CD5\u72EC\u7ACB\u751F\u957F\u548C\u590D\u5236\u3002\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u4EE5\u611F\u67D3\u6240\u6709\u5177\u6709\u7EC6\u80DE\u7ED3\u6784\u7684\u751F\u547D\u4F53\u3002\u7B2C\u4E00\u4E2A\u5DF2\u77E5\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u662F\u70DF\u8349\u82B1\u53F6\u75C5\u6BD2\uFF0C\u7531\u9A6C\u4E01\u4E4C\u65AF\u00B7\u8D1D\u6770\u6797\u514B\u4E8E1899\u5E74\u53D1\u73B0\u5E76\u547D\u540D\uFF0C\u8FC4\u4ECA\u5DF2\u6709\u8D85\u8FC75000\u79CD\u7C7B\u578B\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u5F97\u5230\u9274\u5B9A\u3002\u5C3D\u7BA1\u5B66\u754C\u5BF9\u4E8E\u75C5\u6BD2\u662F\u5426\u4E3A\u4E00\u79CD\u751F\u7269\u4ECD\u6709\u4E89\u8BAE\uFF0C\u75C5\u6BD2\u5B66\uFF08\u7814\u7A76\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u79D1\u5B66\uFF09\u603B\u662F\u88AB\u5F52\u4E3A\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u7684\u5206\u652F\u3002 \u75C5\u6BD2\u7531\u4E24\u5230\u4E09\u4E2A\u6210\u5206\u7EC4\u6210\uFF1A\u75C5\u6BD2\u90FD\u542B\u6709\u907A\u50B3\u7269\u8CEA\uFF08RNA\u6216DNA\uFF0C\u53EA\u7531\u86CB\u767D\u8D28\u7EC4\u6210\u7684\u670A\u6BD2\u9AD4\u5E76\u4E0D\u5C5E\u4E8E\u75C5\u6BD2\uFF09\uFF1B\u6240\u6709\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u4E5F\u90FD\u6709\u7531\u86CB\u767D\u8D28\u5F62\u6210\u7684\u8863\u58F3\uFF0C\u7528\u6765\u5305\u88F9\u548C\u4FDD\u62A4\u5176\u4E2D\u7684\u9057\u4F20\u7269\u8D28\uFF1B\u6B64\u5916\uFF0C\u90E8\u5206\u75C5\u6BD2\u5728\u5230\u8FBE\u7EC6\u80DE\u8868\u9762\u65F6\u80FD\u591F\u5F62\u6210\u8102\u8D28\u5305\u819C\u73AF\u7ED5\u5728\u5916\u3002\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u5F62\u6001\u5404\u5F02\uFF0C\u4ECE\u7B80\u5355\u7684\u548C\u5230\u7ED3\u6784\u3002\u75C5\u6BD2\u9897\u7C92\u5927\u7EA6\u662F\u7EC6\u83CC\u5927\u5C0F\u7684\u5343\u5206\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u8D77\u6E90\u76EE\u524D\u5C1A\u4E0D\u6E05\u695A\uFF0C\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u80FD\u8D77\u6E90\u4E8E\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u673A\u5236\uFF1A\u90E8\u5206\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u80FD\u8D77\u6E90\u4E8E\u8D28\u7C92\uFF08\u73AF\u72B6DNA\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u5728\u7EC6\u80DE\u5185\u590D\u5236\u5E76\u5728\u7EC6\u80DE\u95F4\u8F6C\u79FB\uFF09\uFF0C\u800C\u5176\u4ED6\u67D0\u4E9B\u5219\u53EF\u80FD\u8D77\u6E90\u4E8E\u7EC6\u83CC\u3002"@zh . . . . . "19167679"^^ . . "149705"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Ms2capsid surface.png"@en . . . . . . . . "Hexon.svg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. The nucleic acids are not to scale."@en . . . . . "Structure of icosahedral adenovirus. Electron micrograph with an illustration to show shape"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Virus \u00E4r de minsta biologiska enheterna som kan infektera levande organismer. Virus \u00E4r parasiter i celler. Ett virus som infekterar en v\u00E4rdcell omprogrammerar cellen s\u00E5 att cellen skapar och uts\u00F6ndrar fler viruspartiklar. Viruspartiklar best\u00E5r av nukleinsyra (arvsmassa i form av antingen RNA eller DNA), omgivet av ett proteinskal (ikosaeder) och ibland ett membran. Utanf\u00F6r v\u00E4rdcellen \u00E4r viruspartiklarna en inaktiv transportform. Studiet av virus kallas virologi och \u00E4r en gren av mikrobiologin. Olika biologer har olika syn p\u00E5 om virus kan betraktas som levande organismer eller icke-levande organiskt material, eftersom virus saknar egen cellstruktur och egen \u00E4mnesoms\u00E4ttning, och eftersom virus inte kan reproducera sig utanf\u00F6r v\u00E4rdcellen och inte anv\u00E4nder celldelning f\u00F6r att reproducera sig, utan reproduceras genom att ett stort antal viruspartiklar spontant sammanfogas i v\u00E4rdcellen. Virus betraktas av vissa biologer \u00E4nd\u00E5 som en egen livsform eftersom de har gener och reproducerar sig och utvecklas genom arv av mutationer och naturligt urval. Virus har beskrivits som \"organismer i livets utkant\", och som \"ett mellanting mellan levande och d\u00F6d materia\" eller som obligata intracellul\u00E4ra parasiter eller agenter som interagerar med levande organismer. Virus har j\u00E4mf\u00F6rts med spontan ordning vid sj\u00E4lv-organiserande/sj\u00E4lv-replikerande tillv\u00E4xt av kristaller, vilka dock inte vidareutvecklas genom evolution. Virus kan infektera alla levande organismer. Ett specifikt virus kan bara infektera en viss typ av celler. Sjukdomar orsakade av virus kallas virussjukdomar eller mer vetenskapligt viroser. Det finns minst 600 virus som kan infektera m\u00E4nniskor. Virus som infekterar bakterier kallas bakteriofager. Virus sprids ofta via kroppsv\u00E4tskor, luften, fysisk kontakt och avf\u00F6ring, direkt kontakt med smittok\u00E4lla eller via luften i aerosoler. D\u00E5 viruspartiklar inte \u00E4r levande \u00E4r m\u00E5nga av dem mycket motst\u00E5ndskraftiga mot kr\u00E4vande milj\u00F6er b\u00E5de utanf\u00F6r och inne i kroppen. Kroppen bek\u00E4mpar virusinfektioner genom att uppt\u00E4cka och eliminera virusinfekterade celler. S\u00E4rskilt det adaptiva immunf\u00F6rsvaret best\u00E5ende av lymfocyter (T- och B-celler) \u00E4r viktigt i skyddet mot virusinfektioner. Ett framg\u00E5ngsrikt virus har d\u00E4rf\u00F6r utvecklat mekanismer f\u00F6r att d\u00F6lja sin existens f\u00F6r immunf\u00F6rsvaret. Det g\u00E5r att vaccinera mot en l\u00E5ng rad virussjukdomar och d\u00E4rmed \u00F6ka kroppens beredskap f\u00F6r att bek\u00E4mpa det aktuella viruset. M\u00E4nniskor har m\u00E5nga virus som ligger latenta i kroppen (exempelvis Epstein-Barr-virus), och h\u00E5lls i schack av immunf\u00F6rsvaret. N\u00E4r immunf\u00F6rsvaret antingen \u00E4r upptaget med annat eller nedsatt, som vid andra sjukdomar eller vid behandling med immunh\u00E4mmande (immunosuppressiva) mediciner, kan s\u00E5dana virus orsaka symptom. Eftersom virus har l\u00E4tt f\u00F6r att mutera och d\u00E4rigenom skapa s\u00E4tt att undg\u00E5 medicinens verkningar, m\u00E5ste man ofta behandla med flera antivirala medel samtidigt. Eftersom m\u00E5nga virus stimulerar de infekterade cellerna att dela sig, \u00F6kar vissa virus risken f\u00F6r cancer. I genterapi anv\u00E4nds virus som vektorer, det vill s\u00E4ga f\u00F6r att b\u00E4ra den relevanta genen in i cellen."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Virus"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Een virus is een klein stukje organisch materiaal dat zich uitsluitend kan vermenigvuldigen in cellen van levende wezens. Wanneer een virus een levende cel binnendringt, zal deze cel \u2013 een zogenaamde gastheercel \u2013 grote hoeveelheden kopie\u00EBn van het oorspronkelijke virus gaan produceren. Virussen infecteren alle vormen van leven, van dieren, schimmels en planten tot micro-organismen als bacteri\u00EBn en archaea. Ze komen voor in alle ecosystemen en zijn zeer talrijk in de bodem, de lucht en in het water. De wetenschap die virussen onderzoekt heet virologie, een deelgebied van de microbiologie."