. . . . . "Edward III was the father of five dukes: Edward , Lionel , John , Edmund , and Thomas ."@en . . "Richard II was a child-king who succeeded his grandfather Edward III shortly after the death of his father, Edward the Black Prince."@en . . "1932"^^ . "300"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u039F \u03A0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03A1\u03CC\u03B4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03AE \u03A0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B4\u03C5\u03BF \u03A1\u03CC\u03B4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BC\u03C6\u03CD\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BE\u03AD\u03C3\u03C0\u03B1\u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0391\u03B3\u03B3\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03B8\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF 1455 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C7\u03C1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF 1487. \u03A0\u03AE\u03C1\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BC\u03B2\u03BB\u03AE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B4\u03C5\u03BF \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C7\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD \u039F\u03AF\u03BA\u03C9\u03BD, \u03C4\u03BF \u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03BA\u03CC \u03C1\u03CC\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039F\u03AF\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A5\u03CC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03CC\u03BA\u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03BF \u03C1\u03CC\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039F\u03AF\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u039B\u03AC\u03BD\u03BA\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1. \u03A3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03BC\u03AC\u03C7\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03AD\u03BB\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03BD \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5, \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B5 \u03C0\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5 \u03B7 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03AE \u03B7 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03AC, \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AC\u03BC\u03B5\u03C3\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B4\u03CC\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B8\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5. \u039F \u03A1\u03B9\u03C7\u03AC\u03C1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u0393\u0384 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0391\u03B3\u03B3\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C5\u03C0\u03AE\u03C1\u03BE\u03B5 \u03BF \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF\u03C2 \u0392\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0391\u03B3\u03B3\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u039F\u03AF\u03BA\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A5\u03CC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B7\u03C2. \u03A4\u03BF 1485, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03B5\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5 \u03B5\u03BA\u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0395\u03C1\u03C1\u03AF\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A4\u03C5\u03B4\u03CE\u03C1, \u03B5\u03B3\u03B3\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u038C\u03BF\u03C5\u03B5\u03BD \u03A4\u03C5\u03B4\u03CE\u03C1, \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03AC\u03C7\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039C\u03C0\u03CC\u03C3\u03B3\u03BF\u03C5\u03BF\u03C1\u03B8, \u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AC \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u039B\u03AD\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1, \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BD\u03AF\u03BA\u03B7\u03C3\u03B5 \u03BF \u0395\u03C1\u03C1\u03AF\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2. \u039A\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1, \u03B1\u03BD\u03AD\u03B2\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03B8\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF \u03C9\u03C2 \u0395\u03C1\u03C1\u03AF\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2 \u0396\u0384 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0391\u03B3\u03B3\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03C0\u03AE\u03C1\u03B5 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03CD\u03B6\u03C5\u03B3\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0395\u03BB\u03B9\u03C3\u03AC\u03B2\u03B5\u03C4 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A5\u03CC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B7\u03C2, \u03BA\u03CC\u03C1\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0395\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03AC\u03C1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0394\u0384 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A5\u03CC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B7\u03C2, \u03B2\u03AC\u03B6\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03A1\u03CC\u03B4\u03C9\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03AC\u03B6\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03A4\u03C5\u03B4\u03CE\u03C1, \u03B7 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B1 \u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BB\u03B5\u03CD\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C7\u03CE\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u0391\u03B3\u03B3\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u039F\u03C5\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 116 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1."@el . "End of the Plantagenet dynasty"@en . . "Establishment of theTudor dynasty" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . "The Wars of the Roses (1455\u20131487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne in the mid-to-late fifteenth century, fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster and York. The wars extinguished the male lines of the two dynasties, leading to the Tudor family inheriting the Lancastrian claim. Following the war, the Houses of Lancaster and York were united, creating a new royal dynasty, thereby resolving the rival claims. The conflict lasted for over thirty years, with various periods of greater and lesser levels of violent conflict during that period, between various rival contenders for the monarchy of England. The conflict had its roots in the wake of the Hundred Years' War and its emergent socio-economic troubles, which weakened the prestige of the English monarchy, unfolding structural problems of bastard feudalism and the powerful duchies created by Edward III, and the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI, which revived interest in the Yorkist claim to the throne by Richard of York. Historians disagree over which of these factors was the main catalyst for the wars. It was also used as a proxy war between France and the Burgundian State. The wars began in 1455 when Richard of York captured Henry at the First Battle of St Albans and was appointed Lord Protector by Parliament, leading to an uneasy peace. Fighting resumed four years later. Yorkists, led by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, often referred to as \"Warwick the Kingmaker,\" captured Henry again at the Battle of Northampton. Richard of York attempted to claim the throne but was dissuaded and was killed at the Battle of Wakefield. His son Edward inherited his claim. The Yorkists lost custody of Henry after the Second Battle of St Albans but destroyed the Lancastrian army at the Battle of Towton. Edward was formally crowned three months later in June 1461. Resistance to Edward's rule continued but was crushed at the Battle of Hexham in 1464, and a period of relative peace ensued. In 1464, Edward married Elizabeth Woodville, the widow of a Lancastrian knight, and showed favour to her family. He also reversed Warwick's policy of seeking closer ties with France. Warwick, offended and sidelined, turned against Edward. In 1469, his supporters defeated a Yorkist army at the Battle of Edgcote. He captured and imprisoned Edward shortly afterwards. However, his attempt to replace Edward with his younger brother George of Clarence met with no support and Edward was allowed to resume his rule, seemingly reconciled with Warwick. Within a year, Edward accused Warwick and Clarence of fresh treachery and forced them to flee. In France, Warwick joined forces with Margaret of Anjou and led an invasion of England. When Warwick's younger brother John