. . . . . "Voinovich v. Quilter,"@en . . . "Clark v. Roemer,"@en . . "27.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Johnson v. De Grandy,"@en . . "Thornburg v. Gingles,"@en . . "Holder v. Hall,"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "1965-08-06"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "1965-03-17"^^ . . . "Lei dos direitos de voto de 1965"@pt . . . . . . . . . "\u2014Justice Hugo Black on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in Wesberry v. Sanders ."@en . . . "Mobile v. Bolden,"@en . . . . "\u9078\u8209\u6CD5\u6848 (1965\u5E74)"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . "Voting Rights Act"@en . . ""@en . "The right to vote freely for the candidate of one's choice is of the essence of a democratic society, and any restrictions on that right strike at the heart of representative government. And the right of suffrage can be denied by a debasement or dilution of the weight of a citizen's vote just as effectively as by wholly prohibiting the free exercise of the franchise. [...] Undoubtedly, the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society. Especially since the right to exercise the franchise in a free and unimpaired manner is preservative of other basic civil and political rights, any alleged infringement of the right of citizens to vote must be carefully and meticulously scrutinized."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Shaw v. Reno,"@en . . . . . . "City of Rome v. United States,"@en . . "Der Voting Rights Act of 1965 (deutsch Wahlrechtsgesetz von 1965) ist ein US-amerikanisches Bundesgesetz, das die gleiche Beteiligung von Minderheiten, besonders Afroamerikanern, bei US-Wahlen gew\u00E4hrleisten soll. Das Gesetz passierte beide H\u00E4user des Kongresses mit gro\u00DFer Mehrheit, wurde vom damaligen Pr\u00E4sidenten Lyndon B. Johnson am 6. August 1965 unterzeichnet und 1970, 1975, 1982 und 2006 jeweils vom Kongress erneuert."@de . . . "1965-05-26"^^ . "Merrill v. Milligan"@en . . "89"^^ . "North Carolina v. Covington,"@en . . . . . "Der Voting Rights Act of 1965 (deutsch Wahlrechtsgesetz von 1965) ist ein US-amerikanisches Bundesgesetz, das die gleiche Beteiligung von Minderheiten, besonders Afroamerikanern, bei US-Wahlen gew\u00E4hrleisten soll. Im Einzelnen schaffte es diskriminierende Analphabetismus-Tests f\u00FCr potenzielle W\u00E4hler ab, verbot Gerrymandering, wenn es Minderheiten benachteiligte, zentralisierte die W\u00E4hlerregistrierung auf Bundesebene in Gegenden, in denen weniger als 50 Prozent der Einwohner registrierte W\u00E4hler waren und gab dem US-Justizministerium diverse Kontrollrechte \u00FCber das Wahlgesetz in Gegenden, in denen Afroamerikaner mehr als f\u00FCnf Prozent der Bev\u00F6lkerung stellen. Das Gesetz passierte beide H\u00E4user des Kongresses mit gro\u00DFer Mehrheit, wurde vom damaligen Pr\u00E4sidenten Lyndon B. Johnson am 6. August 1965 unterzeichnet und 1970, 1975, 1982 und 2006 jeweils vom Kongress erneuert. Im Juni 2013 hob der Oberste Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten Paragraph 4b des Gesetzes auf, welcher die Bundesstaaten und Countys festlegt, deren Wahlrecht einer vorherigen Freigabe nach Paragraph 4a des Gesetzes bedarf. Jene Entscheidung f\u00FChrte in Politik und US-\u00D6ffentlichkeit zu kontroversen Diskussionen."@de . . . "Voting Rights Act"@de . . . . . . . . . . . "\u6295\u7968\u6A29\u6CD5 (1965\u5E74)"@ja . . . "Abrams v. Johnson,"@en . "Voting Rights Act of 1965"@en . . . "City of Richmond v. United States,"@en . "right"@en . . "The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act sought to secure the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Act is considered to be the most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country. It is also \"one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history.\" The act contains numerous provisions that regulate elections. The act's \"general provisions\" provide nationwide protections for voting rights. Section 2 is a general provision that prohibits state and local government from imposing any voting rule that \"results in the denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen to vote on account of race or color\" or membership in a language minority group. Other general provisions specifically outlaw literacy tests and similar devices that were historically used to disenfranchise racial minorities. The act also contains \"special provisions\" that apply to only certain jurisdictions. A core special provision is the Section 5 preclearance requirement, which prohibited certain jurisdictions from implementing any change affecting