@nl . . . . . "\u75C5\u6BD2"@zh . . . "Birus"@eu . . . . "\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E: virus\u3014\u30F4\u30A1\u30A4\u30E9\u30B9\u3015, \u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u8A9E: virus\u3014\u30A6\u30A3\u30FC\u30EB\u30B9\u3015, \u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E: \u75C5\u6BD2\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u4ED6\u751F\u7269\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u81EA\u5DF1\u3092\u8907\u88FD\u3055\u305B\u308B\u3001\u6975\u5FAE\u5C0F\u306A\u611F\u67D3\u6027\u306E\u69CB\u9020\u4F53\u3067\u3001\u30BF\u30F3\u30D1\u30AF\u8CEA\u306E\u6BBB\u3068\u305D\u306E\u5185\u90E8\u306B\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u6838\u9178\u304B\u3089\u306A\u308B\u3002\u751F\u547D\u306E\u6700\u5C0F\u5358\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u7D30\u80DE\u3084\u305D\u306E\u751F\u4F53\u819C\u3067\u3042\u308B\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u3082\u6301\u305F\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u5C0F\u5668\u5B98\u304C\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u81EA\u5DF1\u5897\u6B96\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304B\u3089\u3001\u751F\u7269\u304B\u3069\u3046\u304B\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8B70\u8AD6\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u306F\u300C\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u306F\u751F\u7269\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u300D\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u306E\u9032\u5316\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u8005\u30D1\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u30FB\u30D5\u30A9\u30EB\u30C6\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u751F\u7269\u306B\u542B\u3081\u308B\u898B\u89E3\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u304C\u5BBF\u4E3B\u306B\u611F\u67D3\u3057\u305F\u72B6\u614B\uFF08\u30F4\u30A1\u30A4\u30ED\u30BB\u30EB\u3001virocell\uFF09\u3092\u672C\u6765\u306E\u59FF\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308C\u3070\u751F\u7269\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3075\u308B\u307E\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3001\u30DF\u30DF\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u591A\u6570\u306E\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305F\u5DE8\u5927\u306A\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306A\u3069\u3092\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u3092\u751F\u547D\u4F53\u3068\u898B\u306A\u305B\u3070\u3001\u305D\u306E\u6570\u3084\u591A\u69D8\u6027\u306F\u5730\u7403\u4E0A\u3067\u6700\u3082\u591A\u304F\uFF08\u307F\u306A\u3055\u306A\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u500B\u4F53\u6570\u306F\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u3001\u7A2E\u985E\u306F\u7532\u866B\u985E\u304C\u6700\u3082\u591A\u3044\uFF09\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306E\u5B9F\u7528\u5316\u306B\u3088\u308A\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u74B0\u5883\u306B\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u304C\u898B\u3064\u304B\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u5BBF\u4E3B\u306B\u6B8B\u3063\u305F\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u7531\u6765\u306E\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u304C\u751F\u7269\u9032\u5316\u306B\u95A2\u308F\u3063\u305F\u308A\u3001\u5730\u7403\u306E\u751F\u614B\u7CFB\u3084\u6C17\u5019\u306B\u3082\u5F71\u97FF\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u305F\u308A\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u52D5\u7269\u3084\u690D\u7269\u306E\u307B\u304B\u307B\u307C\u5168\u3066\u306E\u751F\u7269\u306B\u7279\u6709\u306E\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u304C\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3002\u30D2\u30C8\u3092\u542B\u3081\u305F\u52D5\u690D\u7269\u306B\u611F\u67D3\u75C7\u306A\u3069\u75BE\u75C5\u3092\u5F15\u304D\u8D77\u3053\u3059\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u306F\u4E00\u90E8\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u767A\u898B\u30FB\u5206\u6790\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u306A\u3044\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u304C\u91CE\u751F\u9CE5\u7363\u3092\u5BBF\u4E3B\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3060\u3051\u3067170\u4E07\u7A2E\u3042\u308A\u3001\u305D\u306E\u534A\u6570\u304C\u4EBA\u7363\u5171\u901A\u611F\u67D3\u75C7\u306E\u75C5\u539F\u4F53\u306B\u306A\u308B\u30EA\u30B9\u30AF\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3068\u63A8\u8A08\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Virus adalah mikroorganisme patogen yang hanya dapat bereplikasi di dalam sel karena mereka tidak memiliki perlengkapan seluler untuk bereproduksi sendiri. Semua bentuk kehidupan dapat diinfeksi oleh virus, mulai dari hewan, tumbuhan, hingga bakteri dan arkea. Istilah virus biasanya digunakan untuk menyebut jenis virus yang menginfeksi sel-sel eukariota, sementara virus yang menginfeksi sel prokariota (seperti bakteri dan arkea) dikenal sebagai bakteriofag. Keberadaan virus pertama kali diketahui melalui tulisan ilmiah Dmitri Ivanovsky pada 1892 yang menguraikan patogen non-bakteri yang menginfeksi tanaman tembakau dan penemuan virus mosaik tembakau oleh Martinus Beijerinck pada tahun 1898. Hingga tahun 2019, lebih dari 6.000 spesies virus telah dideskripsikan secara rinci, dari total juta"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0412\u0438\u0301\u0440\u0443\u0441 (\u043B\u0430\u0442. virus) \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043E\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043E\u043A. \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044B \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u044B \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432, \u043E\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u043E \u0431\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u0439 (\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044B \u0431\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0444\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043C\u0438). \u041E\u0431\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044B, \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043E\u0432 (\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044B-\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0442\u044B)."