Neville deserted Edward, Edward in turn was forced to flee to Flanders. Warwick restored Henry VI as king. Henry's renewed reign was short-lived however. With aid from Burgundy, Edward mounted a counter-invasion. Henry was returned to prison, and Edward defeated and killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. He then defeated a Lancastrian army at the Battle of Tewkesbury. Henry's heir, Edward of Westminster, was captured and executed. Henry himself died or was assassinated on Edward's order shortly afterwards. Edward ruled unopposed and England enjoyed a period of relative peace until his death twelve years later in 1483. Edward's twelve-year-old son reigned for 78 days as Edward V until he was deposed by his uncle, Richard III. Richard assumed the throne under a cloud of controversy, particularly the disappearance of Edward IV's two sons, sparking a short-lived but major revolt and triggering a wave of desertions of prominent Yorkists to the Lancastrian cause. In the midst of the chaos, Henry Tudor, son of Henry VI's half-brother and a descendant of Edward III through his mother, returned from exile with an army of English, French, and Breton troops. Henry defeated and killed Richard at Bosworth Field in 1485, assumed the throne as Henry VII, and married Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter and sole heir of Edward IV, thereby uniting the rival claims. The Earl of Lincoln then put forward Lambert Simnel as an impostor Edward Plantagenet, a potential claimant to the throne. Lincoln's army was defeated and Lincoln himself killed at Stoke Field in 1487, ending the wars. Henry never faced any further serious internal military threats to his reign. In 1490, Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, Edward IV's second son and rival claimant to the throne, but was executed before any rebellion could be launched. The House of Tudor ruled England until 1603. The reign of the Tudor dynasty saw the strengthening of the prestige and power of the English monarchy, particularly under Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, and the end of the medieval period in England which subsequently saw the dawn of the English Renaissance. Historian John Guy argued that \"England was economically healthier, more expansive, and more optimistic under the Tudors\" than at any time since the Roman occupation."@en . . . . "----" . . . . . . "A Guerra das Rosas ou Guerra das Duas Rosas foi uma s\u00E9rie de lutas din\u00E1sticas pelo trono da Inglaterra, ocorridas ao longo de trinta anos (entre 1455 e 1485) de forma intermitente, durante os reinados de Henrique VI, Eduardo IV e Ricardo III. Em campos opostos encontravam-se as casas de Iorque e de Lencastre (ou Lancaster), ambas origin\u00E1rias da dinastia Plantageneta e descendentes de Eduardo III, rei da Inglaterra entre 1327 e 1377. A Guerra das Rosas foi resultado dos problemas sociais e financeiros decorrentes da Guerra dos Cem Anos, combinados com o reinado considerado fraco de Henrique VI, que perdeu muitas das terras francesas conquistadas por seu pai, o rei Henrique V de Inglaterra, e foi severamente questionado pela nobreza. Seu final ocorreu quando um candidato Lencastre relativamente remoto, Henrique Tudor, derrotou o \u00FAltimo rei de Iorque, Ricardo III, e assumiu o trono, casando-se com Isabel de Iorque, filha de Eduardo IV, e sobrinha de Ricardo III, para unir as duas casas. O nome do conflito deve-se aos s\u00EDmbolos das duas fac\u00E7\u00F5es \u2014 a rosa branca da casa de Iorque e a rosa vermelha da de Lancaster, embora a \u00FAltima tenha sido adotada apenas mais tarde. Essa denomina\u00E7\u00E3o passou a ser usada anos depois da guerra, por historiadores."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . "18pxHouse of York" . . . . "Princes.jpg"@en . . "1988"^^ . . "left/right/center"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062F\u062A\u064A\u0646"@ar . . "The unified Tudor Rose of the House of Tudor"@en . . . "18pxHouse of Lancaster" . "Wojna Dw\u00F3ch R\u00F3\u017C (ang. The Wars Of The Roses \u201EWojny R\u00F3\u017C\u201D) \u2013 wojna domowa, tocz\u0105ca si\u0119 w Anglii w latach 1455\u20131485. Uwa\u017Cana jest za swoiste przed\u0142u\u017Cenie wojny stuletniej. W jej trakcie stoczono 18 bitew l\u0105dowych i 1 potyczk\u0119 morsk\u0105. Geneza: Przebieg dzia\u0142a\u0144: By\u0142a to walka o w\u0142adz\u0119 pomi\u0119dzy dwoma rodami: Lancaster\u00F3w (maj\u0105cych w herbie r\u00F3\u017C\u0119 czerwon\u0105) oraz York\u00F3w (r\u00F3\u017C\u0119 bia\u0142\u0105). Wojna ta zacz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 w roku 1455, kiedy to Ryszard z rodu York\u00F3w zebra\u0142 swoje wojska w okolicach Londynu i 22 maja doprowadzi\u0142 do bitwy pod St Albans. Bitwa pod Bosworth zako\u0144czy\u0142a histori\u0119 \u015Bredniowiecznej Anglii."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Militoj de rozoj"@eo . "Bi Arrosen Gerra 1455 eta 1485 artean, Ingalaterrako erregetzarako lehian, Plantagenet dinastiaren oinordetza zutela esaten zuten York etxea (arrosa zuria ikur zuena) eta Lancaster etxea (arrosa gorria ikur zuena) aurrez aurre ezarri zituen gerra zibila izan zen. Bi Arrosen Gerra edo Arrosen Gerra izena Erromantizismoan sortu zen, etxe bien ikurra arrosa zelako."@eu . . . . . . . . . "1"^^ . . "De Rozenoorlogen is de benaming van de burgeroorlog die in het koninkrijk Engeland woedde in de periode 1455 tot 1485. Twee adellijke dynastie\u00EBn, het Huis Lancaster en het Huis York, vochten om het koningschap van Engeland."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . "Bi Arrosen Gerra 1455 eta 1485 artean, Ingalaterrako erregetzarako lehian, Plantagenet dinastiaren oinordetza zutela esaten zuten York etxea (arrosa zuria ikur zuena) eta Lancaster etxea (arrosa gorria ikur zuena) aurrez aurre ezarri zituen gerra zibila izan zen. Bi Arrosen Gerra edo Arrosen Gerra izena Erromantizismoan sortu zen, etxe bien ikurra arrosa zelako. Guda, batez ere, aristokrata lurjabeek eta jaun feudalek egin zuten. Alderdi bat edo bestea hautatzea nobleen arteko ezkontza dinastikoen araberakoa izan zen. Lancaster etxearen sortzailea Joanes Gantekoa (1340-1399), Eduardo III.a Ingalaterrakoaren hirugarren semea izan zen. York etxearena, berriz, haren anaia Edmundo Langleykoa (1341-1402), Eduardo III.aren laugarren semea. Azkenean, gerrak York eta Lancaster familietako gizonezko oinordeko zuzenak hil zituen, eta familiak aprobetxatu zuen Lancastarren izenean gailentzeko, eta erregetza haien esku geratu zen gerra amaitzean. Jarraian, dena den, York etxearekin bat egin zuten Tudortarrek Tudor dinastia sortzeko."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Wojna Dw\u00F3ch R\u00F3\u017C (ang. The Wars Of The Roses \u201EWojny R\u00F3\u017C\u201D) \u2013 wojna domowa, tocz\u0105ca si\u0119 w Anglii w latach 1455\u20131485. Uwa\u017Cana jest za swoiste przed\u0142u\u017Cenie wojny stuletniej. W jej trakcie stoczono 18 bitew l\u0105dowych i 1 potyczk\u0119 morsk\u0105. Geneza: W 1377r. zmar\u0142 kr\u00F3l Anglii Edward III. Jego syn i spadkobierca Edward ksi\u0105\u017C\u0119 Walii nazywany Czarnym Ksi\u0119ciem zmar\u0142 rok przed swoim ojcem. Wobec tego korona angielska stan\u0119\u0142a przed wyborem, czy osadzi\u0107 na tronie ma\u0142oletniego wnuka zmar\u0142ego kr\u00F3la - Ryszarda - czy te\u017C odda\u0107 koron\u0119 w r\u0119ce jego m\u0142odszych syn\u00F3w: Laionela z Antwerpii, Jana z Gandawy i Edmunda Langleya? Ostatecznie zdecydowano si\u0119 na koronacj\u0119 ma\u0142oletniego Ryszarda II, co by\u0142o sporym afrontem wobec aspiruj\u0105cych do tronu angielskiego braci Czarnego Ksi\u0119cia. W 1399r. kr\u00F3l Ryszard II zosta\u0142 pozbawiony korony w wyniku zamachu stanu przez ksi\u0119cia Henryka Lancastera - syna Jana z Gandawy - kt\u00F3ry og\u0142osi\u0142 si\u0119 kr\u00F3lem Henrykiem IV. Poparcie wi\u0119kszo\u015Bci mo\u017Cnych (jak r\u00F3wnie\u017C cz\u0119\u015Bci szlachty francuskiej sprzyjaj\u0105cej odsuni\u0119ciu Plantagenet\u00F3w od w\u0142adzy) i brak przed\u0142u\u017Cenia dynastii Plantagenet\u00F3w czystej krwi spowodowa\u0142y poparcie dla rz\u0105d\u00F3w Henryka w Anglii. Zar\u00F3wno on jak i jego nast\u0119pna Henryk V anga\u017Cowali si\u0119 silnie w dzia\u0142ania wojenne przeciw Francji w ramach Wojny Stuletniej. Po \u015Bmierci Henryka IV w 1413r. tron obj\u0105\u0142 jego syn Henryk V. Jego sukcesy na wojnie z Francj\u0105 da\u0142y mu licznych sojusznik\u00F3w w Anglii. Kr\u00F3l zmar\u0142 nagle podczas wyprawy wojennej w 1421r. pozostawiaj\u0105 tron ma\u0142oletniemu synowi Henrykowi, kt\u00F3ry mia\u0142 w\u00F3wczas zaledwie 8 miesi\u0119cy. Pomimo m\u0142odego wieku Izba Lord\u00F3w zdecydowa\u0142a o koronacji Henryka VI, chocia\u017C nikt nawet nie \u0142udzi\u0142 si\u0119, \u017Ce kr\u00F3l b\u0119dzie rz\u0105dzi\u0142 w