voting without first receiving confirmation from the U.S. attorney general or the U.S. District Court for D.C. that the change does not discriminate against protected minorities. Another special provision requires jurisdictions containing significant language minority populations to provide bilingual ballots and other election materials. Section 5 and most other special provisions applied to jurisdictions encompassed by the \"coverage formula\" prescribed in Section 4(b). The coverage formula was originally designed to encompass jurisdictions that engaged in egregious voting discrimination in 1965, and Congress updated the formula in 1970 and 1975. In Shelby County v. Holder (2013), the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the coverage formula as unconstitutional, reasoning that it was no longer responsive to current conditions. The court did not strike down Section 5, but without a coverage formula, Section 5 is unenforceable. The jurisdictions which had previously been covered by the coverage formula massively increased the rate of voter registration purges after the Shelby decision. In 2021, the Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee Supreme Court ruling reinterpreted Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, substantially weakening it. The ruling interpreted the \"totality of circumstances\" language of Section 2 to mean that it does not generally prohibit voting rules that have disparate impact on the groups that it sought to protect, including a rule blocked under Section 5 before the Court inactivated that section in Shelby County v. Holder. In particular, the ruling held that fears of election fraud could justify such rules, even without evidence that any such fraud had occurred in the past or that the new rule would make elections safer. Research shows that the Act had successfully and massively increased voter turnout and voter registrations, in particular among black people. The Act has also been linked to concrete outcomes, such as greater public goods provision (such as public education) for areas with higher black population shares, and more members of Congress who vote for civil rights-related legislation."@en . . . . "left"@en . . . . . . "Escambia County v. McMillan,"@en . . . . . . "Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act Lyndon Baines Johnson.ogg"@en . "House"@en . . . . . "No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined. Our Constitution leaves no room for classification of people in a way that unnecessarily abridges this right."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Abbott v. Perez,"@en . "55791"^^ . "2008-10-09"^^ . . . . . . . . "Voting Rights Act"@it . "Cardona v. Power,"@en . . . . . "Oregon v. Mitchell,"@en . ""@en . . . . . . . "Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board,"@en . . . . "1965\uB144 \uC120\uAC70\uAD8C\uBC95"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1965\u5E74\u7684\u300A\u9009\u4E3E\u6B0A\u6CD5\u300B\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u8054\u90A6\u653F\u5E9C\u7ACB\u6CD5\u673A\u6784\u4E00\u4E2A\u5177\u6709\u91CC\u7A0B\u7891\u610F\u4E49\u7684\u6CD5\u6848\uFF0C\u5176\u7981\u6B62\u4E86\u5728\u6295\u7968\u8FC7\u7A0B\u4E2D\u7684\u79CD\u65CF\u6B67\u89C6\u3002\u8A72\u6CD5\u6848\u4FDD\u969C\u4E86\u5C11\u6578\u7FA4\u9AD4\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6B0A\u5229\u3001\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u4FDD\u969C\u975E\u88D4\u7F8E\u570B\u4EBA\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6B0A\uFF0C\u81F3\u4ECA\u5F71\u97FF\u6DF1\u9060\u3002 \u6CD5\u6848\u7531\u7F8E\u56FD\u603B\u7EDF\u6797\u767B\u00B7\u7EA6\u7FF0\u900A\u57281965\u5E748\u67086\u65E5\u7B7E\u7F72\uFF0C\u5F53\u65F6\u6B63\u503C\u975E\u88D4\u7F8E\u570B\u4EBA\u6C11\u6B0A\u904B\u52D5\u7684\u9AD8\u6F6E\uFF0C\u540E\u6765\u7F8E\u56FD\u56FD\u4F1A\u5BF9\u5176\u8FDB\u884C\u4E86\u4E94\u6B21\u4FEE\u8BA2\u4EE5\u6269\u5927\u5176\u5BF9\u6295\u7968\u6743\u7684\u4FDD\u62A4\u3002\u6B64\u6CD5\u6848\u7684\u76EE\u7684\u4E3A\u4FDD\u969C\u7531\u7F8E\u56FD\u5BAA\u6CD5\u7B2C\u5341\u56DB\u4FEE\u6B63\u6848\u4E0E\u7B2C\u5341\u4E94\u4FEE\u6B63\u6848\u786E\u5B9A\u7684\uFF0C\u8BE5\u6CD5\u6848\u4FDD\u969C\u4E86\u5168\u7F8E\u5404\u79CD\u65CF\uFF08\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u5357\u90E8\uFF0C\u4E0D\u5C11\u975E\u88D4\u7F8E\u570B\u4EBA\u88AB\u525D\u596A\u4E86\u6295\u7968\u6B0A\uFF09\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\u3002\u6839\u636E\u7F8E\u56FD\u53F8\u6CD5\u90E8\uFF0C\u8BE5\u6CD5\u6848\u88AB\u8BA4\u4E3A\u662F\u6709\u53F2\u4EE5\u6765\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4FDD\u969C\u516C\u6C11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6CD5\u6848\u3002 \u8BE5\u6CD5\u5305\u542B\u8BB8\u591A\u76D1\u7BA1\u9009\u4E3E\u7684\u89C4\u5B9A\u3002\u8BE5\u6CD5\u7684\"\u603B\u7AE0\u7A0B\"\u63D0\u4F9B\u5168\u56FD\u8303\u56F4\u5185\u5BF9\u6295\u7968\u6743\u7684\u4FDD\u62A4\u3002\u7B2C2\u8282\u7684\u603B\u7AE0\u7A0B\u7981\u6B62\u4EFB\u4F55\u5DDE\u548C\u5730\u65B9\u653F\u5E9C\u5EFA\u7ACB\u6B67\u89C6\u79CD\u65CF\u6216\u8BED\u8A00\u7FA4\u4F53\u7684\u6CD5\u5F8B\u3002\u5176\u4ED6\u89C4\u5B9A\u7981\u6B62\u4E86\u548C\u7C7B\u4F3C\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u5176\u5386\u6765\u7528\u4E8E\u5265\u593A\u5C11\u6570\u7FA4\u4F53\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\u3002 \u8BE5\u6CD5\u8FD8\u5305\u542B\u4EC5\u9002\u7528\u4E8E\u67D0\u4E9B\u53F8\u6CD5\u7BA1\u8F96\u533A\u7684\"\u7279\u522B\u89C4\u5B9A\"\u3002 \u4E00\u4E2A\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u7279\u6B8A\u89C4\u5B9A\u662F\u5728\u7B2C5\u8282\u4E2D\u7684\u4E8B\u5148\u6279\u51C6\uFF0C\u5373\u7981\u6B62\u4EFB\u4F55\u5F71\u54CD\u5230\u6295\u7968\u6743\u7684\u6539\u53D8\uFF0C\u9664\u975E\u5F97\u5230\u7F8E\u56FD\u53F8\u6CD5\u90E8\u957F\u6216\u7F8E\u56FD\u54E5\u4F26\u6BD4\u4E9A\u7279\u533A\u8054\u90A6\u5730\u533A\u6CD5\u9662\u7684\u6279\u51C6\uFF0C\u8BA4\u4E3A\u8FD9\u79CD\u6539\u53D8\u4E0D\u6B67\u89C6\u5C11\u6570\u7FA4\u4F53\u3002\u53E6\u6709\u7279\u6B8A\u89C4\u5B9A\u8981\u6C42\u6709\u5927\u91CF\u4F7F\u7528\u5176\u4ED6\u8BED\u8A00\u7684\u5C11\u6570\u6C11\u65CF\u5730\u533A\u63D0\u4F9B\u53CC\u8BED\u7968\u7BB1\u548C\u5176\u4ED6\u9009\u4E3E\u6750\u6599\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . "Voting Rights Act of 1965"@en . "The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act sought to secure the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Act is considered to be the most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country. It is also \"one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil righ"@en . "Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n,"@en . . . . . . . . . . "171491"^^ . "Bartlett v. Strickland,"@en . "Undang-Undang Hak Suara 1965 (bahasa Inggris: Voting Rights Act of 1965) adalah sebuah karya markah tanah dari legislasi federal di Amerika Serikat yang melarang diskriminasi rasial dalam pemungutan suara. UU tersebut ditandatangani oleh Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson pada puncak Gerakan Hak Sipil pada 6 Agustus 1965, dan Kongres kemudian lima kali mengamendemenkan UU tersebut untuk memperluas perlindungannya."@in . "League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry,"@en . . "79"^^ . "Lopez v. Monterey County,"@en . . "77"^^ . . . "1965\uB144 \uC120\uAC70\uAD8C\uBC95(Voting Rights Act of 1965)\uC740 \uD22C\uD45C\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uCC28\uBCC4\uC744 \uC804\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC5C4\uACA9\uD558\uAC8C \uAE08\uC9C0\uC2DC\uD0A8 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC0C1 \uAE30\uB150\uBE44\uC801 \uBC95\uB960\uC774\uB2E4. 1964\uB144 \uBBFC\uAD8C\uBC95\uC744 \uC11C\uBA85\uD55C \uB9B0\uB4E0 B. \uC874\uC2A8 \uB300\uD1B5\uB839\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC11C\uBA85\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . "Young v. Fordice,"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "House with amendment"@en . . . "Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder,"@en . . . "Branch v. Smith,"@en . . . . . . "Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks,"@en . . "1965-07-29"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "1965\uB144 \uC120\uAC70\uAD8C\uBC95(Voting Rights Act of 1965)\uC740 \uD22C\uD45C\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uCC28\uBCC4\uC744 \uC804\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC5C4\uACA9\uD558\uAC8C \uAE08\uC9C0\uC2DC\uD0A8 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC0C1 \uAE30\uB150\uBE44\uC801 \uBC95\uB960\uC774\uB2E4. 1964\uB144 \uBBFC\uAD8C\uBC95\uC744 \uC11C\uBA85\uD55C \uB9B0\uB4E0 B. \uC874\uC2A8 \uB300\uD1B5\uB839\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC11C\uBA85\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . "Allen v. State Board of Elections,"@en . . "Voting Rights Act"@nl . . "\u2014Chief Justice Earl Warren on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in Reynolds v. Sims ."