. "Zamindari var namnet f\u00F6r det feodala system som sattes i verket i Stora moguls rike i Indien. Zamindar var i f\u00F6rsta hand namnet p\u00E5 den feodalherre som f\u00E5tt i privilegium att \u00E5 stormogulens v\u00E4gnar samla in skatterna fr\u00E5n folket i ett visst omr\u00E5de, f\u00F6r att sedan vidarebefordra de insamlade skatterna till stormogulen. Zamindar anv\u00E4ndes \u00E4ven under mogultiden och under senare perioder som en synonym f\u00F6r gods\u00E4gare. Slutligen har ordet zamindar anv\u00E4nts som beteckning f\u00F6r sj\u00E4lv\u00E4gande bonde. Zamindarisystemet avskaffades i Indien i samband med sj\u00E4lvst\u00E4ndigheten 1947. I d\u00E5varande \u00D6stpakistan avskaffades systemet 1950. I Pakistan anv\u00E4nds det fortfarande, fr\u00E4mst i Sindh och Punjab. Idag \u00E4r den vanliga ben\u00E4mningen i Sindh Wadara, och inte zamindar. I Punjab anv\u00E4nds titeln Chauhdari eller Malik."@sv . . . . . . . "Zamindar"@ca . "\u0417\u0430\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0301\u0440 (\u043E\u0442 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441. \u0437\u0435\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u2014 \u00AB\u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0446\u00BB) \u2014 \u0432 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0418\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u2014 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . "Zamindar"@de . "March 2021"@en . . "\uC790\uBBFC\uB2E4\uB974"@ko . "\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB"@ja . "\u624E\u660E\u9054\u723E\uFF08Zamindar\uFF09\u53C8\u8BD1\u67F4\u660E\u8FBE\u5C14\uFF0C\u6CE2\u65AF\u8A9E\u201C\u571F\u5730\u6240\u6709\u8005\u201D\u4E4B\u610F\uFF0C\u662F\u5370\u5EA6\u6B21\u5927\u9678\u7684\u4E16\u8972\u8CB4\u65CF\u3002\u624E\u660E\u9054\u723E\u64C1\u6709\u5927\u7247\u571F\u5730\u548C\u70BA\u4ED6\u5011\u8015\u4F5C\u7684\u8FB2\u6C11\uFF0C\u5728\u4E1C\u5370\u5EA6\u516C\u53F8\u548C\u82F1\u5C5E\u5370\u5EA6\u65F6\u671F\u6709\u6743\u5411\u519C\u6C11\u5FB5\u7A05\u3002\u653F\u5E9C\u901A\u8FC7\u624E\u660E\u8FBE\u5C14\u5145\u5F53\u4E2D\u95F4\u4EBA\uFF0C\u5411\u519C\u6C11\u5F81\u6536\u7530\u8D4B\u7684\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u4FBF\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u624E\u660E\u8FBE\u5C14\u5236\uFF08Zamindar system\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . "Zamindar (\u091C\u093C\u092E\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093E\u0930 zam\u012Bnd\u0101r, urd\u00FA: \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631 zam\u012Bnd\u0101r, nagari oriental: \u099C\u09AE\u09BF\u09A6\u09BE\u09B0 jomidar) fou un t\u00EDtol a l'\u00CDndia a partir del segle XVI i fins al segle XX. Era el titular d'un zamindari."@ca . . . "Los zamindar, o zemindar, fueron generalmente arist\u00F3cratas hereditarios, en lo que actualmente es la India y Pakist\u00E1n, que ten\u00EDan enormes extensiones de tierra y gobernaba a los campesinos que viv\u00EDan en \u00E9l. Con el tiempo, tomaron t\u00EDtulos de pr\u00EDncipe o reales (como Maharaj\u00E1 o gran rey, Raj\u00E1 o Rey, Nawab o noble, y Mirza o pr\u00EDncipe) entre otros. Construyeron palacios lujosos, exuberantes jardines, escuelas y templos y muchos otros lugares de filantrop\u00EDa. Muchas familias son de un linaje muy antiguo y hab\u00EDan sido gobernantes independientes en per\u00EDodos anteriores de la historia. En la mayor\u00EDa de los casos, las familias zamindar eran descendientes de ramas secundarias de las familias reales.\u200B Los zamindars ten\u00EDan poderes considerables en su territorio: ejerciendo magisterios, a cargo de ej\u00E9rcit"@es . . "Un zamindar (\u00AB propri\u00E9taire terrien \u00BB en persan) \u00E9tait un membre de l'aristocratie issu de la noblesse terrienne du sous-continent indien. Il contr\u00F4lait un vaste territoire (appel\u00E9 zam\u012Bnd\u0101ri) et collectait les imp\u00F4ts aupr\u00E8s des paysans. Son r\u00F4le a beaucoup \u00E9volu\u00E9 selon les \u00E9poques et les r\u00E9gions. Lors de la conqu\u00EAte de l'Inde par les Britanniques, certains zamindars \u00E9taient consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme des grands propri\u00E9taires terriens, dot\u00E9s de titres de noblesse, tels que maharadjah ou nabab, furent donn\u00E9s \u00E0 certains zamindars importants, perp\u00E9tuant ce syst\u00E8me f\u00E9odal."