jakimkolwiek stopniu pa\u0144stwem. Kolejne kl\u0119ski zadane Anglii w wojnie z Francj\u0105 jak r\u00F3wnie\u017C wewn\u0119trzne niepokoje destabilizowa\u0142y sytuacj\u0119 w kraju. Ministrowie i lordowie nie potrafili sprawnie pokierowa\u0107 pa\u0144stwem, a Henryk VI nawet kiedy osi\u0105gn\u0105 wiek dojrza\u0142y by\u0142 mocno ograniczany przez dw\u00F3r. Budzi\u0142o to sprzeciw wobec rz\u0105d\u00F3w Lancaster\u00F3w wspierany g\u0142\u00F3wnie przez r\u00F3d York\u00F3w - potomk\u00F3w Edmunda Langleya. Przebieg dzia\u0142a\u0144: By\u0142a to walka o w\u0142adz\u0119 pomi\u0119dzy dwoma rodami: Lancaster\u00F3w (maj\u0105cych w herbie r\u00F3\u017C\u0119 czerwon\u0105) oraz York\u00F3w (r\u00F3\u017C\u0119 bia\u0142\u0105). Wojna ta zacz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 w roku 1455, kiedy to Ryszard z rodu York\u00F3w zebra\u0142 swoje wojska w okolicach Londynu i 22 maja doprowadzi\u0142 do bitwy pod St Albans. Kr\u00F3l Henryk VI, prawdopodobnie po swoim francuskim dziadku, odziedziczy\u0142 chorob\u0119 umys\u0142ow\u0105, dlatego te\u017C r\u00F3d York\u00F3w oczekiwa\u0142 na pewne przej\u0119cie tronu. Niespodziewanie kr\u00F3lowa \u2013 Ma\u0142gorzata Andegawe\u0144ska \u2013 urodzi\u0142a syna, ale by\u0142o niemal oczywiste, \u017Ce nie jest to dziecko Henryka VI (g\u0142o\u015Bne by\u0142y plotki o romansie kr\u00F3lowej). Yorkowie wszcz\u0119li bunt, co zapocz\u0105tkowa\u0142o wojn\u0119 domow\u0105. Doradc\u0105 York\u00F3w by\u0142 Richard Neville, hrabia Warwick, nazywany \u201Etw\u00F3rc\u0105 kr\u00F3l\u00F3w\u201D, kt\u00F3ry doprowadzi\u0142 w roku 1460 do obalenia Henryka VI. Na jego miejsce osadzono na tronie przedstawiciela rodu York\u00F3w Edwarda IV. Warwick uzna\u0142 jednak, \u017Ce Yorkowie nie odwdzi\u0119czyli mu si\u0119 tak, jak nale\u017Cy, za us\u0142ugi, wi\u0119c przeszed\u0142 na stron\u0119 Lancaster\u00F3w, co spowodowa\u0142o obalenie Edwarda IV i powr\u00F3t na tron Henryka VI po bitwie pod . W roku 1461 Henryk zosta\u0142 ponownie obalony, a tron przywr\u00F3cono Edwardowi IV, zwyci\u0119zcy w bitwie pod Towton 29 marca 1461 r. Bitwa ta \u2013 jedna z najkrwawszych w historii Anglii \u2013 kosztowa\u0142a \u017Cycie 20\u201330 tysi\u0119cy ludzi. Zako\u0144czy\u0142a ona pierwsz\u0105 faz\u0119 Wojny R\u00F3\u017C, umacniaj\u0105c w\u0142adz\u0119 rodu York\u00F3w. W roku 1470 Edward zmuszony zosta\u0142 do opuszczenia kraju i zbieg\u0142 do Niderland\u00F3w. Po zebraniu nowych wojsk w tym samym roku dosz\u0142o do bitwy pod , podczas kt\u00F3rej \u015Bmier\u0107 poni\u00F3s\u0142 Richard Neville. Kolejna bitwa pod Tewkesbury r\u00F3wnie\u017C nie przynios\u0142a rozstrzygni\u0119cia w trwaj\u0105cym konflikcie. W 1471 roku Henryk VI zmar\u0142. Dwana\u015Bcie lat p\u00F3\u017Aniej umar\u0142 Edward IV. Na tronie zasiad\u0142 jego kilkunastoletni syn Edward V, kt\u00F3ry zosta\u0142 obalony (Edward IV w chwili \u015Blubu z jego matk\u0105 by\u0142 ju\u017C \u017Conaty, co czyni\u0142o jego dzieci z El\u017Cbiet\u0105 Woodville b\u0119kartami), a nast\u0119pnie razem ze swoim m\u0142odszym bratem znikn\u0105\u0142 bez \u015Bladu (prawdopodobnie zostali oni zamordowani przez swojego stryja Ryszarda III, wed\u0142ug historyk\u00F3w zostali zamordowani przez Henryka VII po bitwie pod Bosworth). Zbrodnie Ryszarda III spowodowa\u0142y kolejny bunt przeciwko niemu. Na jego czele stan\u0105\u0142 spokrewniony przez swoj\u0105 matk\u0119 z Lancasterami Henryk Tudor. W 1485 roku dosz\u0142o do bitwy pod Bosworth. Ryszard III zgin\u0105\u0142 w tej bitwie (s\u0142ynne: \u201EKonia! Konia! Kr\u00F3lestwo za konia!\u201D u Szekspira), a Henryk Tudor zosta\u0142 nowym w\u0142adc\u0105 Anglii (jako Henryk VII). Rozpocz\u0119\u0142o si\u0119 panowanie dynastii Tudor\u00F3w. Kolejne dwa lata w\u0142adca Anglii po\u015Bwi\u0119ci\u0142 na walk\u0119 z pretendentami do tronu, m.in. pokonuj\u0105c w bitwie pod Lamberta Simnela. Ostatecznie wojna zako\u0144czy\u0142a si\u0119 po \u015Bmierci ostatniego pretendenta do tronu Perkina Warbecka. Bitwa pod Bosworth zako\u0144czy\u0142a histori\u0119 \u015Bredniowiecznej Anglii. Chronologia militarna wojny \n* I bitwa pod St Albans \u2013 22 maja 1455 \n* \u2013 23 wrze\u015Bnia 1459 \n* bitwa pod Ludlow \u2013 12 pa\u017Adziernika 1459 \n* - 15 stycznia 1460 \n* \u2013 10 lipca 1460 \n* - 16 grudnia 1460 \n* \u2013 30 grudnia 1460 \n* bitwa pod Mortimer\u2019s Cross \u2013 2 lutego 1461 \n* II bitwa pod St Albans \u2013 22 lutego 1461 \n* \u2013 28 marca 1461 \n* bitwa pod Towton \u2013 29 marca 1461 \n* \u2013 25 kwietnia 1464 \n* bitwa pod Hexham \u2013 15 maja 1464 \n* \u2013 26 lipca 1469 \n* \u2013 12 marca 1470 \n* \u2013 14 kwietnia 1471 \n* bitwa pod Tewkesbury \u2013 4 maja 1471 \n* bitwa pod Bosworth Field \u2013 22 sierpnia 1485 \n* \u2013 16 czerwca 1487 Drzewo genealogiczne Poni\u017Cszy schemat przedstawia rodzin\u0119 kr\u00F3lewsk\u0105 XIV i XV w. Anglii z zaznaczon\u0105 przynale\u017Cno\u015Bci\u0105 do stron konfliktu. Niebieska ramka oznacza York\u00F3w, natomiast czerwona Lancaster\u00F3w (hrabia Warwick jest oznaczony kolorem purpurowym, poniewa\u017C zmieni\u0142 stron\u0119, po kt\u00F3rej si\u0119 opowiada\u0142). Literatura obcoj\u0119zyczna \n* Charles Ross: The Wars Of The Roses, New York 1994 \n* Jurgen Sarnowsky: England im Mittelalter, Darmstadt 2002 \n* Alison Weir: Wars Of The Roses, New York 1995 W literaturze pi\u0119knej Wojna Dw\u00F3ch R\u00F3\u017C by\u0142a ukazana mi\u0119dzy innymi w dramatach Williama Szekspira (Henryk VI, Ryszard III) i w napisanym oktaw\u0105 poemacie Civil wars Samuela Daniela."@pl . . "King Richard III from NPG.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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War(s) of the Roses) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0432\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432 1455\u20141485 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u041F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u2014 \u041B\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u041D\u0435\u0441\u043C\u043E\u0442\u0440\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043C\u043A\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u0430 (1455\u20141485), \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0434\u043E, \u0442\u0430\u043A \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u0443\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u044F\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438: 1455\u20141464, 1469\u20141471 \u0438 1483\u20141487 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432. \u0412\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0430 \u0422\u044E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u0430, \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u043F\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u044C\u044E \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0430 \u041B\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432, \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044E, \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044E \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0423\u044D\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043E\u043C \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 117 \u043B\u0435\u0442. \u0412\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0435\u0441\u043B\u0430 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043B\u043E \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438."@ru . . . . . "\u0412\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u043E\u0439 \u0438 \u0411\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u044B"@ru . . "King Edward III from NPG.