@en . . . . . "Voting Rights Act de 1965"@fr . . . . . "\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062D\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0648\u064A\u062A \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1965"@ar . . "1965-08-06"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Growe v. Emison,"@en . . . . . . "Katzenbach v. Morgan,"@en . "1965.0"^^ . . "Mike Mansfield and Everett Dirksen"@en . "padding:8px;"@en . . . "1965-08-04"^^ . . . "Il Voting Rights Act \u00E8 una legge considerata come punto di riferimento della legislazione federale negli Stati Uniti che proibisce la discriminazione razziale nel voto. La legge \u00E8 stata firmata il 6 agosto 1965 dall'allora Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, e il Congresso ha successivamente modificato la legge cinque volte per ampliare le sue protezioni. Progettata per far rispettare i diritti di voto garantiti dal quattordicesimo e quindicesimo emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti, la legge garantiva il diritto di voto alle minoranze razziali in tutto il paese, in particolare negli stati del sud."@it . . . . . "Texas v. United States,"@en . . "89"^^ . . . . . . . . . "An Act to enforce the fifteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes."@en . . . "Riley v. Kennedy,"@en . . . . . "* Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970\n* Voting Rights Act of 1965, Amendments of 1975\n* Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982\n* Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992\n* Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, C\u00E9sar E. Ch\u00E1vez, Barbara C. Jordan, William C. Vel\u00E1squez, and Dr. Hector P. Garcia Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006"@en . . "1965-08-03"^^ . "United Jewish Organizations v. Carey,"@en . . . . . . "La Ley de Derecho al Voto de 1965 (en ingl\u00E9s Voting Rights Act of 1965) es una ley hist\u00F3rica dentro de la legislaci\u00F3n estadounidense ya que prohibi\u00F3 las pr\u00E1cticas discriminatorias en el derecho al voto a los afroamericanos en los Estados Unidos.Esta ley consigui\u00F3 que despu\u00E9s de casi 100 a\u00F1os de la promulgaci\u00F3n Decimoquinta Enmienda a la Constituci\u00F3n de los Estados Unidos -la cual proh\u00EDbe cualquier tipo de discriminaci\u00F3n al voto bas\u00E1ndose en la raza o en el color de los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos- el derecho constitucional al voto estuviera protegido ya que hasta el momento hab\u00EDa estados que para votar exig\u00EDan pruebas de alfabetizaci\u00F3n o el pago de alg\u00FAn impuesto, utilizando estos recursos para limitar el derecho al voto de la gente negra. Dicha ley fue promulgada por el presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, el cual ya hab\u00EDa promulgado la Ley de Derechos Civiles el a\u00F1o anterior. Esta ley da poderes al Congreso de los Estados Unidos de supervisar la administraci\u00F3n electoral de los estados, siempre que el estado tenga un historial de pr\u00E1cticas discriminatorias y no pudiendo hacer ning\u00FAn cambio que afecte a los resultados electorales de ning\u00FAn estado sin la autorizaci\u00F3n expresa del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos. Esta ley ha sido reformada cuatro veces siendo las m\u00E1s reciente una extensi\u00F3n de 25 a\u00F1os hecha por el presidente George W. Bush en 2006. Esta ley es considerada un hito dentro de la legislaci\u00F3n de los derechos civiles, aunque alguna de sus disposiciones ha generado controversias a lo largo de los a\u00F1os. En la renovaci\u00F3n de 2006 algunos miembros del Partido Republicano se opusieron a la renovaci\u00F3n de la ley, con el argumento de que la consideraban una extralimitaci\u00F3n del poder federal al no existir ya estados del sur que en su legislaci\u00F3n limiten el derecho a voto por causas raciales."@es . . . . "Perry v. Perez,"@en . . . . . "Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act Lyndon Baines Johnson.ogv"@en . . . . . "Il Voting Rights Act \u00E8 una legge considerata come punto di riferimento della legislazione federale negli Stati Uniti che proibisce la discriminazione razziale nel voto. La legge \u00E8 stata firmata il 6 agosto 1965 dall'allora Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, e il Congresso ha successivamente modificato la legge cinque volte per ampliare le sue protezioni. Progettata per far rispettare i diritti di voto garantiti dal quattordicesimo e quindicesimo emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti, la legge garantiva il diritto di voto alle minoranze razziali in tutto il paese, in particolare negli stati del sud. Secondo il dipartimento di Giustizia degli Stati Uniti, la norma \u00E8 il pezzo pi\u00F9 efficace della legislazione federale sui diritti civili mai adottata nel paese. La legge contiene numerose disposizioni che regolamentano le elezioni. La sezione 2 \u00E8 una disposizione generale che vieta a ogni Stato e governo locale di imporre qualsiasi legge di voto che comporti discriminazioni contro le minoranze razziali o linguistiche. Altre disposizioni generali vietano le prove di alfabetizzazione e disposizioni analoghe che, nel tempo, sono stati utilizzati per privare le minoranze razziali del diritto di voto. Nel 2013 una delle sezioni della legge \u00E8 stata decurtata per decisione della Corte Suprema (caso Shelby County v. Holder)."