@ru . . . . "Virus"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Birus bat organismo baten zelula bizien barruan soilik erreplikatzen den agente infekzioso txiki bat da. Birusek era guztietako izaki bizidunak infektatu ditzakete, animalia eta landareetatik mikroorganismoetaraino, bakterioak eta arkeoak barne."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0412\u0456\u0301\u0440\u0443\u0441 ( ,\u043B\u0430\u0442. virus \u2014 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0430) \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043B\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043D. \u0412\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0441\u0456 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0438 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0432, \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0438\u043D \u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D \u0434\u043E \u0431\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0439 \u0456 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u0439 (\u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0444\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043C\u0438). \u0412\u0438\u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438, \u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043B\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0432 (\u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438-\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438)."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0641\u064A\u0631\u0648\u0633"@ar . "\uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4"@ko . "Un virus (dal latino v\u012Brus, \"veleno\") \u00E8 un'entit\u00E0 biologica con caratteristiche di simbionte o parassita obbligato, in quanto si replica esclusivamente all'interno delle cellule degli organismi. I virus possono infettare tutte le forme di vita, dagli animali, alle piante, ai microrganismi (compresi altri agenti infettanti come i batteri) e anche altri virus. Molte specie di virus convivono all'interno di sistemi viventi ospiti in modo simbiotico e gli individui di ogni specie animale, compreso l'uomo, ospitano normalmente un elevato numero di specie virali simbionti, che formano una popolazione detta viroma."@it . . . "Un virus est un agent infectieux n\u00E9cessitant un h\u00F4te, souvent une cellule, dont les constituants et le m\u00E9tabolisme d\u00E9clenchent la r\u00E9plication. Le nom virus a \u00E9t\u00E9 emprunt\u00E9 au XVIe si\u00E8cle par Ambroise Par\u00E9 au latin v\u012Brus, \u012B, n. (\u00AB venin, poison, proprement suc des plantes \u00BB). La science des virus est la virologie, et ses experts sont des virologues ou virologistes. On consid\u00E8re de plus en plus les virus comme faisant partie des acaryotes. Ils changent de forme durant leur cycle, passant par deux stades : 1. \n* Une phase extracellulaire sous forme de particule virale. Ils sont alors des objets particulaires, infectieux, constitu\u00E9s au minimum d'un acide nucl\u00E9ique, souvent englob\u00E9 dans une capside de prot\u00E9ines ; 2. \n* Une phase intracellulaire : 3. \n* soit comme s\u00E9quence virale sous forme dormante, 4. \n* soit en train de d\u00E9tourner activement la machinerie cellulaire au profit de sa r\u00E9plication en parasitant tout ou partie du m\u00E9tabolisme de son h\u00F4te. Sous la forme intracellulaire (\u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur de la cellule h\u00F4te), les virus sont des \u00E9l\u00E9ments g\u00E9n\u00E9tiques qui peuvent s'int\u00E9grer \u00E0 un chromosome du g\u00E9nome h\u00F4te (on parle alors de provirus ou de prophage) ou non (cas par exemple des usines \u00E0 virions). Pour les humains, sur les environ 5 000 esp\u00E8ces d\u00E9crites, seules 129 sont jug\u00E9es pathog\u00E8nes en 2018. Le d\u00E9bat sur la nature des virus repose sur des notions complexes et reste aujourd'hui ouvert. Selon de nombreuses d\u00E9finitions du vivant (entit\u00E9 mat\u00E9rielle r\u00E9alisant les fonctions de relation, nutrition, reproduction), les virus ne sont pas des \u00EAtres vivants, mais d'autres d\u00E9finitions permettent de les consid\u00E9rer comme vivants."@fr . . . . . "Virus size.png"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Viruso (latine: virus, el greka \u1F30\u03CC\u03C2, signifante venenon) estas mikroskopa sen\u0109ela infekta agento, pse\u016Ddoviva\u0135o, kiu reproduktas sin per parazitado je iu viva \u0109elo. \u011Ci reprogramas sian \u0109elon per la genetika materialo (RNA a\u016D DNA) de la infektitato. La virusoj estas konstituitaj per genoj kiuj enhavas nukleajn acidojn kiuj formas longajn molekulojn de DNA a\u016D de RNA, \u0109irka\u016Ditaj de proteinoj. Infektinte \u0109elon, tiuj genoj \"devigas\" la gastigantan \u0109elon sintezigi la nukleajn acidojn kaj proteinojn de la viruso por sukcesi formi novajn virusojn.\u200B La studado kaj scienco pri virusoj estas bran\u0109o de la mikrobiologio kiu ricevas la nomon de virusologio a\u016D virusscienco."@eo . . . . . . . "Structure of an icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ebola and Marburg viruses"@en . "V\u00EDrus (do latim virus, \"veneno\" ou \"toxina\") s\u00E3o pequenos agentes infecciosos, a maioria com 20-300 nm de di\u00E2metro, apesar de existirem v\u00EDrus \u0261i\u0261antes de (0,6\u20131,5 \u00B5m), que apresentam genoma constitu\u00EDdo de uma ou v\u00E1rias mol\u00E9culas de \u00E1cido nucleico (DNA ou RNA), as quais possuem a forma de fita simples ou dupla. Os \u00E1cidos nucleicos dos v\u00EDrus geralmente apresentam-se revestidos por um envolt\u00F3rio proteico formado por uma ou v\u00E1rias prote\u00EDnas, que pode ainda ser revestido por um complexo envelope formado por uma bicamada lip\u00EDdica."@pt . . "V\u00EDrus (do latim virus, \"veneno\" ou \"toxina\") s\u00E3o pequenos agentes infecciosos, a maioria com 20-300 nm de di\u00E2metro, apesar de existirem v\u00EDrus \u0261i\u0261antes de (0,6\u20131,5 \u00B5m), que apresentam genoma constitu\u00EDdo de uma ou v\u00E1rias mol\u00E9culas de \u00E1cido nucleico (DNA ou RNA), as quais possuem a forma de fita simples ou dupla. Os \u00E1cidos nucleicos dos v\u00EDrus geralmente apresentam-se revestidos por um envolt\u00F3rio proteico formado por uma ou v\u00E1rias prote\u00EDnas, que pode ainda ser revestido por um complexo envelope formado por uma bicamada lip\u00EDdica. As part\u00EDculas virais s\u00E3o estruturas extremamente pequenas, submicrosc\u00F3picas. A maioria dos v\u00EDrus apresenta tamanhos diminutos, que est\u00E3o al\u00E9m dos limites de resolu\u00E7\u00E3o dos microsc\u00F3pios \u00F3pticos, sendo comum para a sua visualiza\u00E7\u00E3o o uso de microsc\u00F3pios eletr\u00F4nicos. V\u00EDrus s\u00E3o estruturas simples, se comparados a c\u00E9lulas, e n\u00E3o s\u00E3o