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "320"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u0412\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0411\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0457 \u0442\u0440\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0434"@uk . . . . . . . . . . "16pxBurgundian State" . . . "Richard II of England"@en . . . . . . "La guerra de las Dos Rosas fue una guerra civil que enfrent\u00F3 intermitentemente a los miembros y partidarios de la Casa de Lancaster contra los de la Casa de York entre 1455 y 1487. Ambas familias pretend\u00EDan el trono de Inglaterra, por origen com\u00FAn en la Casa de Plantagenet, como descendientes del rey Eduardo III. El nombre \u00ABguerra de las dos Rosas\u00BB o \u00ABguerra de las Rosas\u00BB, en alusi\u00F3n a los emblemas de ambas casas, la rosa blanca de York y la roja de Lancaster, fue producto del Romanticismo. La guerra se dio principalmente entre los miembros de la aristocracia terrateniente y ej\u00E9rcitos de los se\u00F1ores feudales. El apoyo a cada uno de los bandos dependi\u00F3, en gran medida, de los matrimonios din\u00E1sticos entre la nobleza. El patriarca de la casa de Lancaster, Juan de Gante, tuvo como primer t\u00EDtulo el de conde de Richmond, el mismo que detentar\u00EDa Enrique VII al final de la guerra. El l\u00EDder de la casa de York fue Edmundo de Langley, que ostentaba el Se\u00F1or\u00EDo de Cambridge. M\u00E1s tarde, durante los reinados de los Tudor y de los Estuardo, Richmondshire y Cambridgeshire se transformar\u00EDan en focos principales de recusantes y puritanos, respectivamente. Cabe destacar que la pelea entre las facciones se prolong\u00F3 m\u00E1s all\u00E1 de la \u00E9poca de Enrique, ya que los monarcas que le siguieron impulsaron la continuidad de los enfrentamientos. La guerra de las Dos Rosas provoc\u00F3 la extinci\u00F3n de los Plantagenet y debilit\u00F3 enormemente las filas de la nobleza, adem\u00E1s de generar gran descontento social. Este per\u00EDodo marc\u00F3 el declive de la influencia inglesa en el continente europeo, el debilitamiento de los poderes feudales de los nobles. En contrapartida, el crecimiento en influencia de los comerciantes y de la monarqu\u00EDa centralizada bajo los Tudor. Esta guerra se\u00F1ala el fin de la Edad Media inglesa y el comienzo del Renacimiento."@es . . . "Extinction of the House of Lancaster"@en . . "Guerra de les Dues Roses"@ca . . . . "Ba shraith coga\u00ED cathartha i Sasana na me\u00E1naoiseanna \u00E9 Cogadh na R\u00F3sanna (1455\u20131489). Bh\u00ED coimhlint idir Teaghlach Lancaster agus Teaghlach Eabhrac le haghaidh chor\u00F3in Shasana. Sh\u00EDolraigh an d\u00E1 dhream \u00F3 \u00C9adbhard III Shasana agus \u00F3 theaghlach na bPlantaig\u00EDneach. Th\u00E1inig deireadh leis nuair a th\u00E1inig Anra\u00ED T\u00FAdar i gcor\u00F3in."@ga . . . . . . . . . "Guerra das Rosas"@pt . . . . . "\u0412\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0411\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0457 \u0442\u0440\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0434 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. War(s) of the Roses) \u2014 \u043D\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u041B\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0434 \u043C\u0456\u0436 1455 \u0442\u0430 1486 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0412\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0456\u043D\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043D\u0430 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u0422\u044E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432. \u0421\u0432\u043E\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u041B\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432. \u041D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430, \u043C\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0442\u044C, \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0432 16-\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456, \u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u043F\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u043A\u043E\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u00AB\u0410\u043D\u043D\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0454\u0440\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430\u00BB. \u0412\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0421\u043A\u043E\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0435\u043F\u0456\u0437\u043E\u0434 \u0456\u0437 \u043F'\u0454\u0441\u0438 \u0428\u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0456\u0440\u0430 \u00AB\u0413\u0435\u043D\u0440\u0456\u0445 VI. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0430 1\u00BB, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0456 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043E\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0457\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0434."@uk . . "Perang Mawar (1455\u20131487) adalah perang saudara yang memperebutkan tahta Inggris antara dan , dua keluarga kerajaan Plantagelet. Meskipun pertempuran bersenjata telah terjadi antara pendukung Henry dan Richard sebelumnya, konflik utama bari terjadi pada tahun 1455 sampai 1487. Konflik antara dua dinasti ini disebabkan munculnya masalah sosial dan keuangan, akibat perang seratus tahun, dikarenakan lemahnya wibawa dan pemerintahan dari Henry VI yang menarik minat Richard, Duke of York's untuk mengklaim takhta Inggris. Nama Perang Mawar ini diambil dari simbol kedua keluarga yaitu mawar merah dan mawar putih."@in . "\u8594\u8587\u6226\u4E89"@ja . . . "1124569451"^^ . . . . . . "16pxPrincipality of Wales" . . . . . . . . . . . . "16pxLordship of Ireland" . . . . . . . . . . . "\u73AB\u7470\u6230\u722D\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AWars of the Roses\uFF1B1455\u5E74\uFF0D1485\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u4E5F\u8BD1\u4F5C\u8594\u8587\u6230\u722D\uFF0C\u662F\u82F1\u738B\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\uFF081327\u5E74\uFF0D1377\u5E74\u5728\u4F4D\uFF09\u7684\u4E24\u652F\u5F8C\u88D4\u2014\u862D\u958B\u65AF\u7279\u5BB6\u65CF\u548C\u7D04\u514B\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\u70BA\u4E86\u4E89\u593A\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u738B\u4F4D\u800C\u767C\u751F\u65B7\u7E8C\u7684\u5167\u6230\u3002\u5169\u5927\u5BB6\u65CF\u90FD\u662F\u91D1\u96C0\u82B1\u738B\u671D\u738B\u5BA4\u7684\u5206\u652F\uFF0C\u7EA6\u514B\u5BB6\u65CF\u662F\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\u7684\u6B21\u5B50\u53CA\u7B2C\u56DB\u5B50\u7684\u5F8C\u88D4\uFF0C\u862D\u958B\u65AF\u7279\u5BB6\u65CF\u662F\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\u7684\u7B2C\u4E09\u5B50\u7684\u5F8C\u88D4\u3002\u73AB\u7470\u6218\u4E89\u662F\u7EA6\u514B\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\u7684\u7B2C\u4E94\u4EE3\u3001\u7B2C\u516D\u4EE3\u7EE7\u627F\u4EBA\u5BF9\u5170\u5F00\u65AF\u7279\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\u7684\u7B2C\u56DB\u4EE3\u3001\u7B2C\u4E94\u4EE3\u7EE7\u627F\u4EBA\u7684\u738B\u4F4D\u6218\u4E89\u3002 \u300C\u73AB\u7470\u6230\u722D\u300D\u4E00\u540D\u7576\u6642\u4E26\u672A\u51FA\u73FE\uFF0C\u800C\u662F16\u4E16\u7D00\u838E\u58EB\u6BD4\u4E9E\u5728\u6B77\u53F2\u5287\u300A\u4EA8\u5229\u516D\u4E16\u300B\u4E2D\u4EE5\u5169\u6735\u73AB\u7470\u6A19\u8A8C\u6230\u722D\u5F8C\u624D\u6210\u70BA\u666E\u904D\u7528\u8A9E\u3002\u6B64\u540D\u7A31\u6E90\u65BC\u5169\u500B\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u5BB6\u5FBD\uFF0C\u862D\u958B\u65AF\u7279\u7684\u7D05\u73AB\u7470\u548C\u7D04\u514B\u7684\u767D\u73AB\u7470\u3002 \u8A72\u6230\u722D\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7531\u99AC\u4E0A\u9A0E\u58EB\u548C\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u5C01\u5EFA\u96A8\u5F9E\u7D44\u6210\u7684\u8ECD\u968A\u6240\u9032\u884C\u3002\u862D\u958B\u65AF\u7279\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\u4E3B\u8981\u5728\u570B\u5BB6\u7684\u5317\u90E8\u548C\u897F\u90E8\uFF0C\u800C\u7D04\u514B\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\u4E3B\u8981\u5728\u5357\u90E8\u548C\u6771\u90E8\u3002\u8CB4\u65CF\u529B\u91CF\u5728\u6574\u4E2A\u6230\u722D\u671F\u9593\u88AB\u5927\u5927\u524A\u5F31\u3002\u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C\u5728\u6230\u722D\u7206\u767C\u524D\u76841425\u52301449\u5E74\u9593\uFF0C\u670925\u500B\u5BB6\u65CF\u6EC5\u7D55\u6D88\u5931\uFF0C\u5728\u6230\u722D\u671F\u9593\u76841450\u52301474\u5E74\u9593\uFF0C\u670924\u500B\u5BB6\u65CF\u6EC5\u7D55\u6D88\u5931\u3002\u968F\u7740\u96C4\u5FC3\u52C3\u52C3\u516C\u7136\u53EB\u9663\u7684\u8CB4\u65CF\u5011\u5728\u6230\u722D\u521D\u671F\u5927\u91CF\u6230\u6B7B\uFF0C\u63A5\u8FD1\u6230\u722D\u5F8C\u671F\uFF0C\u8D8A\u4F86\u8D8A\u5C11\u7684\u8CB4\u65CF\u9858\u610F\u5728\u4E0D\u78BA\u5B9A\u7684\u6230\u722D\u4E2D\u4EE5\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u751F\u547D\u548C\u982D\u929C\u5192\u96AA\u3002\u8FD9\u662F\u8CB4\u65CF\u5C01\u5EFA\u529B\u91CF\u524A\u5F31\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u539F\u56E0\u4E4B\u4E00\uFF0C\u4E5F\u8FDB\u800C\u5C0E\u81F4\u4E86\u90FD\u9438\u738B\u671D\u7D71\u6CBB\u4E0B\u4E2D\u592E\u96C6\u6B0A\u541B\u4E3B\u5C08\u5236\u7684\u767C\u5C55\u3002 \u6230\u722D\u6700\u7D42\u4EE5\u5170\u5F00\u65AF\u7279\u5BB6\u65CF\u7684\u4EA8\u5229\u4E03\u4E16\u8207\u7D04\u514B\u7684\u4F0A\u8389\u838E\u767D\u806F\u59FB\u7D50\u675F\uFF0C\u540C\u6642\u4E5F\u7D50\u675F\u4E86\u6CD5\u570B\u91D1\u96C0\u82B1\u738B\u671D\u5728\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u7684\u7D71\u6CBB\uFF0C\u958B\u555F\u5A01\u723E\u65AF\u4EBA\u7684\u90FD\u9438\u738B\u671D\u3002\u9019\u4E5F\u6A19\u8A18\u8457\u5728\u7684\u7D50\u675F\u4E26\u8D70\u5411\u65B0\u7684\u6587\u85DD\u5FA9\u8208\u6642\u4EE3\u3002\u70BA\u4E86\u7D00\u5FF5\u9019\u5834\u6230\u722D\uFF0C\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u4EE5\u73AB\u7470\u70BA\u570B\u82B1\uFF0C\u4E26\u628A\u7687\u5BA4\u5FBD\u7AE0\u6539\u70BA\u7D05\u767D\u7684\u300C\u90FD\u9438\u73AB\u7470\u300D\u3002"@zh . . . . "and others...]]"