@fr . "Zamindar"@in . . . . . "Zamindar"@en . . "Zamindar"@es . . . . . "Un zamindar (\u00AB propri\u00E9taire terrien \u00BB en persan) \u00E9tait un membre de l'aristocratie issu de la noblesse terrienne du sous-continent indien. Il contr\u00F4lait un vaste territoire (appel\u00E9 zam\u012Bnd\u0101ri) et collectait les imp\u00F4ts aupr\u00E8s des paysans. Son r\u00F4le a beaucoup \u00E9volu\u00E9 selon les \u00E9poques et les r\u00E9gions. Au d\u00E9but de l'Empire moghol les zamindars \u00E9taient de simples collecteurs d'imp\u00F4ts et ne poss\u00E9daient pas n\u00E9cessairement de terres. Ils \u00E9taient alors des interm\u00E9diaires entre les paysans et le gouvernement. L'Empire Moghol d\u00E9veloppa le concept de Zamindar pour aboutir \u00E0 un syst\u00E8me quasi-f\u00E9odal. Akbar, le troisi\u00E8me empereur moghol, leur accorda des titres militaires (Mansabdar). Avec le temps ils rachet\u00E8rent leur charge qui devint h\u00E9r\u00E9ditaire et purent accumuler des terres, souvent plusieurs centaines de kilom\u00E8tres carr\u00E9s, certaines familles poss\u00E9dant jusqu'\u00E0 plusieurs dizaines de milliers de kilom\u00E8tres carr\u00E9s. Les zamindars ne jouissaient cependant pas de la m\u00EAme autononomie que les princes et le caract\u00E8re h\u00E9r\u00E9ditaire de leur fonction \u00E9tait encadr\u00E9 par les souverains moghols. Ces derniers pouvaient notamment les priver de leur statut en cas de s\u00E9dition ou d'incapacit\u00E9 \u00E0 fournir les revenus des taxes. Lors de la conqu\u00EAte de l'Inde par les Britanniques, certains zamindars \u00E9taient consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme des grands propri\u00E9taires terriens, dot\u00E9s de titres de noblesse, tels que maharadjah ou nabab, furent donn\u00E9s \u00E0 certains zamindars importants, perp\u00E9tuant ce syst\u00E8me f\u00E9odal. Le syst\u00E8me a \u00E9t\u00E9 aboli lors des r\u00E9formes agraires dans les ann\u00E9es qui suivirent la partition des Indes, en 1950 au Pakistan oriental (actuel Bangladesh), en 1951 en Inde et enfin en 1959 au Pakistan occidental. Certains zamindars ont jou\u00E9 un r\u00F4le important dans l'histoire de l'Inde. Une conf\u00E9d\u00E9ration de douze zamindars, men\u00E9e par , a par exemple repouss\u00E9 plusieurs invasions maritimes mogholes dans la r\u00E9gion du Bhati (Bengale). \n* Portail du monde indien \n* Portail de l\u2019Empire moghol"@fr . . . "\u0632\u0645\u064A\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631"@ar . "Zamindari"@sv . . "Mit dem aus dem Persischen stammenden Wort Zamindar (Plural: Zamindars oder Zamindare, gelegentlich auch Zemindari; w\u00F6rtlich \u201ELandbesitzer\u201C; Urdu: \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631) wurden urspr\u00FCnglich in erster Linie Personen bezeichnet, die die Aufgabe hatten, f\u00FCr den jeweiligen Herrscher aus einer bestimmten Region die Steuern einzutreiben, um diese dann an ihn weiterzuleiten."@de . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0632\u0645\u064A\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062F\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064A\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0641\u064A \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u064A\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062E\u0628\u0629."@ar . . . "627386"^^ . . . . "19867"^^ . . . . "\u0417\u0430\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0301\u0440 (\u043E\u0442 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441. \u0437\u0435\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u2014 \u00AB\u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0446\u00BB) \u2014 \u0432 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0418\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u2014 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0438."