considerados organismos, pois n\u00E3o possuem organelas ou ribossomos, e n\u00E3o apresentam todo o potencial bioqu\u00EDmico (enzimas) necess\u00E1rio \u00E0 produ\u00E7\u00E3o de sua pr\u00F3pria energia metab\u00F3lica. Eles s\u00E3o considerados parasitas intracelulares obrigat\u00F3rios (caracter\u00EDstica que os impede de serem considerados seres vivos), pois dependem de c\u00E9lulas para se multiplicarem. Al\u00E9m disso, diferentemente dos organismos vivos, os v\u00EDrus s\u00E3o incapazes de crescer em tamanho e de se dividir. A partir das c\u00E9lulas hospedeiras, os v\u00EDrus obt\u00EAm: amino\u00E1cidos e nucleot\u00EDdeos; maquinaria de s\u00EDntese de prote\u00EDnas (ribossomos) e energia metab\u00F3lica (ATP). Fora do ambiente intracelular, os v\u00EDrus s\u00E3o inertes. Por\u00E9m, uma vez dentro da c\u00E9lula, a capacidade de replica\u00E7\u00E3o dos v\u00EDrus \u00E9 surpreendente: um \u00FAnico v\u00EDrus \u00E9 capaz de multiplicar, em poucas horas, milhares de novos v\u00EDrus. Os v\u00EDrus s\u00E3o capazes de infectar seres vivos de todos os dom\u00EDnios (Eukarya, Archaea e Bact\u00E9ria). Desta maneira, os v\u00EDrus representam a maior diversidade biol\u00F3gica do planeta, sendo mais diversos que bact\u00E9rias, plantas, fungos e animais juntos. Quase 200 mil tipos diferentes de v\u00EDrus se espalham nos oceanos do mundo, de acordo com um estudo. A contagem de 2019 \u00E9 12 vezes maior do que o censo anterior de v\u00EDrus marinhos registrado em 2016. Existem, individualmente, cerca de dez nonilh\u00F5es (10\u00B3\u00B9) de v\u00EDrus no planeta Terra, uma quantidade cem milh\u00F5es de vezes maior que o n\u00FAmero de estrelas no universo observ\u00E1vel."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Virus (z lat. \u201Evirus\u201C \u2013 jed) je drobn\u00FD vnitrobun\u011B\u010Dn\u00FD cizopasn\u00EDk nach\u00E1zej\u00EDc\u00ED se na pomez\u00ED mezi \u017Eiv\u00FDm a ne\u017Eiv\u00FDm. Pat\u0159\u00ED mezi tzv. nebun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 organismy a svou stavbou se od bun\u011Bk dramaticky li\u0161\u00ED. \u201ET\u011Blo\u201C vir\u016F je tvo\u0159eno tzv. virovou \u010D\u00E1stic\u00ED, kter\u00E1 je slo\u017Eena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm z b\u00EDlkovin a nukleov\u00FDch kyselin. Pro viry je charakteristick\u00E9, \u017Ee nerostou, ned\u011Bl\u00ED se a ani nejsou schopn\u00E9 vyr\u00E1b\u011Bt (bez ciz\u00ED pomoci) energii \u010Di vytv\u00E1\u0159et vlastn\u00ED b\u00EDlkoviny. Obvykle jsou tak\u00E9 mnohem men\u0161\u00ED ne\u017E t\u0159eba bakteri\u00E1ln\u00ED bu\u0148ky (nemluv\u011B o lidsk\u00FDch bu\u0148k\u00E1ch), ale existuj\u00ED v\u00FDjimky: nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDm zn\u00E1m\u00FDm virem je Pithovirus velik\u00FD 1,5 mikrometru. Ty nejprimitivn\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED viry obsahuj\u00ED pouze svoji genetickou informaci ve form\u011B DNA nebo RNA, kter\u00E9 jsou ulo\u017Eeny v kapsid\u011B. Ty slo\u017Eit\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED mohou nav\u00EDc na povrchu obsahovat obalovou membr\u00E1nu poch\u00E1zej\u00EDc\u00ED z napaden\u00E9 bu\u0148ky. V kapsid\u011B mnoh\u00FDch vir\u016F mohou tak\u00E9 b\u00FDt r\u016Fzn\u00E9 enzymy (s r\u016Fznou funkc\u00ED). Je ofici\u00E1ln\u011B pops\u00E1no a klasifikov\u00E1no p\u0159es 10 400 druh\u016F vir\u016F. Dosud nezn\u00E1m\u00FDch vir\u016F m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt \u0159\u00E1dov\u011B v\u00EDce \u2014 podle odhad\u016F jen savci host\u00ED statis\u00EDce druh\u016F vir\u016F. V oce\u00E1nech bylo v r. 2019 molekul\u00E1rn\u00ED anal\u00FDzou virom\u016F identifikov\u00E1no t\u00E9m\u011B\u0159 200 tis\u00EDc r\u016Fzn\u00FDch populac\u00ED vir\u016F. Viry hraj\u00ED d\u016Fle\u017Eitou roli v p\u0159\u00EDrodn\u00EDch syst\u00E9mech. Jako parazit\u00E9 napadaj\u00ED bu\u0148ky organism\u016F v\u0161ech dom\u00E9n, od prokaryotn\u00EDch arche\u00ED a bakteri\u00ED, p\u0159es jednobun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 protisty a\u017E po mnohobun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 organismy \u2013 \u017Eivo\u010Dichy (\u010Dlov\u011Bka nevyj\u00EDmaje), rostliny i houby. N\u011Bkter\u00E9 viry nesou p\u0159\u00EDzvisko -f\u00E1g, p\u0159ipojen\u00E9 ke slovn\u00EDmu z\u00E1kladu podle organismu, kter\u00FD napadaj\u00ED. Napadaj\u00ED-li bakterie, naz\u00FDvaj\u00ED se bakteriof\u00E1gy, viry napadaj\u00EDc\u00ED sinice se naz\u00FDvaj\u00ED cyanof\u00E1gy a ned\u00E1vno byly objeveny i viry parazituj\u00EDc\u00ED na velk\u00FDch virech, tzv. virof\u00E1gy. Mnoh\u00E9 viry parazituj\u00EDc\u00ED v bu\u0148k\u00E1ch sv\u00E9ho hostitele (\u010Dlov\u011Bka, ale i jin\u00E9ho \u017Eivo\u010Dicha, houby \u010Di rostliny) mu mohou zp\u016Fsobovat r\u016Fzn\u011B z\u00E1va\u017En\u00E1 onemocn\u011Bn\u00ED, tzv. vir\u00F3zy. L\u00E9\u010Div\u00FDmi p\u0159\u00EDpravky \u00FA\u010Dinkuj\u00EDc\u00EDmi proti vir\u016Fm jsou antivirotika. \u017D\u00E1dn\u00E9 virov\u00E9 onemocn\u011Bn\u00ED nelze l\u00E9\u010Dit antibiotiky. D\u016Fvodem pod\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED antibiotik u t\u011Bchto onemocn\u011Bn\u00ED je p\u0159edch\u00E1zen\u00ED n\u00E1sledn\u00FDch takzvan\u00FDch \u201Esuperinfekc\u00ED\u201C, tedy infekc\u00ED zp\u016Fsoben\u00FDch bakteriemi, kter\u00E9 s odstupem n\u011Bkolika dn\u00ED napadnou organismus oslaben\u00FD p\u0159edchoz\u00EDm virov\u00FDm onemocn\u011Bn\u00EDm."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0412\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441"@uk . . . . "150"^^ . . "Birus bat organismo baten zelula bizien barruan soilik erreplikatzen den agente infekzioso txiki bat da. Birusek era guztietako izaki bizidunak infektatu ditzakete, animalia eta landareetatik mikroorganismoetaraino, bakterioak eta arkeoak barne. 