@en . . . . . . "La guerre des Deux-Roses d\u00E9signe un ensemble d'affrontements, constituant globalement une guerre civile discontinue, qui eut lieu en Angleterre entre la maison royale de Lancastre et la maison royale de York. Elle est appel\u00E9e ainsi en r\u00E9f\u00E9rence aux embl\u00E8mes des deux maisons, la rose rouge de Lancastre et la rose blanche d'York ; cette r\u00E9f\u00E9rence ne se fait pour autant qu\u2019a posteriori, la rose de Lancastre n'ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 utilis\u00E9e comme embl\u00E8me pour cette maison qu'\u00E0 partir de 1485, \u00E0 la derni\u00E8re bataille du conflit. Ce conflit est li\u00E9 aux droits de succession de la couronne d'Angleterre. Elle d\u00E9bute en 1455 et prend fin en 1485, quand le dernier des rois de la maison d'York, Richard III, meurt sur le champ de bataille et que Henri Tudor devient roi sous le nom d'Henri VII, fondant la dynastie des Tudor. Il r\u00E9unit ainsi les deux branches royales issues de la m\u00EAme dynastie en se mariant \u00E0 \u00C9lisabeth d'York, et permet la fin de la guerre entre les maisons de Lancastre et d'York ; il choisit \u00E9galement pour embl\u00E8me la rose Tudor, qui fusionne les deux autres. Les historiens consid\u00E8rent le conflit comme une cons\u00E9quence de la cl\u00F4ture de la guerre de Cent Ans, supprimant irr\u00E9m\u00E9diablement toute expansion anglaise en France et reportant la violence pr\u00E9datrice des chevaliers et combattants sur eux-m\u00EAmes et leur nation. Issue de l'instabilit\u00E9 de la Couronne d'Angleterre, nourrie des faiblesses du r\u00E8gne d'Henri VI et des guerres priv\u00E9es incessantes entre les vassaux de la Couronne, elle permet \u00E0 plusieurs autres puissances (Bourgogne, \u00C9cosse, France) d'intervenir politiquement ou militairement dans les affaires anglaises. La noblesse, sur qui repose enti\u00E8rement la lev\u00E9e des forces n\u00E9cessaires aux combats, sort de cette p\u00E9riode affaiblie face au pouvoir royal. La maison de Lancastre descend de Jean de Gand, duc de Lancastre en 1362 et 3e fils du roi \u00C9douard III. Celle d'York descend de son fr\u00E8re Edmond de Langley, 4e fils du roi \u00C9douard III, devenu duc d'York en 1385. L'affrontement des deux lign\u00E9es, issues de la maison Plantagen\u00EAt, signe la fin de celle-ci et son remplacement par la maison Tudor."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . "[[#Leadership"@en . . "Rozenoorlogen"@nl . . . . . . . "Pugh"@en . "vertical"@en . . . . . . "16pxYorkist rebels" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Wars of the Roses"@en . . "Rosenkriege"@de . . . . "Wars of the Roses"@en . "House of Tudor inherits Lancastrian claim to the throne and defeats the Yorkist dynasty"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Perang Mawar (1455\u20131487) adalah perang saudara yang memperebutkan tahta Inggris antara dan , dua keluarga kerajaan Plantagelet. Meskipun pertempuran bersenjata telah terjadi antara pendukung Henry dan Richard sebelumnya, konflik utama bari terjadi pada tahun 1455 sampai 1487. Konflik antara dua dinasti ini disebabkan munculnya masalah sosial dan keuangan, akibat perang seratus tahun, dikarenakan lemahnya wibawa dan pemerintahan dari Henry VI yang menarik minat Richard, Duke of York's untuk mengklaim takhta Inggris. Nama Perang Mawar ini diambil dari simbol kedua keluarga yaitu mawar merah dan mawar putih."@in . . . . . . "La guerra delle due rose (nota in inglese come Wars of the Roses) fu una sanguinosa lotta dinastica combattuta in Inghilterra tra il 1455 e il 1485 (1487 per una parte della storiografia inglese) tra due diversi rami della casa regnante dei Plantageneti: i Lancaster e gli York. La guerra fu cos\u00EC denominata, nel XIX secolo, dopo che Walter Scott, nel 1829, aveva pubblicato il romanzo Anna di Geierstein, facendo riferimento agli stemmi dei due casati che recavano rispettivamente una rosa di colore rosso e una bianca. Tuttavia l'unico simbolo contemporaneo \u00E8 la Rosa Bianca degli York. La prima attestazione della Rosa Rossa \u00E8 proprio nella Rosa Tudor, derivata forse da uno stemma Beaufort."@it . . . . . "Dawn of theEnglish Renaissance" . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC7A5\uBBF8 \uC804\uC7C1(\uC601\uC5B4: Wars of the Roses)\uC740 \uBD89\uC740 \uC7A5\uBBF8\uB97C \uD45C\uC2DC\uB85C \uC0BC\uC740 \uB7AD\uCEE4\uC2A4\uD130 \uC655\uAC00\uC640 \uD770 \uC7A5\uBBF8\uB97C \uD45C\uC2DC\uB85C \uC0BC\uC740 \uC694\uD06C \uC655\uAC00 \uC0AC\uC774\uC758 \uC655\uC704 \uC7C1\uD0C8\uC804\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1455\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1485\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uBC8C\uC5B4\uC84C\uB2E4. \uC694\uD06C \uACF5\uC791 \uB9AC\uCC98\uB4DC\uB294 \uD5E8\uB9AC 6\uC138\uC758 \uBC1C\uBCD1\uC744 \uD2C8\uD0C0 1453\uB144 \uD638\uBBFC\uAD00 \uACB8 \uBC29\uC704\uAD00\uC774 \uB418\uC5B4 \uB7AD\uCEE4\uC2A4\uD130\uAC00\uC758 \uC911\uC2EC\uC138\uB825\uC778 \uC11C\uBA38\uC14B \uACF5\uC791\uACFC \uC2F8\uC6CC, \uC7A5\uBBF8\uC804\uC7C1\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uCF1C \uADF8\uB97C \uBA78\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. 1460\uB144\uC5D0 \uB9AC\uCC98\uB4DC\uB294 \uC655\uC704\uB97C \uC694\uAD6C\uD558\uC5EC \uD5E8\uB9AC 6\uC138\uC758 \uC0AC\uD6C4 \uC655\uC704 \uACC4\uC2B9\uC774 \uC2B9\uC778\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098, \uB7AD\uCEE4\uC2A4\uD130\uD30C\uC758 \uBC18\uB300\uB85C \uB9AC\uCC98\uB4DC\uB294 \uC804\uC0AC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uB9AC\uCC98\uB4DC\uC758 \uC544\uB4E4 \uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC\uB294 1461\uB144 \uB7AD\uCEE4\uC2A4\uD130\uAC00\uB97C \uACA9\uD30C\uD558\uACE0 \uC655\uC704\uB97C \uD68D\uB4DD\uD558\uC5EC \uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC 4\uC138\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774\uC73D\uACE0 \uC694\uD06C\uAC00 \uB0B4\uBD80\uC5D0 \uBD88\uD654\uAC00 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098, 1483\uB144 \uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC 4\uC138\uC758 \uC0AC\uD6C4, \uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC 5\uC138\uC640 \uADF8 \uB3D9\uC0DD\uC774 \uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC 4\uC138\uC758 \uC801\uC790\uAC00 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C\uB294 \uBA85\uBD84\uC73C\uB85C \uC5D0\uB4DC\uC6CC\uB4DC 4\uC138\uC758 \uB3D9\uC0DD \uAE00\uB85C\uC2A4\uD130 \uACF5 \uB9AC\uCC98\uB4DC\uAC00 \uB9AC\uCC98\uB4DC 3\uC138\uB85C\uC11C \uC989\uC704\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC774\uC5D0 \uC5B4\uBA38\uB2C8 \uACC4\uD1B5\uC73C\uB85C \uC655\uC2E4\uC5D0 \uC5F0\uACB0\uB41C \uB7AD\uCEE4\uC2A4\uD130\uAC00\uC758 \uC720\uC77C\uD55C \uC655\uC704 \uC694\uAD6C\uC790\uC778 \uD5E8\uB9AC \uD29C\uB354\uAC00 1485\uB144 \uB9DD\uBA85\uC9C0\uC778 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC5D0\uC11C \uADC0\uAD6D\uD558\uC5EC 1485\uB144 \uBCF4\uC2A4\uC6CC\uC2A4 \uC804\uD22C\uC5D0\uC11C \uB9AC\uCC98\uB4DC 3\uC138\uB97C \uACA9\uD30C\uD558\uACE0 \uD5E8\uB9AC 7\uC138\uB85C \uC989\uC704\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC774\uB85C\uC368 \uC7A5\uBBF8 \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uB05D\uB098\uACE0 \uD29C\uB354 \uC655\uC870\uAC00 \uC5F4\uB9AC\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "7.573824E8"^^ . . . . . . . . "Cogadh na R\u00F3sanna"@ga . . . . . . . . "La Guerra de les Dues Roses o Guerra de les Roses (1455\u20131485) va ser una s\u00E8rie de guerres civils pel tron del Regne d'Anglaterra que va enfrontar els partidaris de la Casa de Lancaster i la Casa de York. Les dues descendien de la casa reial dels Plantagenet, a trav\u00E9s del rei Eduard III. Els participants a la guerra eren majorit\u00E0riament l'aristocr\u00E0cia terratinent i els ex\u00E8rcits dels senyors feudals. El suport per les dues cases era condicionat per factors din\u00E0stics, com matrimonis entre la noblesa o la concessi\u00F3 de t\u00EDtols feudals, i les lleialtats de molts dels participants van canviar durant els diferents enfrontaments. Per aquest motiu resulta complicat de fer un seguiment de les aliances i els equilibris de poder durant el conflicte. La Guerra va acabar amb l'extinci\u00F3 de la l\u00EDnia dels Plantagenet i va debilitar molt a la noblesa. Aquest per\u00EDode de guerra civil va marcar el declivi de la influ\u00E8ncia anglesa al continent europeu, el debilitament del poder feudal dels nobles, i l'increment del poder dels comerciants i la centralitzaci\u00F3 del poder mon\u00E0rquic sota la nova dinastia dels Tudor. La fi de la guerra \u00E9s considerada pels historiadors com la fi de l'l'edat mitjana anglesa i l'inici del renaixement. El nom del conflicte, producte del romanticisme, t\u00E9 el seu origen en qu\u00E8 els emblemes her\u00E0ldics de les dues cases eren una rosa."