@it . . "Cooper v. Harris,"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Shelby County v. Holder,"@en . . "Audio only"@en . "Miller v. Johnson,"@en . "De Voting Rights Act van 1965 is een mijlpaal in de federale wetgeving in de Verenigde Staten die rassendiscriminatie bij het stemmen verbiedt. De wetgeving kwam tot stand tijdens het hoogtepunt van de activiteiten van de Civil Rights Movement. De wet trad in werking na ondertekening door President Lyndon B. Johnson op 6 augustus 1965, en het Congres veranderde later de VRA vijf keer met amendementen om zijn bescherming uit te breiden. De wet was ontworpen om de stemrechten ook praktisch te garanderen die formeel gewaarborgd werden door het veertiende en amendement van de grondwet van de Verenigde Staten. Zo verzekerde de Voting Rights Act het recht om te stemmen voor raciale minderheden in het hele land, vooral in het zuiden. Volgens het United States Department of Justice wordt de wet beschouwd als het meest effectieve stuk federale burgerrechtenwetgeving dat ooit in het land is aangenomen. De wet bevat tal van bepalingen die de verkiezingen reguleren. De 'algemene bepalingen' van de wet bieden nationale bescherming voor stemrechten. Sectie 2 is een algemene bepaling die elke staat en lokale overheid verbiedt om enige stemwetgeving op te leggen die resulteert in discriminatie van raciale of taalminderheden. Andere algemene bepalingen verbieden taalvaardigheidstesten en soortgelijke procedures die in het verleden werden gebruikt om raciale minderheden te ontmoedigen. De wet bevat ook \"speciale bepalingen\" die alleen van toepassing zijn op bepaalde rechtsgebieden. Een belangrijke speciale bepaling is de eis voor voorafgaande toestemming van Sectie 5, die bepaalde rechtsgebieden verbiedt om enige verandering die van invloed is op de stemming te implementeren zonder voorafgaande goedkeuring van de United States Attorney General of de United States District Court for the District of Columbia, die bewaken dat de verandering niet discrimineert tegen beschermde minderheden. Een andere speciale bepaling vereist dat jurisdicties met aanzienlijk taalminderheden tweetalige stembriefjes en ander tweetalig verkiezingsmateriaal verstrekken. Sectie 5 en de meeste andere speciale bepalingen zijn van toepassing op rechtsgebieden die vallen onder de \"dekkingsformule\" voorgeschreven in paragraaf 4 (b). De dekkingsformule was oorspronkelijk bedoeld om jurisdicties te omvatten die zich schuldig maakten aan flagrante stemmingsdiscriminatie in 1965, en het Congres werkte deze formule in 1970 en 1975 bij. In Shelby County v. Holder (2013) sloeg het Hooggerechtshof van de Verenigde Staten de dekkingsformule neer als ongrondwettelijk, vanuit de redenering dat het niet langer overeenstemde met de huidige omstandigheden. Het hof heeft afdeling 5 daarbij niet geschrapt, maar zonder een dekkingsformule is afdeling 5 niet-afdwingbaar.Sinds de uitspraak in 2013 hebben vele staten met een Republikeinse meerderheid hun kieswetten herzien. Volgens de Democraten zijn daarbij opnieuw belemmeringen opgeworpen voor minderheden om van hun stemrecht gebruik te maken."@nl . . 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"Beer v. United States,"@en . "Foreman v. Dallas County,"@en . . . . ". 1965eko Boto Eskubide Legea (ingelesez: Voting Rights Act of 1965) Estatu Batuetako lege federal historikoa da, boto eskubidean arraza-bereizkeria debekatzen duena. Lyndon B. Johnson presidenteak sinatu zuen 1965eko abuztuaren 6an, afro-amerikarren eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua goren unean zegoelarik; ondoren, Kongresuak bost zuzenketa egin zizkion, testuaren bermeak zabaltzeko. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Konstituzioaren 14. eta 15. zuzenketek bermatzen zituzten boto eskubideak babesteko egina, lege honek arraza-gutxiengoen boto eskubidea segurtatu zuen herrialde osoan, batez ere hegoaldean. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Justizia Sailaren arabera, eskubide zibilen alde herrialdean inoiz promulgatu den legerik eraginkorrena da."