1892an artikulu batean tabako landareak kutsatzen dituen bakterio ez den patogeno bat deskribatu zuenetik, eta 1898an Martinus Beijerinckek aurkitu zuenetik, 5.000 birus espezie inguru deskribatu dira xehetasunez, milioika mota dauden arren. Birusak Lurreko ia ekosistema guztietan daude, eta entitate biologiko mota ugarienak dira. Birusaren azterketa birologia izeneko zientziak egiten du, mikrobiologiaren azpiespezialitate bat. Infektatutako zelula baten barruan edo zelula bat infektatzeko prozesuan ez badaude, birusak partikula independente edo birioi moduan existitzen dira. Birioi batek honako atalak ditu: i) material genetikoa, DNA ala RNA molekula luzeak (bata ala bestea, inoiz ez biak), birusak eragiten dituen proteinen egitura kodetzen dutenak; ii) geruza proteiniko bat, kapsidea, materiala inguratzen eta babesten duen; eta, kasu batzuetan, iii) lipidozko kanpoaldeko bilgarri bat. Birus partikula horien formak eta ikosaedrikoak dira espezie batzuentzat, eta egitura konplexuagoak beste batzuentzat. Birus espezie gehienek birioi txikiegiak dituzte batekin ikusteko, bakterio gehienen tamainaren ehunena gutxi gorabehera. Birusen jatorriak biziaren historia ebolutiboan ez daude argi: batzuk plasmidoetatik abiatuta eboluzionatu zutela uste da -zelulen artean mugi daitezkeen DNA piezak-; beste batzuk, berriz, bakterioetatik abiatuta eboluziona zezaketen. Eboluzioan, birusak geneen transferentzia horizontalerako bitarteko garrantzitsu bat dira, eta aniztasun genetikoa ugalketa sexualaren antzera handitzen dute; baliteke ere eboluzioaren muinean paper garrantzitsua edukitzea. Birusak izaki biziduntzat hartzen dituzte zientzialari batzuek, material genetikoa garraiatzen dutelako, ugaldu eta eboluzionatu egiten direlako hautespen naturalaren bidez. Hala ere, ez dute ezaugarri giltzarririk (zelulen egitura, adibidez), normalean bizitza gisa hartzeko beharrezkotzat jotzen direnak. Eta ez dute metabolismo propiorik ere. Ezaugarri horietako batzuk dituztelako, baina ez guztiak, birus horiek \"bizitzaren ertzeko organismo\" eta gisa deskribatu dira. Biziaren mugan dauden egitura sinpleak dira beste zientzialari batzuen ustez Birusak modu askotan hedatzen dira. Transmisio bide bat bektore bezala ezagutzen diren gaixotasunak daramatzaten organismoen bidez da: adibidez, birusa landaretik landarera transmititzen dute landareen izerdiaz elikatzen diren intsektuek, adibidez Aphidoidea taldekoak; eta animaliei erasotzen dieten birusak, berriz, odola xurgatzen duten intsektuek garraiatu ditzakete. Gripearen birusak eztul eta doministiku egitean hedatzen dira. Norobirusak eta errotabirusak, gastroenteritis biralaren kausa arruntak, hartzen dira, ukipenaren bidez eta gorputzera sartzen dira janarian edo uretan. GIBa sexu kontaktuagatik eta infektatutako odolaren eraginpean egoteagatik transmititzen den hainbat birusetako bat da. Birus batek kutsa ditzakeen zelula gonbidatuen barietatea \"ostalari\" deitzen da. Estua izan daiteke, birusa bat gai bada espezie gutxi kutsatzeko, edo zabala, gai bada asko infektatzeko. Animaliengan birus infekzioek immunitate erantzun bat eragiten dute, infekzioa sortzen duen birusa ezabatu ohi duena. Erantzun immunitarioak txertoen bidez ere gerta daitezke, infekzio biral espezifikoari artifizialki hartutako immunitatea ematen diotenak. Birus batzuek, hiesa eta hepatitis birala eragiten dutenak barne, erantzun immunitario horiek saihestu eta infekzio kronikoak eragiten dituzte. Birusen aurkako hainbat sendagai garatu dira, antibiral izenekoak."@eu . . . . . . "\u75C5\u6BD2\uFF08\u62C9\u4E01\u8A9E\uFF1Avirus\uFF09\u662F\u50C5\u80FD\u5728\u751F\u7269\u9AD4\u6D3B\u7D30\u80DE\u5167\u8907\u88FD\u7E41\u884D\u7684\u4E9E\u986F\u5FAE\u75C5\u539F\u9AD4\u3002\u5B83\u7531\u6838\u9178\u5206\u5B50\uFF08DNA\u6216RNA\uFF09\u4E0E\u4FDD\u62A4\u6027\u5916\u58F3\uFF08\u86CB\u767D\u8D28\uFF09\u6784\u6210\u7684\u975E\u7EC6\u80DE\u5F62\u6001\u7684\u7C7B\u751F\u7269\u7ED3\u6784\uFF08bio-like structure\uFF09\uFF0C\u7121\u6CD5\u81EA\u884C\u8868\u73FE\u51FA\u751F\u547D\u73FE\u8C61\uFF0C\u662F\u4ECB\u65BC\u751F\u547D\u4F53\u53CA\u975E\u751F\u547D\u9AD4\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u751F\u5316\u7D50\u69CB\uFF0C\u65E2\u4E0D\u662F\u751F\u7269\u4EA6\u4E0D\u662F\u975E\u751F\u7269\uFF0C\u537B\u662F\u5BC4\u751F\u6027\u81EA\u6211\u8907\u88FD\u7269\uFF08self-replicator\uFF09\u3002\u85C9\u7531\u611F\u67D3\u6A5F\u5236\u4FB5\u5165\u6709\u6A5F\u9AD4\u5F8C\uFF0C\u8FD9\u4E9B\u7B80\u5355\u7684\u751F\u5316\u7D50\u69CB\u53EF\u4EE5\u5229\u7528\u5BBF\u4E3B\u7684\u7EC6\u80DE\u7CFB\u7EDF\u81EA\u6211\u590D\u5236\uFF0C\u4F46\u65E0\u6CD5\u72EC\u7ACB\u751F\u957F\u548C\u590D\u5236\u3002\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u4EE5\u611F\u67D3\u6240\u6709\u5177\u6709\u7EC6\u80DE\u7ED3\u6784\u7684\u751F\u547D\u4F53\u3002\u7B2C\u4E00\u4E2A\u5DF2\u77E5\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u662F\u70DF\u8349\u82B1\u53F6\u75C5\u6BD2\uFF0C\u7531\u9A6C\u4E01\u4E4C\u65AF\u00B7\u8D1D\u6770\u6797\u514B\u4E8E1899\u5E74\u53D1\u73B0\u5E76\u547D\u540D\uFF0C\u8FC4\u4ECA\u5DF2\u6709\u8D85\u8FC75000\u79CD\u7C7B\u578B\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u5F97\u5230\u9274\u5B9A\u3002\u5C3D\u7BA1\u5B66\u754C\u5BF9\u4E8E\u75C5\u6BD2\u662F\u5426\u4E3A\u4E00\u79CD\u751F\u7269\u4ECD\u6709\u4E89\u8BAE\uFF0C\u75C5\u6BD2\u5B66\uFF08\u7814\u7A76\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u79D1\u5B66\uFF09\u603B\u662F\u88AB\u5F52\u4E3A\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u7684\u5206\u652F\u3002 \u75C5\u6BD2\u7531\u4E24\u5230\u4E09\u4E2A\u6210\u5206\u7EC4\u6210\uFF1A\u75C5\u6BD2\u90FD\u542B\u6709\u907A\u50B3\u7269\u8CEA\uFF08RNA\u6216DNA\uFF0C\u53EA\u7531\u86CB\u767D\u8D28\u7EC4\u6210\u7684\u670A\u6BD2\u9AD4\u5E76\u4E0D\u5C5E\u4E8E\u75C5\u6BD2\uFF09\uFF1B\u6240\u6709\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u4E5F\u90FD\u6709\u7531\u86CB\u767D\u8D28\u5F62\u6210\u7684\u8863\u58F3\uFF0C\u7528\u6765\u5305\u88F9\u548C\u4FDD\u62A4\u5176\u4E2D\u7684\u9057\u4F20\u7269\u8D28\uFF1B\u6B64\u5916\uFF0C\u90E8\u5206\u75C5\u6BD2\u5728\u5230\u8FBE\u7EC6\u80DE\u8868\u9762\u65F6\u80FD\u591F\u5F62\u6210\u8102\u8D28\u5305\u819C\u73AF\u7ED5\u5728\u5916\u3002\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u5F62\u6001\u5404\u5F02\uFF0C\u4ECE\u7B80\u5355\u7684\u548C\u5230\u7ED3\u6784\u3002\u75C5\u6BD2\u9897\u7C92\u5927\u7EA6\u662F\u7EC6\u83CC\u5927\u5C0F\u7684\u5343\u5206\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u8D77\u6E90\u76EE\u524D\u5C1A\u4E0D\u6E05\u695A\uFF0C\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u80FD\u8D77\u6E90\u4E8E\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u673A\u5236\uFF1A\u90E8\u5206\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u80FD\u8D77\u6E90\u4E8E\u8D28\u7C92\uFF08\u73AF\u72B6DNA\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u5728\u7EC6\u80DE\u5185\u590D\u5236\u5E76\u5728\u7EC6\u80DE\u95F4\u8F6C\u79FB\uFF09\uFF0C\u800C\u5176\u4ED6\u67D0\u4E9B\u5219\u53EF\u80FD\u8D77\u6E90\u4E8E\u7EC6\u83CC\u3002 \u75C5\u6BD2\u6709\u5404\u5F0F\u5404\u6A23\u7684\u4F20\u64AD\u65B9\u5F0F\uFF0C\u4E0D\u540C\u7C7B\u578B\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u91C7\u7528\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\u3002\u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C\u690D\u7269\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u4EE5\u900F\u8FC7\u4EE5\u690D\u7269\u6C41\u6DB2\u4E3A\u751F\u7684\u6606\u866B\uFF0C\u5982\u869C\u866B\uFF0C\u6765\u5728\u690D\u7269\u95F4\u8FDB\u884C\u4F20\u64AD\uFF1B\u800C\u52A8\u7269\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u4EE5\u900F\u8FC7\u868A\u866B\u53EE\u54AC\u800C\u5F97\u4EE5\u4F20\u64AD\u3002\u8FD9\u4E9B\u643A\u5E26\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u751F\u7269\u4F53\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u8F7D\u4F53\u201D\u3002\u6D41\u611F\u75C5\u6BD2\u53EF\u4EE5\u7ECF\u7531\u54B3\u55FD\u548C\u6253\u55B7\u568F\u6765\u4F20\u64AD\uFF1B\u8BFA\u7F57\u75C5\u6BD2\u5219\u53EF\u4EE5\u900F\u8FC7\u624B\u8DB3\u53E3\u9014\u5F84\u6765\u4F20\u64AD\uFF0C\u5373\u900F\u8FC7\u63A5\u89E6\u5E26\u6709\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u624B\u3001\u98DF\u7269\u548C\u6C34\uFF1B\u8F2A\u72C0\u75C5\u6BD2\u5E38\u5E38\u662F\u900F\u8FC7\u63A5\u89E6\u53D7\u611F\u67D3\u7684\u513F\u7AE5\u800C\u76F4\u63A5\u4F20\u64AD\u7684\uFF1B\u6B64\u5916\uFF0C\u827E\u6ECB\u75C5\u6BD2\u5219\u53EF\u4EE5\u900F\u8FC7\u9AD4\u6DB2\u63A5\u89E6\u6765\u4F20\u64AD\u3002 \u5E76\u975E\u6240\u6709\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u90FD\u4F1A\u5BFC\u81F4\u75BE\u75C5\uFF0C\u56E0\u4E3A\u8BB8\u591A\u75C5\u6BD2\u7684\u590D\u5236\u5E76\u4E0D\u4F1A\u5BF9\u53D7\u611F\u67D3\u7684\u5668\u5B98\u4EA7\u751F\u660E\u663E\u7684\u4F24\u5BB3\u3002\u67D0\u4E9B\u75C5\u6BD2\uFF0C\u5982\u827E\u6ECB\u75C5\u6BD2\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u4E0E\u4EBA\u4F53\u957F\u65F6\u95F4\u5171\u5B58\uFF0C\u5E76\u4E14\u4F9D\u7136\u80FD\u4FDD\u6301\u611F\u67D3\u6027\u800C\u4E0D\u53D7\u5230\u5BBF\u4E3B\u514D\u75AB\u7CFB\u7EDF\u7684\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u5373\u201C\u75C5\u6BD2\u6301\u7EED\u611F\u67D3\u201D\uFF08viral persistence\uFF09\u3002\u4F46\u5728\u901A\u5E38\u60C5\u51B5\u4E0B\uFF0C\u75C5\u6BD2\u611F\u67D3\u80FD\u591F\u5F15\u53D1\u514D\u75AB\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u6D88\u706D\u5165\u4FB5\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u3002\u800C\u8FD9\u4E9B\u514D\u75AB\u53CD\u5E94\u80FD\u591F\u900F\u8FC7\u6CE8\u5C04\u75AB\u82D7\u6765\u4EA7\u751F\uFF0C\u9032\u800C\u4F7F\u63A5\u79CD\u75AB\u82D7\u7684\u4EBA\u6216\u52A8\u7269\u80FD\u591F\u7EC8\u751F\u5BF9\u76F8\u5E94\u7684\u75C5\u6BD2\u514D\u75AB\u3002\u50CF\u7EC6\u83CC\u8FD9\u6837\u7684\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u4E5F\u5177\u6709\u62B5\u5FA1\u75C5\u6BD2\u611F\u67D3\u7684\u673A\u5236\uFF0C\u5982\u9650\u5236\u4FEE\u98FE\u7CFB\u7D71\u3002\u6297\u751F\u7D20\u5BF9\u75C5\u6BD2\u6CA1\u6709\u4EFB\u4F55\u4F5C\u7528\uFF0C\u4F46\u7528\u4E8E\u6CBB\u7597\u75C5\u6BD2\u611F\u67D3\u7684\u6297\u75C5\u6BD2\u836F\u7269\u5DF2\u7D93\u7814\u53D1\u51FA\u4F86\u3002"@zh . "\u0399\u03CC\u03C2"@el . "Virus (z lat. \u201Evirus\u201C \u2013 jed) je drobn\u00FD vnitrobun\u011B\u010Dn\u00FD cizopasn\u00EDk nach\u00E1zej\u00EDc\u00ED se na pomez\u00ED mezi \u017Eiv\u00FDm a ne\u017Eiv\u00FDm. Pat\u0159\u00ED mezi tzv. nebun\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9 organismy a svou stavbou se od bun\u011Bk dramaticky li\u0161\u00ED. \u201ET\u011Blo\u201C vir\u016F je tvo\u0159eno tzv. virovou \u010D\u00E1stic\u00ED, kter\u00E1 je slo\u017Eena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm z b\u00EDlkovin a nukleov\u00FDch kyselin. Pro viry je charakteristick\u00E9, \u017Ee nerostou, ned\u011Bl\u00ED se a ani nejsou schopn\u00E9 vyr\u00E1b\u011Bt (bez ciz\u00ED pomoci) energii \u010Di vytv\u00E1\u0159et vlastn\u00ED b\u00EDlkoviny. Obvykle jsou tak\u00E9 mnohem men\u0161\u00ED ne\u017E t\u0159eba bakteri\u00E1ln\u00ED bu\u0148ky (nemluv\u011B o lidsk\u00FDch bu\u0148k\u00E1ch), ale existuj\u00ED v\u00FDjimky: nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDm zn\u00E1m\u00FDm virem je Pithovirus velik\u00FD 1,5 mikrometru."@cs . "CowpeaMosaicVirus3D.png"@en . . . . . . 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"Virus"@cs . . . "vertical"@en . "En biolog\u00EDa, un virus (del lat\u00EDn virus, en griego \u1F30\u03CC\u03C2 \u00ABtoxina\u00BB o \u00ABveneno\u00BB) es un agente infeccioso microsc\u00F3pico acelular que solo puede replicarse dentro de las c\u00E9lulas de otros organismos.\u200B Los virus est\u00E1n constituidos por genes que contienen \u00E1cidos nucleicos que forman mol\u00E9culas largas de ADN o ARN, rodeadas de prote\u00EDnas. Al infectar una c\u00E9lula, estos genes \"obligan\" a la c\u00E9lula anfitriona a sintetizar los \u00E1cidos nucleicos y prote\u00EDnas del virus para formar nuevos virus.\u200B El estudio de los virus es una rama de la microbiolog\u00EDa\u200B\u200B que recibe el nombre de virolog\u00EDa.\u200B Los virus infectan a todo tipo de organismos, desde animales, hongos, plantas, protistas hasta bacterias y arqueas. Tambi\u00E9n infectan a otros virus; estas especies reciben el nombre de vir\u00F3fagos. A los virus que dependen de otros virus para cumplir sus requisitos se les denomina virus sat\u00E9lite, una categor\u00EDa que tambi\u00E9n incluye a los vir\u00F3fagos. Los virus son en su gran mayor\u00EDa demasiado peque\u00F1os para poder ser observados con la ayuda de un microscopio \u00F3ptico, por lo que se dice que son submicrosc\u00F3picos. Sin embargo, existen excepciones entre los virus nucleocitoplasm\u00E1ticos de ADN de gran tama\u00F1o o girus, tales como Pandoravirus o Pithovirus, que s\u00ED se pueden apreciar mediante microscop\u00EDa \u00F3ptica. Incluso pueden superar en tama\u00F1o a algunos procariotas.\u200B El primer virus conocido, el virus del mosaico del tabaco,\u200B fue descubierto por Martinus Beijerinck en 1899.\u200B\u200B Actualmente se han descrito m\u00E1s de 5000, y algunos autores opinan que podr\u00EDan existir millones de tipos diferentes.\u200B\u200B Los virus se hallan en casi todos los ecosistemas de la Tierra; son la entidad biol\u00F3gica m\u00E1s abundante.\u200B\u200B Tambi\u00E9n son los m\u00E1s diminutos, la mayor\u00EDa unas cien veces m\u00E1s peque\u00F1os que las bacterias: miden del orden de unos 10 nan\u00F3metros, es decir, 0,00001 mm. Esto significa que habr\u00EDa que poner aproximadamente cien mil virus en fila para cubrir 1 mm. A diferencia de los priones y viroides (formados solo por una prote\u00EDna, y por una cadena de ARN, respectivamente) los virus est\u00E1n compuestos de dos o tres partes: su material gen\u00E9tico, que porta la informaci\u00F3n hereditaria y puede ser ADN o ARN; una cubierta proteica que protege estos genes \u2014llamada c\u00E1pside\u2014 y, en algunos, una bicapa lip\u00EDdica (es decir, de grasa) que los rodea cuando se encuentran fuera de la c\u00E9lula \u2014denominada envoltura v\u00EDrica\u2014. Los virus var\u00EDan en su forma. Algunos son poliedros casi perfectos; el VIH, por ejemplo, es un icosaedro. Otros son helicoides o estructuras m\u00E1s complejas. Desde el punto de vista de la evoluci\u00F3n de otras especies, los virus son un medio importante de transferencia horizontal de genes, la cual incrementa la diversidad gen\u00E9tica e impulsa la evoluci\u00F3n biol\u00F3gica.