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC7A5\uBBF8 \uC804\uC7C1"@ko . . . . "Rosornas krig"@sv . . . . . "30275656"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "End of thePlantagenet dynasty" . . . . . . . . "La guerra delle due rose (nota in inglese come Wars of the Roses) fu una sanguinosa lotta dinastica combattuta in Inghilterra tra il 1455 e il 1485 (1487 per una parte della storiografia inglese) tra due diversi rami della casa regnante dei Plantageneti: i Lancaster e gli York. La guerra fu cos\u00EC denominata, nel XIX secolo, dopo che Walter Scott, nel 1829, aveva pubblicato il romanzo Anna di Geierstein, facendo riferimento agli stemmi dei due casati che recavano rispettivamente una rosa di colore rosso e una bianca. Tuttavia l'unico simbolo contemporaneo \u00E8 la Rosa Bianca degli York. La prima attestazione della Rosa Rossa \u00E8 proprio nella Rosa Tudor, derivata forse da uno stemma Beaufort."@it . . . . "Als Rosenkriege (englisch Wars of the Roses) werden die mit Unterbrechungen von 1455 bis 1485 gef\u00FChrten K\u00E4mpfe zwischen den beiden rivalisierenden englischen Adelsh\u00E4usern York und Lancaster bezeichnet. Die Adelsh\u00E4user waren verschiedene Zweige des Hauses Plantagenet und f\u00FChrten ihre Stammlinie auf K\u00F6nig Eduard III. zur\u00FCck, woraus sie ihren Anspruch auf die englische K\u00F6nigskrone ableiteten: Die Lancasters waren 1399 auf den Thron gelangt, doch das Haus York sah sich \u00FCbergangen. Als K\u00F6nig Heinrich VI. aus dem Haus Lancaster in geistige Umnachtung fiel, l\u00F6ste dies schlie\u00DFlich den offenen B\u00FCrgerkrieg aus. Die Auseinandersetzungen forderten einen sehr hohen Blutzoll im britischen Adel und beendeten unter anderem die m\u00E4nnlichen Linien dieser beiden H\u00E4user. Die Kriege erbrachten zun\u00E4chst den Sieg des Hauses York, das 1461 in der Schlacht von Towton die K\u00F6nigsw\u00FCrde f\u00FCr Eduard IV. in den Jahren 1461\u20131470 und 1471\u20131483 sichern konnte. Eine zwischenzeitliche R\u00FCckkehr der Lancasterianer an die Macht 1470 endete 1471 mit dem endg\u00FCltigen Sieg Eduards IV. in der Schlacht von Tewkesbury und dem Ausl\u00F6schen der m\u00E4nnlichen Linie der Lancasters. Nach Eduards Tod 1483 endeten die Kriege aber letztlich doch 1485 mit einem Sieg der Lancaster-Partei \u00FCber das Haus York in der Schlacht von Bosworth, in der Richard III., der letzte K\u00F6nig aus dem Haus Plantagenet, den Tod fand. Henry Tudor, der nur entfernt \u00FCber seine Mutter mit dem K\u00F6nigshaus verbundene Thronpr\u00E4tendent der Lancasters, wurde daraufhin als Heinrich VII. zum K\u00F6nig gekr\u00F6nt und verband durch seine Heirat mit Elizabeth of York die beiden H\u00E4user im Haus Tudor. Ein letztes Aufb\u00E4umen der Yorkisten, bei dem sich der Hochstapler Lambert Simnel als Edward Plantagenet, 17. Earl of Warwick, ausgab, wurde 1487 in der Schlacht von Stoke niedergeschlagen. Der echte Edward wurde von Heinrich VII. gefangen gehalten und 1499 enthauptet. Damit war auch der Mannesstamm des Hauses York erloschen. Die Wappen der beiden gegnerischen Familien enthielten Rosen (eine rote Rose f\u00FCr Lancaster, eine wei\u00DFe Rose f\u00FCr York), sodass sich f\u00FCr diesen Konflikt sp\u00E4ter die Bezeichnung \u201ERosenkriege\u201C etablierte. Allerdings l\u00E4sst sich in den zeitgen\u00F6ssischen Quellen die Zuordnung der Rosen zu den jeweiligen H\u00E4usern nur bedingt nachweisen."@de . "Wars of the Roses"@en . . "The Wars of the Roses (1455\u20131487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne in the mid-to-late fifteenth century, fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster and York. The wars extinguished the male lines of the two dynasties, leading to the Tudor family inheriting the Lancastrian claim. Following the war, the Houses of Lancaster and York were united, creating a new royal dynasty, thereby resolving the rival claims. The conflict lasted for over thirty years, with various periods of greater and lesser levels of violent conflict during that period, between various rival contenders for the monarchy of England."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "House of Yorkreigns for 24 years" . . "198684"^^ . . . . . . . . "1455-05-22"^^ . "--05-22"^^ . . "Bi Arrosen Gerra"@eu . . . "House of Tudorinherits Lancastrian claim to the throne anddefeatstheYorkist dynasty" . . . . . . . . . "De Rozenoorlogen is de benaming van de burgeroorlog die in het koninkrijk Engeland woedde in de periode 1455 tot 1485. Twee adellijke dynastie\u00EBn, het Huis Lancaster en het Huis York, vochten om het koningschap van Engeland."@nl . . . . "448"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "End of the middle ages in England"@en . . . . "Rosornas krig, engelska Wars of the Roses, var en serie inb\u00F6rdeskrig som periodvis utk\u00E4mpades om Englands tron \u00E5ren 1455-1485 mellan \u00E4tterna av husen Lancaster och York. B\u00E5da \u00E4tterna, som var f\u00F6rgreningar av kunga\u00E4tten Plantagenet, h\u00E4rstammade fr\u00E5n kung Edvard III. Namnet Rosornas krig anv\u00E4ndes inte vid tiden f\u00F6r kriget, men har sitt ursprung i de m\u00E4rken som valdes av de b\u00E5da kunga\u00E4tterna, Lancasters r\u00F6da ros och Yorks vita ros."@sv . . . . . . . . "Early modern half-figure portrait of Edward III in his royal garb"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "193"^^ . . . . . . . . "Ba shraith coga\u00ED cathartha i Sasana na me\u00E1naoiseanna \u00E9 Cogadh na R\u00F3sanna (1455\u20131489). Bh\u00ED coimhlint idir Teaghlach Lancaster agus Teaghlach Eabhrac le haghaidh chor\u00F3in Shasana. Sh\u00EDolraigh an d\u00E1 dhream \u00F3 \u00C9adbhard III Shasana agus \u00F3 theaghlach na bPlantaig\u00EDneach. Th\u00E1inig deireadh leis nuair a th\u00E1inig Anra\u00ED T\u00FAdar i gcor\u00F3in."@ga . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "18pxHouse of Tudor" . . . . "Guerra de las Dos Rosas"@es . . . "Wojna Dw\u00F3ch R\u00F3\u017C"@pl . . "16pxKingdom of France" . . . . . . "Guerre des Deux-Roses"@fr . . "\u8594\u8587\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u3070\u3089\u305B\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3001\u82F1: Wars of the Roses\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u767E\u5E74\u6226\u4E89\u7D42\u6226\u5F8C\u306B\u767A\u751F\u3057\u305F\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u4E2D\u4E16\u5C01\u5EFA\u8AF8\u4FAF\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5185\u4E71\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u5B9F\u72B6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u767E\u5E74\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u6557\u6226\u8CAC\u4EFB\u306E\u62BC\u3057\u4ED8\u3051\u5408\u3044\u304C\u6B21\u4EE3\u306E\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u738B\u671D\u306E\u57F7\u6A29\u4E89\u3044\u3078\u3068\u767A\u5C55\u3057\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3068\u8A00\u3048\u308B\u3002\u3000 \u307E\u305F\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u306E\u30CE\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\u30C7\u30A3\u30FC\u516C2\u4E16\u30AE\u30E8\u30FC\u30E0\u304C\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3092\u5F81\u670D\u3057\u305F\u30CE\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\u30FB\u30B3\u30F3\u30AF\u30A8\u30B9\u30C8\u306E\u5F8C\u3001\u30A2\u30F3\u30B8\u30E5\u30FC\u5E1D\u56FD\u3092\u7BC9\u3044\u305F\u30D7\u30E9\u30F3\u30BF\u30B8\u30CD\u30C3\u30C8\u5BB6\u306E\u7537\u7CFB\u508D\u6D41\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30E9\u30F3\u30AB\u30B9\u30BF\u30FC\u5BB6\u3068\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5BB6\u306E\u300130\u5E74\u306B\u53CA\u3076\u6A29\u529B\u95D8\u4E89\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6700\u7D42\u7684\u306B\u306F\u30E9\u30F3\u30AB\u30B9\u30BF\u30FC\u5BB6\u306E\u5973\u7CFB\u306E\u8840\u7B4B\u3092\u5F15\u304F\u30C6\u30E5\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u5BB6\u306E\u30D8\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC7\u4E16\u304C\u6B66\u529B\u3067\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5BB6\u3092\u5012\u3057\u3001\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5BB6\u306E\u30A8\u30EA\u30B6\u30D9\u30B9\u738B\u5973\u3068\u7D50\u5A5A\u3057\u3066\u30C6\u30E5\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u671D\u3092\u958B\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . . "right"@en . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "89"^^ . . . "La Guerra de les Dues Roses o Guerra de les Roses (1455\u20131485) va ser una s\u00E8rie de guerres civils pel tron del Regne d'Anglaterra que va enfrontar els partidaris de la Casa de Lancaster i la Casa de York. Les dues descendien de la casa reial dels Plantagenet, a trav\u00E9s del rei Eduard III. El nom del conflicte, producte del romanticisme, t\u00E9 el seu origen en qu\u00E8 els emblemes her\u00E0ldics de les dues cases eren una rosa."@ca . . . . . . . "King Richard III reigned 1483\u20131485 as the final York monarch"@en . . . . . . . . "V\u00E1lky r\u016F\u017E\u00ED"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "150"^^ . . . . . . "King Richard II of England . This portrait of him famously is shown in Westminster Abbey, London, where Richard is buried. It is the work of an unknown master, and the date is usually given as about 1390. This painting is the earliest known portrait of an English monarch, according to the Abbey's website."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Print after the 1908 painting by Henry Payne of the scene in the Temple Garden from Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 1, where supporters of the rival factions pick either red or white roses, the symbols for the Lancastrians or the Yorkists"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Richardson III"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Dawn of the English Renaissance"@en . "Rozaj militoj (angle Wars of the Roses) estas nomo de serio da bataloj inter 1455 kaj 1485 pri la angla re\u011Da trono, \u0109efe inter la du dinastioj Jorkoj kaj Lankastroj. La dinastia kverelo devenis de la detronigo de Rikardo la 2-a, kiam la lankastera Henriko la 4-a (Anglio) gajnis la tronon. Inter aliaj faktoroj kiuj kontribuis al la erupcio de militado estis: Henriko la 6-a tro malfortis kaj tro mense malsanis por estri armeojn. Dufoje li kapti\u011Dis. Lia edzino Margareta de An\u0135uo ludis gravan rolon kaj pruvis sin kura\u011Da militestro."@eo . . . . "Supported by:" . . "The White Rose of the House of York"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Establishment of the Tudor dynasty"@en . . . . . . . . . . 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"16pxDuchy of Brittany" . . "Perang Mawar"@in . . . . . . "V\u00E1lky r\u016F\u017E\u00ED (1455\u20131487) byla s\u00E9rie bitev ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky v Anglii mezi spojenci rod\u016F Lancaster\u016F a York\u016F. P\u0159\u00ED\u010Diny konfliktu sahaly a\u017E k roku 1399, kdy p\u0159\u00EDvr\u017Eenci Lancaster\u016F svrhli kr\u00E1le Richarda II. a ustavili nov\u00FDm kr\u00E1lem Jind\u0159icha IV. Po smrti jeho syna Jind\u0159icha V. roku 1422 vl\u00E1dla zemi regentsk\u00E1 rada m\u00EDsto nezletil\u00E9ho Jind\u0159icha VI. Rozkr\u00E1d\u00E1n\u00ED kr\u00E1lovsk\u00E9ho majetku regentskou radou a ne\u00FAsp\u011Bchy ve stolet\u00E9 v\u00E1lce vedly Richarda Plantageneta z Yorku k mobilizaci vojensk\u00FDch sil proti kr\u00E1lov\u00FDm r\u00E1dc\u016Fm. B\u00EDl\u00E1 r\u016F\u017Ee York\u016F a \u010Derven\u00E1 r\u016F\u017Ee Lancaster\u016FDobov\u00E1 miniatura zobrazuj\u00EDc\u00ED bitvu u Tewkesbury"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . "Extinction of theHouse of Lancaster" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "16"^^ . . . . "Guerra delle due rose"@it . "White Rose Badge of York.svg"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . "Victory for theHouse of Tudorand their allies" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Strengthening of the English monarchy under the Tudors"@en . . . "16pxKingdom of Scotland" . . . . . . . . . . . "Victory for the House of Tudor and their allies"@en . . "Als Rosenkriege (englisch Wars of the Roses) werden die mit Unterbrechungen von 1455 bis 1485 gef\u00FChrten K\u00E4mpfe zwischen den beiden rivalisierenden englischen Adelsh\u00E4usern York und Lancaster bezeichnet. Die Adelsh\u00E4user waren verschiedene Zweige des Hauses Plantagenet und f\u00FChrten ihre Stammlinie auf K\u00F6nig Eduard III. zur\u00FCck, woraus sie ihren Anspruch auf die englische K\u00F6nigskrone ableiteten: Die Lancasters waren 1399 auf den Thron gelangt, doch das Haus York sah sich \u00FCbergangen. Als K\u00F6nig Heinrich VI. aus dem Haus Lancaster in geistige Umnachtung fiel, l\u00F6ste dies schlie\u00DFlich den offenen B\u00FCrgerkrieg aus. Die Auseinandersetzungen forderten einen sehr hohen Blutzoll im britischen Adel und beendeten unter anderem die m\u00E4nnlichen Linien dieser beiden H\u00E4user."@de . . "18"^^ . "left/right/center"@en . "16"^^ . "La guerra de las Dos Rosas fue una guerra civil que enfrent\u00F3 intermitentemente a los miembros y partidarios de la Casa de Lancaster contra los de la Casa de York entre 1455 y 1487. Ambas familias pretend\u00EDan el trono de Inglaterra, por origen com\u00FAn en la Casa de Plantagenet, como descendientes del rey Eduardo III. El nombre \u00ABguerra de las dos Rosas\u00BB o \u00ABguerra de las Rosas\u00BB, en alusi\u00F3n a los emblemas de ambas casas, la rosa blanca de York y la roja de Lancaster, fue producto del Romanticismo."@es . . . . "Edward III of England"@en . 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"Cokayne"@en . . . 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"Tudor Rose.svg"@en . . . . . "End of themiddle ages in England" . . 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"A Guerra das Rosas ou Guerra das Duas Rosas foi uma s\u00E9rie de lutas din\u00E1sticas pelo trono da Inglaterra, ocorridas ao longo de trinta anos (entre 1455 e 1485) de forma intermitente, durante os reinados de Henrique VI, Eduardo IV e Ricardo III. Em campos opostos encontravam-se as casas de Iorque e de Lencastre (ou Lancaster), ambas origin\u00E1rias da dinastia Plantageneta e descendentes de Eduardo III, rei da Inglaterra entre 1327 e 1377."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "The Red Rose of the House of Lancaster"@en . . . . . . . . . . "2011"^^ . "2004"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Red Rose Badge of Lancaster.svg"@en . . . . . . . "V\u00E1lky r\u016F\u017E\u00ED (1455\u20131487) byla s\u00E9rie bitev ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky v Anglii mezi spojenci rod\u016F Lancaster\u016F a York\u016F. P\u0159\u00ED\u010Diny konfliktu sahaly a\u017E k roku 1399, kdy p\u0159\u00EDvr\u017Eenci Lancaster\u016F svrhli kr\u00E1le Richarda II. a ustavili nov\u00FDm kr\u00E1lem Jind\u0159icha IV. Po smrti jeho syna Jind\u0159icha V. roku 1422 vl\u00E1dla zemi regentsk\u00E1 rada m\u00EDsto nezletil\u00E9ho Jind\u0159icha VI. Rozkr\u00E1d\u00E1n\u00ED kr\u00E1lovsk\u00E9ho majetku regentskou radou a ne\u00FAsp\u011Bchy ve stolet\u00E9 v\u00E1lce vedly Richarda Plantageneta z Yorku k mobilizaci vojensk\u00FDch sil proti kr\u00E1lov\u00FDm r\u00E1dc\u016Fm. Kdy\u017E anglick\u00E9 vojsko roku 1453 za\u017Eilo ve stolet\u00E9 v\u00E1lce definitivn\u00ED por\u00E1\u017Eku, kr\u00E1l se zhroutil a Richard Plantagenet byl jmenov\u00E1n protektorem Anglie. Jeho opat\u0159en\u00ED vedouc\u00ED k hospod\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E9 obnov\u011B a pos\u00EDlen\u00ED bezpe\u010Dnosti v\u0161ak kr\u00E1l zru\u0161il pot\u00E9, co nabyl roku 1455 v\u011Bdom\u00ED. York musel Lond\u00FDn opustit a je\u0161t\u011B ve stejn\u00E9m roce pak do\u0161lo k prvn\u00ED bitv\u011B mezi Lancastery a Yorky. V\u00EDt\u011Bzstv\u00ED v t\u00E9to bitv\u011B a dal\u0161\u00ED z\u00E1chvat kr\u00E1le znamenaly pro Yorka n\u00E1vrat do funkce protektora, setkal se v\u0161ak se siln\u00FDm odporem kr\u00E1lovny Mark\u00E9ty z Anjou. Po n\u011Bkolika bitv\u00E1ch roku 1459 musel Richard Plantagenet a jeho spojenci prchnout ze zem\u011B. Kdy\u017E se n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDho roku Yorkov\u00E9 vr\u00E1tili s arm\u00E1dou, nevystupoval ji\u017E jen proti kr\u00E1lov\u00FDm r\u00E1dc\u016Fm, n\u00FDbr\u017E ji\u017E usiloval o kr\u00E1lovskou korunu. Tu se mu v\u0161ak nepoda\u0159ilo z\u00EDskat, nebo\u0165 v prosinci roku 1460 byl Richard Plantagenet zabit v bitv\u011B u Wakefieldu. B\u00EDl\u00E1 r\u016F\u017Ee York\u016F a \u010Derven\u00E1 r\u016F\u017Ee Lancaster\u016FDobov\u00E1 miniatura zobrazuj\u00EDc\u00ED bitvu u Tewkesbury Jeho syn Eduard se v\u0161ak dok\u00E1zal prosadit, zv\u00EDt\u011Bzil roku 1461 nad Lancastery a nechal se jako Eduard IV. korunovat. Postupem \u010Dasu se v\u0161ak za\u010Daly projevovat rozpory mezi n\u00EDm a jeho spojencem Richardem Nevillem z Warwicku, kter\u00E9 nakonec p\u0159erostly v otev\u0159en\u00FD boj. Warwick se spojil se \u0161lechtou, je\u017E byla nespokojena se vzestupem \u201Enov\u00E9 \u0161lechty\u201C, kterou Eduard IV. podporoval. Warwick se sv\u00FDm vojskem roku 1469 zaznamenal por\u00E1\u017Eku a musel prchnout do Calais, tam se v\u0161ak spojil s Mark\u00E9tou z Anjou a jejich spole\u010Dn\u00E9 s\u00EDly se roku 1470 vylodily v Anglii a donutily zasko\u010Den\u00E9ho Eduarda IV. prchnout