@eu . . . . . "Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas,"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "--08-06"^^ . "VRA"@en . "5630400.0"^^ . . "1965-07-09"^^ . . "Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama,"@en . . "Senate"@en . "Gaston County v. United States,"@en . . . "La Ley de Derecho al Voto de 1965 (en ingl\u00E9s Voting Rights Act of 1965) es una ley hist\u00F3rica dentro de la legislaci\u00F3n estadounidense ya que prohibi\u00F3 las pr\u00E1cticas discriminatorias en el derecho al voto a los afroamericanos en los Estados Unidos.Esta ley consigui\u00F3 que despu\u00E9s de casi 100 a\u00F1os de la promulgaci\u00F3n Decimoquinta Enmienda a la Constituci\u00F3n de los Estados Unidos -la cual proh\u00EDbe cualquier tipo de discriminaci\u00F3n al voto bas\u00E1ndose en la raza o en el color de los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos- el derecho constitucional al voto estuviera protegido ya que hasta el momento hab\u00EDa estados que para votar exig\u00EDan pruebas de alfabetizaci\u00F3n o el pago de alg\u00FAn impuesto, utilizando estos recursos para limitar el derecho al voto de la gente negra. Dicha ley fue promulgada por el presidente Ly"@es . . . . "Chisom v. Roemer,"@en . . "Bush v. Vera,"@en . . . "Undang-Undang Hak Suara 1965"@in . . . . . "Morse v. Republican Party of Virginia,"@en . . "De Voting Rights Act van 1965 is een mijlpaal in de federale wetgeving in de Verenigde Staten die rassendiscriminatie bij het stemmen verbiedt. De wetgeving kwam tot stand tijdens het hoogtepunt van de activiteiten van de Civil Rights Movement. De wet trad in werking na ondertekening door President Lyndon B. Johnson op 6 augustus 1965, en het Congres veranderde later de VRA vijf keer met amendementen om zijn bescherming uit te breiden. De wet was ontworpen om de stemrechten ook praktisch te garanderen die formeel gewaarborgd werden door het veertiende en amendement van de grondwet van de Verenigde Staten. Zo verzekerde de Voting Rights Act het recht om te stemmen voor raciale minderheden in het hele land, vooral in het zuiden. Volgens het United States Department of Justice wordt de wet b"@nl . "A Lei dos direitos de voto de 1965 (Voting Rights Act, em ingl\u00EAs) \u00E9 um marco na legisla\u00E7\u00E3o federal dos Estados Unidos, por ter estabelecido o fim das pr\u00E1ticas eleitorais discriminat\u00F3rias, decorrentes da segrega\u00E7\u00E3o racial nos Estados Unidos. A lei foi sancionada pelo Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, no auge do movimento dos direitos civis, em 6 de agosto de 1965, seguindo-se \u00E0 Lei de Direitos Civis de 1964."@pt . "South Carolina v. Katzenbach,"@en . . . 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"Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections,"@en . . . "Georgia v. Ashcroft,"@en . . . "Shaw v. Hunt,"@en . "1124827107"^^ . . . . "City of Monroe v. United States,"@en . "Le Voting Rights Act of 1965 est l'une des plus importantes lois du Congr\u00E8s des \u00C9tats-Unis, interdisant les discriminations raciales dans l'exercice du droit de vote. Le texte a \u00E9t\u00E9 adopt\u00E9 le 4 ao\u00FBt 1965 et sign\u00E9 par le pr\u00E9sident Lyndon B. Johnson le 6 ao\u00FBt suivant, au plus fort du mouvement afro-am\u00E9ricain des droits civiques. Le Congr\u00E8s sous domination d\u00E9mocrate a par la suite d\u00E9pos\u00E9 cinq amendements \u00E0 cette loi durant la pr\u00E9sidence de Johnson, pour \u00E9tendre l'influence du texte. Con\u00E7u pour renforcer le droit de vote des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains garanti depuis les XIVe et XVe amendements de la Constitution, la loi assure ce droit pour les minorit\u00E9s dans tout le pays, et particuli\u00E8rement dans le Sud des \u00C9tats-Unis. Selon le d\u00E9partement de la Justice des \u00C9tats-Unis, elle est consid\u00E9r\u00E9e comme la loi c"@fr . . . "A Lei dos direitos de voto de 1965 (Voting Rights Act, em ingl\u00EAs) \u00E9 um marco na legisla\u00E7\u00E3o federal dos Estados Unidos, por ter estabelecido o fim das pr\u00E1ticas eleitorais discriminat\u00F3rias, decorrentes da segrega\u00E7\u00E3o racial nos Estados Unidos. A lei foi sancionada pelo Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, no auge do movimento dos direitos civis, em 6 de agosto de 1965, seguindo-se \u00E0 Lei de Direitos Civis de 1964."@pt . . . "--Justice Black - on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in Wesberry v. Sanders ."