@ru . . . "\u0417\u0430\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0301\u0440 \u2014 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0432 \u0406\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0457, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043A (\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u043E\u044E \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438) \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438."@uk . . . . "Los zamindar, o zemindar, fueron generalmente arist\u00F3cratas hereditarios, en lo que actualmente es la India y Pakist\u00E1n, que ten\u00EDan enormes extensiones de tierra y gobernaba a los campesinos que viv\u00EDan en \u00E9l. Con el tiempo, tomaron t\u00EDtulos de pr\u00EDncipe o reales (como Maharaj\u00E1 o gran rey, Raj\u00E1 o Rey, Nawab o noble, y Mirza o pr\u00EDncipe) entre otros. Construyeron palacios lujosos, exuberantes jardines, escuelas y templos y muchos otros lugares de filantrop\u00EDa. Muchas familias son de un linaje muy antiguo y hab\u00EDan sido gobernantes independientes en per\u00EDodos anteriores de la historia. En la mayor\u00EDa de los casos, las familias zamindar eran descendientes de ramas secundarias de las familias reales.\u200B Los zamindars ten\u00EDan poderes considerables en su territorio: ejerciendo magisterios, a cargo de ej\u00E9rcitos, controlando la recaudaci\u00F3n de ingresos e impuestos, entre otros. La pr\u00E1ctica tuvo equilibrios estructurales en el marco del Imperio brit\u00E1nico en Asia del Sur con propietarios de tierras coloniales. Despu\u00E9s que los brit\u00E1nicos se retiraron, sin embargo, el sistema fue abolido legalmente con la creaci\u00F3n de India y Pakist\u00E1n, y despu\u00E9s de la independencia en 1971 de Banglad\u00E9s; todav\u00EDa sigue vigente en algunas zonas en la Pakist\u00E1n moderna. En Banglad\u00E9s no existieron muchos Zamindars. Despu\u00E9s de la independencia, la mayor\u00EDa de las propiedades de los Zamindars de Daca fueron vendidas y/o compradas por el gobierno. En India, la mayor\u00EDa de las familias zamandar\u00ED conservaron su poder despu\u00E9s de la abolici\u00F3n cubriendo puestos importantes en el gobierno y manteniendo tierras privadas. Algunas familias incluso continuaron usando el t\u00EDtulo real, aunque hoy es inexistente. Otros t\u00E9rminos para zamindar fueron y son usados en diversas provincias. Por ejemplo, un zamindar es conocido como Wadera en Sind. En Rajast\u00E1n, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar se los llama Thakur. En Punjab y Haryana, existen numerosos t\u00E9rminos, como Chaudhary (que a menudo se convirti\u00F3 en lambardar o zaildaar con la administraci\u00F3n del norte de la India por el Imperio brit\u00E1nico), y Sardar. Malik es un t\u00E9rmino \u00E1rabe utilizado en Punjab que literalmente significa \"Rey\". La palabra zamindar es un pr\u00E9stamo proveniente del persa (\u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u200C\u062F\u0627\u0631), formado por el sustantivo zam\u012Bn (\"tierra\", \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646) y la ra\u00EDz verbal sufijada -d\u0101r (\u062F\u0627\u0631: \"tener\")."@es . "Zamindari"@it . . . . "\uC790\uBBFC\uB2E4\uB974(Zamindar)\uB294 \uC778\uB3C4\uC5D0\uC11C \uACF5\uC2DD\uC801\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uC18C\uC720\uC790 \uC77C\uBC18, \uBCF4\uD1B5\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uB300\uC9C0\uC8FC\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uBB34\uAD74 \uC655\uC870 \uCD08\uAE30\uC5D0\uB294 \uC9C0\uC870(\u5730\u79DF) \uC9D5\uC9D1 \uCCAD\uBD80\uC778(\u8ACB\u8CA0\u4EBA)\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C, \uC9D5\uC9D1\uC561\uC758 10\uBD84\uC758 1\uC744 \uC790\uAE30 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uD588\uB2E4. \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uC9C0\uBC30\uD558\uC5D0\uC11C \uADFC\uB300\uBC95\uC801(\u8FD1\u4EE3\u6CD5\u7684)\uC778 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uB85C \uC624\uC778\uB418\uC5B4, 1793\uB144 \uCF58\uC6CC\uB9AC\uC2A4 \uCD1D\uB3C5\uC758 \u2018\uC601\uAD6C\uC9C0\uC870 \uC124\uC815(\u6C38\u4E45\u5730\u79DF\u8A2D\u5B9A)\u2019\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C \uC601\uAD6C \uACE0\uC815\uC9C0\uC870(\u56FA\u5B9A\u5730\u79DF)\uB97C \uB3D9\uC778\uB3C4\uD68C\uC0AC\uC5D0 \uB0A9\uBD80\uD560 \uC758\uBB34\uB97C \uC9C4 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uC18C\uC720\uC790\uB85C\uC11C \uC778\uC815\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC790\uBBFC\uB2E4\uB974\uC758 \uC9D5\uC138 \uB300\uC0C1\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC9C0\uC8FC\uD654\uB294 \uBB34\uAD74 \uC2DC\uB300\uBD80\uD130 \uC9C4\uD589\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uB294\uB370, \uC774\uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uBA85\uC2E4\uC0C1\uBD80\uD55C \uB300\uC9C0\uC8FC\uB85C\uC11C \uC7AC\uC9C0(\u5728\u5730) \uAD8C\uB825\uC744 \uC7A5\uC545\uD558\uC5EC, \uC601\uAD6D \uC9C0\uBC30\uC758 \uC9C0\uC8FC(\u652F\u67F1)\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD3C9\uB4F1\uD55C \uACF5\uB3D9\uCCB4 \uC131\uC6D0(\u6210\u54E1)\uC774\uC5C8\uB358 \uC790\uC791\uB18D\uBBFC\uC740 \uC774 \uC0C8 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uC758 \uC18C\uC791\uC778\uC73C\uB85C \uC601\uB77D\uB418\uC5B4 \uBE48\uAD81\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD604\uC7AC\uB3C4 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uAC1C\uD601\uC758 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uB300\uC0C1\uC774 \uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB294\uB370, \uADF8 \uD6C4 \uD0C0\uB974\uD06C\uD0C0\uB974 \uB4F1 \uC911\uAC04 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uCE35\uC774 \uD30C\uC0DD\uB418\uC5B4 \uCC29\uC885(\u932F\u7D9C)\uB41C \uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uD615\uC131\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uB0A8\uBD80 \uC778\uB3C4\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uACBD\uC791\uC790\uB97C \uB0A9\uC138\uC790\uC774\uC790 \uC18C\uC720\uC790\uB85C\uC11C \uC778\uC815\uD558\uB294 \uB77C\uC774\uC57C\uD2B8\uC640\uB9AC\uC81C(\u5236)\uAC00 \uC2E4\uC2DC\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uB3C4 \uCD9C\uD604\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . "Zamindar atau zemindar (bahasa Hindi: \u091C\u093C\u092E\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093E\u0930 zam\u012Bnd\u0101r, bahasa Urdu: \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631 zam\u012Bnd\u0101r, : \u099C\u09AE\u09BF\u09A6\u09BE\u09B0 jomidar), adalah pegawai yang dipekerjakan oleh Kekaisaran Mughal untuk mengumpulkan pajak dari (petani). Sistem Zamindar mempergunakan struktur bhuiyan dari masa sebelum Mughal. Praktik ini diteruskan pada masa pemerintahan Britania. Setelah merdeka, sistem ini dihilangkan di India dan Pakistan Timur (Bangladesh modern), sedangkan di Pakistan modern, sistem ini masih diterapkan. Di berbagai provinsi, istilahnya berbeda. Zamindar dikenal sebagai di Sindh. Sementara di Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya pradesh, Himachal pradesh, Haryana, , , Bihar, zamindar disebut . Di Punjabi dan Haryana, banyak bermunculan sebutan lainnya, misalnya (yang sering kali menjadi lambardar atau zaildaar di India Utara oleh Kemaharajaan Britania), dan . Malik adalah istilah Arab yang digunakan di Punjabi yang secara harafiah bermakna \"raja\". Kata zamindar sendiri berasal dari bahasa Persia zam\u012Bn, \"bumi\", dan akhiran -d\u0101r, \"-pemegang\"."