do Burgundska. N\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDho roku se Eduard IV. vylodil v Anglii a lancastersk\u00E9 vojsko porazil. Mnoz\u00ED Lancasterov\u00E9 byli popraveni a zavra\u017Ed\u011Bn byl tak\u00E9 uv\u011Bzn\u011Bn\u00FD Jind\u0159ich VI. Je\u0161t\u011B b\u011Bhem dal\u0161\u00EDch let Eduardovy vl\u00E1dy se vyskytly spory mezi Yorky, kter\u00E9 vyvrcholily po jeho smrti roku 1483. Eduard IV. si p\u0159\u00E1l, aby se protektorem stal jeho bratr Richard, kr\u00E1lovna Al\u017Eb\u011Bta Woodvillov\u00E1 v\u0161ak nechala korunovat sv\u00E9ho nezletil\u00E9ho syna Eduarda V. Richard se rozhodl prosadit silou, popravil p\u0159edstavitele Woodvill\u016F a mladi\u010Dk\u00E9ho Eduarda V. i s jeho bratrem Richardem dal st\u0159e\u017Eit v lond\u00FDnsk\u00E9m Toweru a nechal se jako Richard III. korunovat. Dodnes nen\u00ED objasn\u011Bno, co se s mal\u00FDmi Princi z Toweru p\u0159esn\u011B stalo. Proti Richardovi III. v\u0161ak st\u00E1le v\u00EDce rostla opozice, jej\u00EDm\u017E p\u0159edstavitelem se stal Jind\u0159ich Tudor, jen\u017E p\u0159eb\u00FDval v exilu v Bretani. Ten se roku 1485 se sv\u00FDmi p\u0159\u00EDvr\u017Eenci vylodil ve Walesu a po v\u00EDt\u011Bzstv\u00ED nad Richardem III. v bitv\u011B u Bosworthu p\u0159ijal jako Jind\u0159ich VII. kr\u00E1lovskou korunu. N\u011Bkolik dal\u0161\u00EDch povst\u00E1n\u00ED ji\u017E pak postaven\u00ED nov\u00E9ho kr\u00E1le neohrozilo."@cs . . . . "\u0412\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430\u0301 \u0410\u0301\u043B\u043E\u0439 \u0438 \u0411\u0435\u0301\u043B\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0301\u0437\u044B \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0412\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430 (\u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B) \u0440\u043E\u0437 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. War(s) of the Roses) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0432\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432 1455\u20141485 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u041F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u2014 \u041B\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A\u043E\u0432."@ru . . . . . . . "Rosornas krig, engelska Wars of the Roses, var en serie inb\u00F6rdeskrig som periodvis utk\u00E4mpades om Englands tron \u00E5ren 1455-1485 mellan \u00E4tterna av husen Lancaster och York. B\u00E5da \u00E4tterna, som var f\u00F6rgreningar av kunga\u00E4tten Plantagenet, h\u00E4rstammade fr\u00E5n kung Edvard III. Namnet Rosornas krig anv\u00E4ndes inte vid tiden f\u00F6r kriget, men har sitt ursprung i de m\u00E4rken som valdes av de b\u00E5da kunga\u00E4tterna, Lancasters r\u00F6da ros och Yorks vita ros. Kriget utk\u00E4mpades till st\u00F6rsta delen av arm\u00E9er best\u00E5ende av beridna riddare och deras feodala trotj\u00E4nare. \u00C4tten Lancaster fick det mesta av sitt st\u00F6d i de norra och v\u00E4stra delarna av landet, medan \u00E4tten York huvudsakligen fick sitt fr\u00E5n de s\u00F6dra och \u00F6stra delarna. Rosornas krig, med sina stora f\u00F6rluster bland adeln, var en stor faktor i f\u00F6rsvagningen av feodalv\u00E4ldet, vilket ledde till framv\u00E4xten av en stark och centraliserad monarki under ledning av sl\u00E4kten Tudor."@sv . . "The Princes in the Tower: Richard III's nephews, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury"@en . . . . . . . . . "Rozaj militoj (angle Wars of the Roses) estas nomo de serio da bataloj inter 1455 kaj 1485 pri la angla re\u011Da trono, \u0109efe inter la du dinastioj Jorkoj kaj Lankastroj. La dinastia kverelo devenis de la detronigo de Rikardo la 2-a, kiam la lankastera Henriko la 4-a (Anglio) gajnis la tronon. Inter aliaj faktoroj kiuj kontribuis al la erupcio de militado estis: \n* la malvenko de la angloj fine de la centjara milito \n* la sekva reveno al Anglio de multaj batalistoj kies profesio estis militado \n* la malpopulareco kaj malforteco de Henriko la 6-a, kaj ties mensa malsano \n* la pliforti\u011Do de partietoj \u0109e le re\u011Da kortego, kaj rezultaj kvereloj Ver\u015Dajne multe pli da batalistoj mortis dum la militoj de rozoj ol dum la tuta centjara milito. Pluraj bataloj notindas pro la sova\u011Da mortigado de kontra\u016Duloj, kaj dum batalado kaj tuj poste. Potencaj nobeloj devis decidi kiun ili subtenus: se ilia decido montri\u011Dus malsa\u011Da, ili riskis ne nur morti dumbatale sed anka\u016D ekzekuti\u011Di. Oftis ke nobeloj \u015Dan\u011Dis sian lojalecon, e\u0109 dum bataloj. Preska\u016D tute ne eblis ke nobeloj restus ne\u016Dtralaj. Henriko la 6-a tro malfortis kaj tro mense malsanis por estri armeojn. Dufoje li kapti\u011Dis. Lia edzino Margareta de An\u0135uo ludis gravan rolon kaj pruvis sin kura\u011Da militestro. Inter la plej potencaj nobeloj estis Rikardo Neville (16-a grafo de Warwick), konata kiel la re\u011Dfaranto, kiu unue subtenis la jorkojn sed kverelis kun Eduardo la 4-a kaj poste subtenis la lankastrojn. Rikardo Neville mortis dum la (1471) kaj tio ebligis Eduardon la 4-an sekure posedi la tronon. \u015Cajnis ke la jorkoj tute venkis. Tamen fine Henriko Tudoro invadis Anglion kaj venkis Rikardon la 3-an \u0109e en 1485, tiel iniciante la re\u011Dan dinastion de la tudoroj. Henriko povis prezenti sin kiel ven\u011Danto de la ver\u015Dajnaj murdoj de Eduardo la 5-a kaj ties frato Rikardo de Shrewsbury (1-a duko de Jorko). Por plikontentigi la jorkojn, Henriko edzi\u011Dis al Elizabeta de York, filino de Eduardo la 4-a kaj fratino de Eduardo la 5-a. Tamen dum la sekvaj jaroj okazis pluraj ribeloj subtenataj de jorkoj, inter kiuj la plej gravaj estis tiuj de Lambert Simnel kaj Perkin Warbeck."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Strengthening of the English monarchy under the Tudors" . . . . . . . . . . . "105000"^^ . "La guerre des Deux-Roses d\u00E9signe un ensemble d'affrontements, constituant globalement une guerre civile discontinue, qui eut lieu en Angleterre entre la maison royale de Lancastre et la maison royale de York. Elle est appel\u00E9e ainsi en r\u00E9f\u00E9rence aux embl\u00E8mes des deux maisons, la rose rouge de Lancastre et la rose blanche d'York ; cette r\u00E9f\u00E9rence ne se fait pour autant qu\u2019a posteriori, la rose de Lancastre n'ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 utilis\u00E9e comme embl\u00E8me pour cette maison qu'\u00E0 partir de 1485, \u00E0 la derni\u00E8re bataille du conflit."@fr . . "\u8594\u8587\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u3070\u3089\u305B\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3001\u82F1: Wars of the Roses\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u767E\u5E74\u6226\u4E89\u7D42\u6226\u5F8C\u306B\u767A\u751F\u3057\u305F\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u4E2D\u4E16\u5C01\u5EFA\u8AF8\u4FAF\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5185\u4E71\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u5B9F\u72B6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u767E\u5E74\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u6557\u6226\u8CAC\u4EFB\u306E\u62BC\u3057\u4ED8\u3051\u5408\u3044\u304C\u6B21\u4EE3\u306E\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u738B\u671D\u306E\u57F7\u6A29\u4E89\u3044\u3078\u3068\u767A\u5C55\u3057\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3068\u8A00\u3048\u308B\u3002\u3000 \u307E\u305F\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u306E\u30CE\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\u30C7\u30A3\u30FC\u516C2\u4E16\u30AE\u30E8\u30FC\u30E0\u304C\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3092\u5F81\u670D\u3057\u305F\u30CE\u30EB\u30DE\u30F3\u30FB\u30B3\u30F3\u30AF\u30A8\u30B9\u30C8\u306E\u5F8C\u3001\u30A2\u30F3\u30B8\u30E5\u30FC\u5E1D\u56FD\u3092\u7BC9\u3044\u305F\u30D7\u30E9\u30F3\u30BF\u30B8\u30CD\u30C3\u30C8\u5BB6\u306E\u7537\u7CFB\u508D\u6D41\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30E9\u30F3\u30AB\u30B9\u30BF\u30FC\u5BB6\u3068\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5BB6\u306E\u300130\u5E74\u306B\u53CA\u3076\u6A29\u529B\u95D8\u4E89\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6700\u7D42\u7684\u306B\u306F\u30E9\u30F3\u30AB\u30B9\u30BF\u30FC\u5BB6\u306E\u5973\u7CFB\u306E\u8840\u7B4B\u3092\u5F15\u304F\u30C6\u30E5\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u5BB6\u306E\u30D8\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC7\u4E16\u304C\u6B66\u529B\u3067\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5BB6\u3092\u5012\u3057\u3001\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5BB6\u306E\u30A8\u30EA\u30B6\u30D9\u30B9\u738B\u5973\u3068\u7D50\u5A5A\u3057\u3066\u30C6\u30E5\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u671D\u3092\u958B\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . "Tuck"@en . . .