@en . "1965\u5E74\u7684\u300A\u9009\u4E3E\u6B0A\u6CD5\u300B\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u8054\u90A6\u653F\u5E9C\u7ACB\u6CD5\u673A\u6784\u4E00\u4E2A\u5177\u6709\u91CC\u7A0B\u7891\u610F\u4E49\u7684\u6CD5\u6848\uFF0C\u5176\u7981\u6B62\u4E86\u5728\u6295\u7968\u8FC7\u7A0B\u4E2D\u7684\u79CD\u65CF\u6B67\u89C6\u3002\u8A72\u6CD5\u6848\u4FDD\u969C\u4E86\u5C11\u6578\u7FA4\u9AD4\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6B0A\u5229\u3001\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u4FDD\u969C\u975E\u88D4\u7F8E\u570B\u4EBA\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6B0A\uFF0C\u81F3\u4ECA\u5F71\u97FF\u6DF1\u9060\u3002 \u6CD5\u6848\u7531\u7F8E\u56FD\u603B\u7EDF\u6797\u767B\u00B7\u7EA6\u7FF0\u900A\u57281965\u5E748\u67086\u65E5\u7B7E\u7F72\uFF0C\u5F53\u65F6\u6B63\u503C\u975E\u88D4\u7F8E\u570B\u4EBA\u6C11\u6B0A\u904B\u52D5\u7684\u9AD8\u6F6E\uFF0C\u540E\u6765\u7F8E\u56FD\u56FD\u4F1A\u5BF9\u5176\u8FDB\u884C\u4E86\u4E94\u6B21\u4FEE\u8BA2\u4EE5\u6269\u5927\u5176\u5BF9\u6295\u7968\u6743\u7684\u4FDD\u62A4\u3002\u6B64\u6CD5\u6848\u7684\u76EE\u7684\u4E3A\u4FDD\u969C\u7531\u7F8E\u56FD\u5BAA\u6CD5\u7B2C\u5341\u56DB\u4FEE\u6B63\u6848\u4E0E\u7B2C\u5341\u4E94\u4FEE\u6B63\u6848\u786E\u5B9A\u7684\uFF0C\u8BE5\u6CD5\u6848\u4FDD\u969C\u4E86\u5168\u7F8E\u5404\u79CD\u65CF\uFF08\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u5357\u90E8\uFF0C\u4E0D\u5C11\u975E\u88D4\u7F8E\u570B\u4EBA\u88AB\u525D\u596A\u4E86\u6295\u7968\u6B0A\uFF09\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\u3002\u6839\u636E\u7F8E\u56FD\u53F8\u6CD5\u90E8\uFF0C\u8BE5\u6CD5\u6848\u88AB\u8BA4\u4E3A\u662F\u6709\u53F2\u4EE5\u6765\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4FDD\u969C\u516C\u6C11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6CD5\u6848\u3002 \u8BE5\u6CD5\u5305\u542B\u8BB8\u591A\u76D1\u7BA1\u9009\u4E3E\u7684\u89C4\u5B9A\u3002\u8BE5\u6CD5\u7684\"\u603B\u7AE0\u7A0B\"\u63D0\u4F9B\u5168\u56FD\u8303\u56F4\u5185\u5BF9\u6295\u7968\u6743\u7684\u4FDD\u62A4\u3002\u7B2C2\u8282\u7684\u603B\u7AE0\u7A0B\u7981\u6B62\u4EFB\u4F55\u5DDE\u548C\u5730\u65B9\u653F\u5E9C\u5EFA\u7ACB\u6B67\u89C6\u79CD\u65CF\u6216\u8BED\u8A00\u7FA4\u4F53\u7684\u6CD5\u5F8B\u3002\u5176\u4ED6\u89C4\u5B9A\u7981\u6B62\u4E86\u548C\u7C7B\u4F3C\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u5176\u5386\u6765\u7528\u4E8E\u5265\u593A\u5C11\u6570\u7FA4\u4F53\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\u3002 \u8BE5\u6CD5\u8FD8\u5305\u542B\u4EC5\u9002\u7528\u4E8E\u67D0\u4E9B\u53F8\u6CD5\u7BA1\u8F96\u533A\u7684\"\u7279\u522B\u89C4\u5B9A\"\u3002 \u4E00\u4E2A\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u7279\u6B8A\u89C4\u5B9A\u662F\u5728\u7B2C5\u8282\u4E2D\u7684\u4E8B\u5148\u6279\u51C6\uFF0C\u5373\u7981\u6B62\u4EFB\u4F55\u5F71\u54CD\u5230\u6295\u7968\u6743\u7684\u6539\u53D8\uFF0C\u9664\u975E\u5F97\u5230\u7F8E\u56FD\u53F8\u6CD5\u90E8\u957F\u6216\u7F8E\u56FD\u54E5\u4F26\u6BD4\u4E9A\u7279\u533A\u8054\u90A6\u5730\u533A\u6CD5\u9662\u7684\u6279\u51C6\uFF0C\u8BA4\u4E3A\u8FD9\u79CD\u6539\u53D8\u4E0D\u6B67\u89C6\u5C11\u6570\u7FA4\u4F53\u3002\u53E6\u6709\u7279\u6B8A\u89C4\u5B9A\u8981\u6C42\u6709\u5927\u91CF\u4F7F\u7528\u5176\u4ED6\u8BED\u8A00\u7684\u5C11\u6570\u6C11\u65CF\u5730\u533A\u63D0\u4F9B\u53CC\u8BED\u7968\u7BB1\u548C\u5176\u4ED6\u9009\u4E3E\u6750\u6599\u3002"@zh . . ". 1965eko Boto Eskubide Legea (ingelesez: Voting Rights Act of 1965) Estatu Batuetako lege federal historikoa da, boto eskubidean arraza-bereizkeria debekatzen duena. Lyndon B. Johnson presidenteak sinatu zuen 1965eko abuztuaren 6an, afro-amerikarren eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua goren unean zegoelarik; ondoren, Kongresuak bost zuzenketa egin zizkion, testuaren bermeak zabaltzeko. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Konstituzioaren 14. eta 15. zuzenketek bermatzen zituzten boto eskubideak babesteko egina, lege honek arraza-gutxiengoen boto eskubidea segurtatu zuen herrialde osoan, batez ere hegoaldean. Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Justizia Sailaren arabera, eskubide zibilen alde herrialdean inoiz promulgatu den legerik eraginkorrena da."@eu . "1965\u5E74\u6295\u7968\u6A29\u6CD5\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AVoting Rights Act of 