@in . "\u0417\u0430\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440"@uk . "1123460999"^^ . . . . "Zamindar"@fr . "\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u4E9C\u5927\u9678\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB (\u82F1\u8A9E: zamindar, zomindar, zomidar, jomidar)\u306F\u3001\u30D2\u30F3\u30C9\u30A5\u30B9\u30BF\u30FC\u30F3\u306E\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08\u30E0\u30AC\u30EB\u7687\u5E1D\u3001\u5F8C\u306B\u306F\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u7687\u5E1D\uFF09\u306E\u5B97\u4E3B\u6A29\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u3001\u81EA\u6CBB\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u534A\u81EA\u6CBB\u3092\u884C\u3063\u305F\u7D71\u6CBB\u8005\u3002\u8A9E\u6E90\u7684\u306B\u306F\u30DA\u30EB\u30B7\u30A2\u8A9E\u3067\u300C\u571F\u5730\u6240\u6709\u8005\u300D\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u306B\u3001\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u5E83\u5927\u306A\u9818\u5730\u3092\u4E16\u8972\u3057\u3001\u7687\u5E1D\u653F\u5E9C\u306E\u4EE3\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8FB2\u6C11\u304B\u3089\u5FB4\u7A0E\u3057\u305F\u308A\u8ECD\u4E8B\u7684\u306A\u52D5\u54E1\u3092\u884C\u3063\u305F\u308A\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30E0\u30AC\u30EB\u5E1D\u56FD\u671F\u306B\u306F\u3001\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u8CB4\u65CF\u306B\u5C5E\u3059\u308B\u652F\u914D\u968E\u7D1A\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u7B2C3\u4EE3\u7687\u5E1D\u30A2\u30AF\u30D0\u30EB\u306F\u5F7C\u3089\u306B\u30DE\u30F3\u30B6\u30D6\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u3001\u5F7C\u3089\u306E\u4E16\u8972\u9818\u5730\u3092\u30B8\u30E3\u30FC\u30AE\u30FC\u30EB\u3068\u307F\u306A\u3057\u305F\u3002\u305D\u306E\u5F8C\u300119\u4E16\u7D00\u304B\u308920\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u3092\u652F\u914D\u3057\u305F\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306F\u3001\u591A\u304F\u306E\u5BCC\u88D5\u3067\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\u304C\u3042\u308B\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306B\u3001\u30DE\u30CF\u30FC\u30E9\u30FC\u30B8\u30E3 (\u5049\u5927\u306A\u738B)\u3001\u30E9\u30FC\u30B8\u30E3/ (\u738B) \u3001\u30CA\u30EF\u30FC\u30D6\uFF08\u592A\u5B88\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u4E0A\u4F4D\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u3092\u6388\u4E0E\u3057\u3066\u305D\u306E\u793E\u4F1A\u7684\u5F79\u5272\u3092\u6E29\u5B58\u3057\u305F\u3002\u305D\u3057\u3066\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305F\u300C\u6C38\u4E45\u5236\u5EA6\u300D\u3001\u3044\u308F\u3086\u308B\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EA\u30FC\u5236\u5EA6\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305F\u3002\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u5F53\u5C40\u306F\u5354\u529B\u7684\u306A\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u3092\u85E9\u738B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9047\u3057\u305F\u3002\u85E9\u738B\u56FD\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3082\u306E\u306E\u591A\u304F\u306F\u3001\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u9818\u5730\u3092\u305D\u306E\u307E\u307E\u683C\u4E0A\u3052\u3057\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u3001\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306F\u591A\u304F\u306E\u65E7\u6765\u306E\u85E9\u738B\u56FD\u304B\u3089\u9818\u571F\u3092\u596A\u3044\u3001\u7D71\u6CBB\u8005\u306E\u5730\u4F4D\u3092\u9AD8\u4F4D\u306E\u8CB4\u65CF\u304B\u3089\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306B\u683C\u4E0B\u3052\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . "\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u4E9C\u5927\u9678\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB (\u82F1\u8A9E: zamindar, zomindar, zomidar, jomidar)\u306F\u3001\u30D2\u30F3\u30C9\u30A5\u30B9\u30BF\u30FC\u30F3\u306E\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08\u30E0\u30AC\u30EB\u7687\u5E1D\u3001\u5F8C\u306B\u306F\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u7687\u5E1D\uFF09\u306E\u5B97\u4E3B\u6A29\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u3001\u81EA\u6CBB\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u534A\u81EA\u6CBB\u3092\u884C\u3063\u305F\u7D71\u6CBB\u8005\u3002\u8A9E\u6E90\u7684\u306B\u306F\u30DA\u30EB\u30B7\u30A2\u8A9E\u3067\u300C\u571F\u5730\u6240\u6709\u8005\u300D\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u306B\u3001\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u5E83\u5927\u306A\u9818\u5730\u3092\u4E16\u8972\u3057\u3001\u7687\u5E1D\u653F\u5E9C\u306E\u4EE3\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8FB2\u6C11\u304B\u3089\u5FB4\u7A0E\u3057\u305F\u308A\u8ECD\u4E8B\u7684\u306A\u52D5\u54E1\u3092\u884C\u3063\u305F\u308A\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30E0\u30AC\u30EB\u5E1D\u56FD\u671F\u306B\u306F\u3001\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u8CB4\u65CF\u306B\u5C5E\u3059\u308B\u652F\u914D\u968E\u7D1A\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u7B2C3\u4EE3\u7687\u5E1D\u30A2\u30AF\u30D0\u30EB\u306F\u5F7C\u3089\u306B\u30DE\u30F3\u30B6\u30D6\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u3001\u5F7C\u3089\u306E\u4E16\u8972\u9818\u5730\u3092\u30B8\u30E3\u30FC\u30AE\u30FC\u30EB\u3068\u307F\u306A\u3057\u305F\u3002\u305D\u306E\u5F8C\u300119\u4E16\u7D00\u304B\u308920\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u3092\u652F\u914D\u3057\u305F\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306F\u3001\u591A\u304F\u306E\u5BCC\u88D5\u3067\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\u304C\u3042\u308B\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306B\u3001\u30DE\u30CF\u30FC\u30E9\u30FC\u30B8\u30E3 (\u5049\u5927\u306A\u738B)\u3001\u30E9\u30FC\u30B8\u30E3/ (\u738B) \u3001\u30CA\u30EF\u30FC\u30D6\uFF08\u592A\u5B88\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u4E0A\u4F4D\u306E\u79F0\u53F7\u3092\u6388\u4E0E\u3057\u3066\u305D\u306E\u793E\u4F1A\u7684\u5F79\u5272\u3092\u6E29\u5B58\u3057\u305F\u3002\u305D\u3057\u3066\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305F\u300C\u6C38\u4E45\u5236\u5EA6\u300D\u3001\u3044\u308F\u3086\u308B\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EA\u30FC\u5236\u5EA6\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305F\u3002\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u5F53\u5C40\u306F\u5354\u529B\u7684\u306A\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u3092\u85E9\u738B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9047\u3057\u305F\u3002\u85E9\u738B\u56FD\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3082\u306E\u306E\u591A\u304F\u306F\u3001\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u9818\u5730\u3092\u305D\u306E\u307E\u307E\u683C\u4E0A\u3052\u3057\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u3001\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306F\u591A\u304F\u306E\u65E7\u6765\u306E\u85E9\u738B\u56FD\u304B\u3089\u9818\u571F\u3092\u596A\u3044\u3001\u7D71\u6CBB\u8005\u306E\u5730\u4F4D\u3092\u9AD8\u4F4D\u306E\u8CB4\u65CF\u304B\u3089\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306B\u683C\u4E0B\u3052\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u9818\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u304C\u5206\u88C2\u30FB\u72EC\u7ACB\u3057\u305F\u5F8C\u306E\u8FB2\u5730\u6539\u9769\u306B\u4F34\u3044\u30011950\u5E74\u306B\u6771\u30D1\u30AD\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\uFF08\u5F8C\u306E\u30D0\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30C7\u30B7\u30E5\uFF09\u30011951\u5E74\u306B\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u30011959\u5E74\u306B\u897F\u30D1\u30AD\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\uFF08\u73FE\u30D1\u30AD\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\uFF09\u3067\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u6D88\u6EC5\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u4E9C\u5927\u9678\u306E\u5404\u5730\u57DF\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u4E0A\u3067\u306F\u3001\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u304C\u91CD\u8981\u306A\u5F79\u5272\u3092\u679C\u305F\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u300216\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u306E12\u4EBA\u306E\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