\u200B Debido a ello los virus, junto con los otros agentes virales (viroides y virus sat\u00E9lite), han sido descritos como \"mobilomas\" o \"vectores g\u00E9nicos\", puesto que, adem\u00E1s de replicarse en hu\u00E9spedes celulares, tambi\u00E9n transportan genes de un organismo a otro mediante la transducci\u00F3n del material gen\u00E9tico.\u200B\u200B Los virus junto con los pl\u00E1smidos y transposones (compuestos de una cadena de ADN) son medios naturales importantes para transferir genes entre diferentes organismos. Se cree que los virus desempe\u00F1aron un papel central en la evoluci\u00F3n temprana, antes de la diversificaci\u00F3n del \u00FAltimo antepasado com\u00FAn universal (LUCA), en bacterias y arqueas-eucariotas.\u200B Los bacteri\u00F3fagos y pl\u00E1smidos son vectores usados en biotecnolog\u00EDa para insertar genes for\u00E1neos de una c\u00E9lula a otra y se ha llevado a cabo la creaci\u00F3n de los c\u00F3smidos, fag\u00E9midos y f\u00E1smidos, que son pl\u00E1smidos h\u00EDbridos con bacteri\u00F3fagos. Los virus se diseminan de muchas maneras diferentes y cada tipo de virus tiene una forma de transmitirse. Llamamos vectores de transmisi\u00F3n a los organismos vivos que los transportan de una persona a otra, o de un animal a una persona (o viceversa). Los virus que afectan a los vegetales se propagan frecuentemente por insectos que se alimentan de savia, como los \u00E1fidos, mientras que los que afectan a animales suelen propagarse por medio de insectos hemat\u00F3fagos (los que chupan la sangre). Existen otros que no precisan de vectores: el virus de la gripe (ortomixovirus) y el del resfriado com\u00FAn (rinovirus y coronavirus) se propagan por el aire a trav\u00E9s de los estornudos y la tos; los norovirus son transmitidos por v\u00EDa fecal-oral, o por contacto con manos, alimentos y agua contaminados. Los rotavirus se dispersan a menudo por contacto directo con ni\u00F1os infectados. El VIH es uno de los muchos virus que se transmiten por contacto sexual o por exposici\u00F3n a sangre infectada.\u200B No todos los virus provocan enfermedades; muchos se reproducen sin causar ning\u00FAn da\u00F1o al organismo infectado. Algunos, como el VIH, pueden producir infecciones permanentes o cr\u00F3nicas cuando el virus contin\u00FAa multiplic\u00E1ndose en el cuerpo, evadiendo los mecanismos de defensa del hu\u00E9sped.\u200B\u200B\u200B En los animales, en cambio, es frecuente que las infecciones v\u00EDricas den lugar a una respuesta inmunitaria que confiere una inmunidad permanente a la infecci\u00F3n. Eso es lo que se pretende (y se suele) lograr con las vacunas. Con ellas se puede llegar a erradicar una enfermedad, como ha ocurrido con la viruela. Los microorganismos como las bacterias tambi\u00E9n tienen defensas contra las infecciones v\u00EDricas, conocidas como sistemas de restricci\u00F3n-modificaci\u00F3n. Los antibi\u00F3ticos no tienen efecto sobre los virus, pero se han desarrollado medicamentos antivirales para tratar algunas infecciones.\u200B"@es . "200"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Viren (Singular: das Virus, au\u00DFerhalb der Fachsprache auch der Virus, von lateinisch virus \u201Anat\u00FCrliche z\u00E4he Feuchtigkeit, Schleim, Saft, [speziell:] Gift\u2018) sind infekti\u00F6se organische Strukturen, die sich als Virionen au\u00DFerhalb von Zellen (extrazellul\u00E4r) durch \u00DCbertragung verbreiten, aber als Viren in der Natur nur innerhalb einer geeigneten Wirtszelle (intrazellul\u00E4r) vermehren k\u00F6nnen. Sie bestehen nur aus DNA oder RNA sowie aus Proteinen, die es ihnen erm\u00F6glichen, in eine Zelle einzudringen. Alle Viren enthalten mit diesen Nukleins\u00E4uren das \u201EProgramm\u201C zu ihrer Vermehrung und Ausbreitung (einige Viren auch weitere Hilfskomponenten), besitzen aber weder eine eigenst\u00E4ndige Replikation noch einen eigenen Stoffwechsel und sind deshalb in der Natur auf den Stoffwechsel einer Wirtszelle angewiesen. Daher sind sich Virologen weitgehend darin einig, Viren nicht zu den Lebewesen zu rechnen. Man kann sie aber zumindest als \u201Edem Leben nahestehend\u201C betrachten, denn sie besitzen allgemein die F\u00E4higkeit, ihre Replikation zu steuern, und die F\u00E4higkeit zur Evolution. 2011 waren etwa 1,8 Millionen verschiedene rezente Arten von Lebewesen bekannt, die als Wirte f\u00FCr Viren fungieren, mit Stand Ende Juni 2022 gab es jedoch offiziell anerkannt lediglich 10.434 Virenarten. Modellrechnungen zeigen jedoch, dass die Anzahl von Virenarten wahrscheinlich noch viel gr\u00F6\u00DFer ist. So wurde 2013 berichtet, dass die S\u00E4ugetiere alleine mindestens 320.000 noch unentdeckte Virenarten beherbergen. Da die Anzahl der S\u00E4ugetierarten im Vergleich zu anderen Taxa winzig klein ist (lediglich rund 6500 S\u00E4ugerarten, aber eine Million bekannte Arten von Insekten), kann von einer noch viel gr\u00F6\u00DFeren Anzahl Virenarten ausgegangen werden (siehe Virale Dunkle Materie). Da das Augenmerk der Virologie auf den Arten liegt, welche f\u00FCr die Humanmedizin, die Nutztiermedizin sowie f\u00FCr die Landwirtschaft bedeutsam sind, macht die offizielle Beschreibung und Benennung neuer Virenarten allerdings nur langsam Fortschritte. Viren befallen Zellen von Eukaryoten (Pflanzen, Pilze und Tiere einschlie\u00DFlich des Menschen) sowie von Prokaryoten (Bakterien und Archaeen). Viren, die Prokaryoten als Wirte nutzen, werden Bakteriophagen genannt; f\u00FCr Viren, die speziell Archaeen befallen, wird teilweise aber auch die Bezeichnung Archaeophagen verwendet. Die Wissenschaft, die sich mit Viren und Virusinfektionen besch\u00E4ftigt, wird als Virologie bezeichnet."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4(\uC601\uC5B4: virus \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4[*], \uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4: virus \uBE44\uB8E8\uC2A4[*], \uBB38\uD654\uC5B4: \uBE44\uB8E8\uC2A4) \uB610\uB294 \uC5EC\uACFC\uC131 \uBBF8\uC0DD\uBB3C(\u6FFE\u904E\u6027\u5FAE\u751F\u7269), \uBCD1\uB3C5(\u75C5\u6BD2)\uC740 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\uC758 \uC0B4\uC544 \uC788\uB294 \uC138\uD3EC \uC548\uC5D0\uC11C\uB9CC \uC0B4 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uC804\uC5FC\uC131 \uAC10\uC5FC\uC6D0\uC774\uC790 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uACFC \uBB34\uC0DD\uBB3C\uC758 \uC911\uAC04\uC801 \uC874\uC7AC(\uBE44\uC138\uD3EC\uC131 \uBC18\uC0DD\uBB3C)\uC774\uB2E4. \uCD08\uD604\uBBF8\uACBD\uC801, \uC5EC\uACFC\uC131 \uBCD1\uC6D0\uCCB4\uC774\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uB2E4. \uAE30\uC0DD\uACFC \uC99D\uC2DD\uC744 \uC704\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC219\uC8FC\uAC00 \uD544\uC694\uD558\uB2E4. \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uB294 \uBC15\uD14C\uB9AC\uC544\uC640 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C \uB3D9\uBB3C\uACFC \uC2DD\uBB3C\uC5D0\uC11C \uBBF8\uC0DD\uBB3C\uC5D0 \uC774\uB974\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC885\uB958\uC758 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uCCB4\uB97C \uAC10\uC5FC\uC2DC\uD0AC \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uC2DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC790 \uB4DC\uBBF8\uD2B8\uB9AC \uC774\uBC14\uB178\uD504\uC2A4\uD0A4(Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky)\uC758 1892\uB144 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uAC00 \uB2E4\uB8E8\uC5C8\uB358 \uB2F4\uBC30\uBAA8\uC790\uC774\uD06C\uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC774\uB798\uB85C \uC9C4\uD589\uB41C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB4E4\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uB294 \uAC10\uC5FC\uB41C \uC138\uD3EC \uC548\uC5D0 \uC788\uC9C0 \uC54A\uAC70\uB098 \uC138\uD3EC\uB97C \uAC10\uC5FC\uC2DC\uD0A4\uB294 \uACFC\uC815\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uC548 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC778 \uC785\uC790\uC758 \uD615\uD0DC\uB85C \uC874\uC7AC\uD55C\uB2E4\uB294 \uC0AC\uC2E4\uC774 \uBC1D\uD600\uC84C\uB2E4. \uBE44\uB9AC\uC628\uC774\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD558\uB294 \uC774 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC785\uC790\uB4E4\uC740 DNA\uB098 RNA\uB85C \uB9CC\uB4E4\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC720\uC804 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC744 \uBCF4\uD638\uD558\uB294 \uB450 \uAC1C \uB610\uB294 \uC138 \uAC1C\uC758 \uBD80\uBD84\uC73C\uB85C \uAD6C\uC131\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC720\uC804\uC790 \uC678\uD53C\uC640 \uB2E8\uBC31\uC9C8 \uC678\uD53C\uB97C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2F8\uB294 \uAE34 \uBD84\uC790\uC778 \uC774 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC785\uC790\uB4E4\uC758 \uBAA8\uC591\uC740 \uBA87\uBA87 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC885\uB4E4\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uB2E8\uC21C\uD55C \uB098\uC120\uD615\uACFC \uD0C0\uC6D0\uD615 \uD615\uD0DC\uC5D0\uC11C\uBD80\uD130 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC885\uB4E4\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uB354 \uBCF5\uC7A1\uD55C \uAD6C\uC870\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uB2E4\uC591\uD558\uB2E4. \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4 \uC885\uB4E4\uC740 \uB108\uBB34 \uC791\uC544\uC11C \uAD11\uD559 \uD604\uBBF8\uACBD\uC73C\uB85C \uBCFC \uC218 \uC5C6\uB2E4. \uD3C9\uADE0\uC801\uC778 \uBE44\uB9AC\uC628\uC740 \uD3C9\uADE0\uC801\uC778 \uBC15\uD14C\uB9AC\uC544 \uD06C\uAE30\uC758 \uC57D 100\uBD84\uC758 1\uC774\uB2E4. \uC0DD\uBA85\uC758 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC5D0 \uC788\uC5B4\uC11C \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uC758 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC740 \uBA85\uD655\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB2E4. \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uB294 \uBC15\uD14C\uB9AC\uC544\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC9C4\uD654\uD588\uC744 \uC218\uB3C4 \uC788\uACE0, \uC138\uD3EC\uB4E4 \uC0AC\uC774\uB97C \uC774\uB3D9\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 DNA\uC758 \uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uBBF8\uB4DC \uC870\uAC01\uB4E4\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC9C4\uD654\uD588\uC744 \uC9C0\uB3C4 \uBAA8\uB978\uB2E4. \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uB294 \uC9C4\uD654 \uACFC\uC815\uC5D0\uC11C \uC218\uD3C9\uC801\uC778 \uC720\uC804\uC790 \uC804\uB2EC\uC758 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uC218\uB2E8\uC73C\uB85C, \uC774\uB294 \uC720\uC804\uC801 \uB2E4\uC591\uC131\uC744 \uC99D\uAC00\uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uB294 \uC720\uC804 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC744 \uC6B4\uBC18\uD558\uACE0, \uC0DD\uC2DD\uD558\uACE0, \uC790\uC5F0\uC120\uD0DD\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uC9C4\uD654\uD558\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0 \uC0DD\uBA85\uCCB4\uC758 \uD55C \uD615\uD0DC\uB77C\uACE0 \uAC04\uC8FC\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC0DD\uBA85\uCCB4\uB85C \uBD84\uB958\uD558\uB294\uB370 \uD544\uC694\uD55C \uC8FC\uC694 \uD2B9\uC131(\uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uC138\uD3EC \uAD6C\uC870)\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB2E4. \uC774\uC640 \uAC19\uC774 \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uB294 \uC0DD\uBA85\uCCB4\uB85C\uC11C\uC758 \uD2B9\uC131\uC744 \uBAA8\uB450 \uC9C0\uB2C8\uACE0 \uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC774 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uC77C\uBD80\uB9CC\uC744 \uC9C0\uB2C8\uACE0 \uC788\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0 \"\uC0DD\uBA85\uC758 \uAC00\uC7A5\uC790\uB9AC\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\" \uBC0F \uBCF5\uC81C \uBB3C\uC9C8\uB85C \uBB18\uC0AC\uB418\uC5B4 \uC654\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . "Un virus \u00E9s un agent infecci\u00F3s submicrosc\u00F2pic que nom\u00E9s es pot replicar a l'interior de les c\u00E8l\u00B7lules d'un organisme hoste. Els virus infecten tota mena d'\u00E9ssers vius, des dels animals i les plantes fins als microorganismes, incloent-hi els bacteris i els arqueobacteris. Des de l'article del 1892 de Dimitri Ivanovski que donava compte d'un patogen no bacteri\u00E0 que infectava les plantes del tabac, seguit pel descobriment del virus del mosaic del tabac per Martinus Beijerinck el 1898, s'han descrit m\u00E9s de 6.000 esp\u00E8cies de virus dels milions que existeixen. Els virus es troben en gaireb\u00E9 tots els ecosistemes del planeta i s\u00F3n l'entitat biol\u00F2gica m\u00E9s nombrosa de la Terra. L'estudi dels virus rep el nom de \u00ABvirologia\u00BB i \u00E9s una branca de la microbiologia."@ca . . "Un virus est un agent infectieux n\u00E9cessitant un h\u00F4te, souvent une cellule, dont les constituants et le m\u00E9tabolisme d\u00E9clenchent la r\u00E9plication. Le nom virus a \u00E9t\u00E9 emprunt\u00E9 au XVIe si\u00E8cle par Ambroise Par\u00E9 au latin v\u012Brus, \u012B, n. (\u00AB venin, poison, proprement suc des plantes \u00BB). La science des virus est la virologie, et ses experts sont des virologues ou virologistes. On consid\u00E8re de plus en plus les virus comme faisant partie des acaryotes. Ils changent de forme durant leur cycle, passant par deux stades :"@fr . . . . "2.0"^^ . . . . . . "Bacteriophage Escherichia virus MS2 capsid. This spherical virus also has icosahedral symmetry."@en . . .