1965\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u8B70\u4F1A\uFF08\u9023\u90A6\u8B70\u4F1A\uFF09\u3067\u6210\u7ACB\u3057\u3001\u6295\u7968\u6642\u306E\u4EBA\u7A2E\u5DEE\u5225\u3092\u7981\u6B62\u3057\u305F\u3053\u3068\u3067\u4E00\u6642\u4EE3\u3092\u753B\u3057\u305F\u6CD5\u5F8B\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30021965\u5E748\u67086\u65E5\u306B\u516C\u6C11\u6A29\u904B\u52D5\u306E\u9AD8\u307E\u308A\u306E\u4E2D\u3067\u30B8\u30E7\u30F3\u30BD\u30F3\u5927\u7D71\u9818\u304C\u7F72\u540D\u3057\u3066\u6CD5\u5236\u5316\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u9023\u90A6\u8B70\u4F1A\u306F\u305D\u306E\u5F8C5\u5EA6\u306B\u6E21\u3063\u3066\u6CD5\u5F8B\u306E\u4FEE\u6B63\u3092\u884C\u3044\u3001\u305D\u306E\u4FDD\u8B77\u7BC4\u56F2\u3092\u62E1\u5927\u3057\u305F\u3002\u61B2\u6CD5\u4FEE\u6B63\u7B2C14\u6761\u3068\u4FEE\u6B63\u7B2C15\u6761\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4FDD\u8A3C\u3055\u308C\u305F\u6295\u7968\u6A29\u3092\u78BA\u4FDD\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u8003\u6848\u3055\u308C\u3001\u56FD\u5185\u5168\u4F53\u3067\u7279\u306B\u5357\u90E8\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u4EBA\u7A2E\u7684\u5C11\u6570\u8005\u306E\u6295\u7968\u6A29\u3092\u78BA\u4FDD\u3057\u305F\u3002\u53F8\u6CD5\u7701\u306B\u3088\u308C\u3070\u3001\u56FD\u5185\u3067\u6CD5\u5236\u5316\u3055\u308C\u305F\u516C\u6C11\u6A29\u6CD5\u306E\u4E2D\u3067\u3082\u6700\u3082\u5B9F\u52B9\u529B\u3042\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . "East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall,"@en . . "Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee,"@en . . . . . . . "Undang-Undang Hak Suara 1965 (bahasa Inggris: Voting Rights Act of 1965) adalah sebuah karya markah tanah dari legislasi federal di Amerika Serikat yang melarang diskriminasi rasial dalam pemungutan suara. UU tersebut ditandatangani oleh Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson pada puncak Gerakan Hak Sipil pada 6 Agustus 1965, dan Kongres kemudian lima kali mengamendemenkan UU tersebut untuk memperluas perlindungannya."@in . "Senate"@en . . "1965eko Boto Eskubide Legea"@eu . . . . "Le Voting Rights Act of 1965 est l'une des plus importantes lois du Congr\u00E8s des \u00C9tats-Unis, interdisant les discriminations raciales dans l'exercice du droit de vote. Le texte a \u00E9t\u00E9 adopt\u00E9 le 4 ao\u00FBt 1965 et sign\u00E9 par le pr\u00E9sident Lyndon B. Johnson le 6 ao\u00FBt suivant, au plus fort du mouvement afro-am\u00E9ricain des droits civiques. Le Congr\u00E8s sous domination d\u00E9mocrate a par la suite d\u00E9pos\u00E9 cinq amendements \u00E0 cette loi durant la pr\u00E9sidence de Johnson, pour \u00E9tendre l'influence du texte. Con\u00E7u pour renforcer le droit de vote des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains garanti depuis les XIVe et XVe amendements de la Constitution, la loi assure ce droit pour les minorit\u00E9s dans tout le pays, et particuli\u00E8rement dans le Sud des \u00C9tats-Unis. Selon le d\u00E9partement de la Justice des \u00C9tats-Unis, elle est consid\u00E9r\u00E9e comme la loi civique la plus efficace de l'histoire du pays. Le texte contient de nombreuses clauses r\u00E9gulant les proc\u00E9dures \u00E9lectorales. Les dispositions g\u00E9n\u00E9rales pr\u00E9voient des garanties sur le droit de vote \u00E0 l'\u00E9chelle nationale. La section 2 est une disposition g\u00E9n\u00E9rale qui interdit \u00E0 tous les \u00C9tats et gouvernements d'\u00C9tat d'imposer des lois \u00E9lectorales qui entra\u00EEneraient une discrimination envers une minorit\u00E9, qu'elle soit raciale ou linguistique. D'autres dispositions g\u00E9n\u00E9rales proscrivent sp\u00E9cifiquement les tests d'alphab\u00E9tisation et autres moyens historiquement utilis\u00E9s pour priver les minorit\u00E9s de leurs droits. Le texte contient aussi des dispositions sp\u00E9cifiques qui ne s'appliquent qu'\u00E0 certaines juridictions (\u00C9tats et comt\u00E9s). Une disposition sp\u00E9cifique fondamentale est la Section 5, qui exige un pr\u00E9contr\u00F4le de certaines juridictions : ces juridictions ont l'interdiction de mettre en place des changements sur le vote sans l'aval du procureur g\u00E9n\u00E9ral des \u00C9tats-Unis ou de la cour f\u00E9d\u00E9rale de district de Washington, D.C. afin de v\u00E9rifier que ce changement ne discrimine aucune minorit\u00E9 prot\u00E9g\u00E9e. Une autre disposition sp\u00E9cifique requiert que les juridictions, o\u00F9 les minorit\u00E9s linguistiques sont tr\u00E8s pr\u00E9sentes, disposent de scrutins bilingues. La section 5 et la majorit\u00E9 des autres dispositions s'appliquent \u00E0 des juridictions qui rel\u00E8vent de crit\u00E8res sp\u00E9cifiques prescrits dans la section 4. Ceci avait pour but d'englober les juridictions imposant de s\u00E9v\u00E8res discriminations \u00E9lectorales en 1965 ; elles furent mises \u00E0 jour en 1970 et en 1975. Dans l'affaire Shelby County v. Holder (2013), la Cour supr\u00EAme a invalid\u00E9 la liste des crit\u00E8res comme inconstitutionnelle, statuant qu'elle n'\u00E9tait plus apte \u00E0 r\u00E9pondre aux circonstances actuelles. La Cour n'a pas invalid\u00E9 la section 5, mais sans crit\u00E8res, celle-ci n'est plus applicable."@fr .