u304CBaro-Bhuyan\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540C\u76DF\u3092\u7D50\u6210\u3057\u3001\u30E0\u30AC\u30EB\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u4FB5\u653B\u3092\u6D77\u6226\u3067\u6483\u9000\u3057\u3066\u540D\u3092\u6319\u3052\u305F\u3053\u3068\u304C\u30A4\u30A8\u30BA\u30B9\u4F1A\u3084\u306E\u5831\u544A\u306B\u3088\u308A\u4F1D\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u540C\u76DF\u306E\u6307\u5C0E\u8005\u306F\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u3067\u3001\u4ED6\u306E\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306B\u306F\u30E0\u30B9\u30EA\u30E0\u3082\u30D2\u30F3\u30C9\u30A5\u30FC\u6559\u5F92\u3082\u3044\u305F\u3002\u5F8C\u8005\u3067\u306F\u304C\u6709\u540D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u3001\u82B8\u8853\u306E\u30D1\u30C8\u30ED\u30F3\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u305D\u306E\u4E2D\u306E\u4E00\u3064\uFF08\u30BF\u30B4\u30FC\u30EB\u5BB6\uFF09\u306F\u30011913\u5E74\u306B\u30A4\u30F3\u30C9\u3067\u6700\u521D\u306E\u30CE\u30FC\u30D9\u30EB\u8CDE\u3092\u53D7\u8CDE\u3057\u305F\u8A69\u4EBA\u30E9\u30D3\u30F3\u30C9\u30E9\u30CA\u30FC\u30C8\u30FB\u30BF\u30B4\u30FC\u30EB\u3092\u8F29\u51FA\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u5F7C\u306E\u6D3B\u52D5\u306F\u3001\u30BF\u30FC\u30AF\u30EB\u5BB6\u306E\u76F8\u7D9A\u9818\u3068\u8CA1\u7523\u306B\u652F\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u90E8\u5206\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u5EFA\u7BC9\u306E\u5206\u91CE\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3001\u30B6\u30DF\u30FC\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u65B0\u53E4\u5178\u4E3B\u7FA9\u5EFA\u7BC9\u3084\u3092\u63A8\u9032\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . "A zamindar, also known as zomindar, zomidar, or jomidar (Hindustani: Devanagari: \u091C\u093C\u092E\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093E\u0930, zam\u012Bnd\u0101r; Persian: \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631\u200E, zam\u012Bnd\u0101r) in the Indian subcontinent was an autonomous or semiautonomous ruler of a province. The term itself came into use during the reign of Mughals and later the British had begun using it as a native synonym for \u201Cestate\u201D. The term means land owner in Persian. Typically hereditary, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes.During the period of British colonial rule in India many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as maharaja (great king), raja/rai (king) and nawab. During the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar granted them mansabs and their ancestral domains were treated as jagirs. Some zamindars who were Hindu by religion and brahmin or kayastha or kshatriya by caste were converted into Muslims by the Mughals. During the colonial era, the Permanent Settlement consolidated what became known as the zamindari system. The British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognising them as princes. Many of the region's princely states were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. The British also reduced the land holdings of many pre-colonial princely states and chieftaincy, demoting their status to a zamindar from previously higher ranks of nobility. The system was abolished during land reforms in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) in 1950, India in 1951 and West Pakistan in 1959. The zamindars often played an important role in the regional histories of the subcontinent. One of the most notable examples is the 16th-century confederation formed by twelve zamindars in the Bhati region (Baro-Bhuyans), which, according to the Jesuits and Ralph Fitch, earned a reputation for successively repelling Mughal invasions through naval battles. The zamindars were also patrons of the arts. The Tagore family produced India's first Nobel laureate in literature in 1913, Rabindranath Tagore, who was often based at his estate. The zamindars also promoted neoclassical and Indo-Saracenic architecture."@en . . . "Zamindar atau zemindar (bahasa Hindi: \u091C\u093C\u092E\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093E\u0930 zam\u012Bnd\u0101r, bahasa Urdu: \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631 zam\u012Bnd\u0101r, : \u099C\u09AE\u09BF\u09A6\u09BE\u09B0 jomidar), adalah pegawai yang dipekerjakan oleh Kekaisaran Mughal untuk mengumpulkan pajak dari (petani). Sistem Zamindar mempergunakan struktur bhuiyan dari masa sebelum Mughal. Praktik ini diteruskan pada masa pemerintahan Britania. Setelah merdeka, sistem ini dihilangkan di India dan Pakistan Timur (Bangladesh modern), sedangkan di Pakistan modern, sistem ini masih diterapkan."@in . . . "Gli zamindari (letteralmente \"proprietario terriero\", dal sostantivo persiano \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646, Zam\u012Bn derivante dal sanscrito bhumi, \"terra\", con l'aggiunta del comune suffisso \u062F\u0627\u0631 -d\u0101r, \"titolare\") erano esponenti di una aristocrazia ereditaria indiana che entr\u00F2 in possesso di numerose estensioni di terra, nonch\u00E9 dei contadini che vi lavoravano (dai quali questi nobili si riservarono il diritto di trarre le imposte), ai tempi della dominazione inglese del subcontinente indiano."@it . "\uC790\uBBFC\uB2E4\uB974(Zamindar)\uB294 \uC778\uB3C4\uC5D0\uC11C \uACF5\uC2DD\uC801\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uC18C\uC720\uC790 \uC77C\uBC18, \uBCF4\uD1B5\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uB300\uC9C0\uC8FC\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uBB34\uAD74 \uC655\uC870 \uCD08\uAE30\uC5D0\uB294 \uC9C0\uC870(\u5730\u79DF) \uC9D5\uC9D1 \uCCAD\uBD80\uC778(\u8ACB\u8CA0\u4EBA)\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C, \uC9D5\uC9D1\uC561\uC758 10\uBD84\uC758 1\uC744 \uC790\uAE30 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uD588\uB2E4. \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uC9C0\uBC30\uD558\uC5D0\uC11C \uADFC\uB300\uBC95\uC801(\u8FD1\u4EE3\u6CD5\u7684)\uC778 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uB85C \uC624\uC778\uB418\uC5B4, 1793\uB144 \uCF58\uC6CC\uB9AC\uC2A4 \uCD1D\uB3C5\uC758 \u2018\uC601\uAD6C\uC9C0\uC870 \uC124\uC815(\u6C38\u4E45\u5730\u79DF\u8A2D\u5B9A)\u2019\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C \uC601\uAD6C \uACE0\uC815\uC9C0\uC870(\u56FA\u5B9A\u5730\u79DF)\uB97C \uB3D9\uC778\uB3C4\uD68C\uC0AC\uC5D0 \uB0A9\uBD80\uD560 \uC758\uBB34\uB97C \uC9C4 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uC18C\uC720\uC790\uB85C\uC11C \uC778\uC815\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC790\uBBFC\uB2E4\uB974\uC758 \uC9D5\uC138 \uB300\uC0C1\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC9C0\uC8FC\uD654\uB294 \uBB34\uAD74 \uC2DC\uB300\uBD80\uD130 \uC9C4\uD589\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uB294\uB370, \uC774\uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uBA85\uC2E4\uC0C1\uBD80\uD55C \uB300\uC9C0\uC8FC\uB85C\uC11C \uC7AC\uC9C0(\u5728\u5730) \uAD8C\uB825\uC744 \uC7A5\uC545\uD558\uC5EC, \uC601\uAD6D \uC9C0\uBC30\uC758 \uC9C0\uC8FC(\u652F\u67F1)\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD3C9\uB4F1\uD55C \uACF5\uB3D9\uCCB4 \uC131\uC6D0(\u6210\u54E1)\uC774\uC5C8\uB358 \uC790\uC791\uB18D\uBBFC\uC740 \uC774 \uC0C8 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uC758 \uC18C\uC791\uC778\uC73C\uB85C \uC601\uB77D\uB418\uC5B4 \uBE48\uAD81\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD604\uC7AC\uB3C4 \uD1A0\uC9C0\uAC1C\uD601\uC758 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uB300\uC0C1\uC774 \uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB294\uB370, \uADF8 \uD6C4 \uD0C0\uB974\uD06C\uD0C0\uB974 \uB4F1 \uC911\uAC04 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uCE35\uC774 \uD30C\uC0DD\uB418\uC5B4 \uCC29\uC885(\u932F\u7D9C)\uB41C \uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uD615\uC131\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uB0A8\uBD80 \uC778\uB3C4\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uACBD\uC791\uC790\uB97C \uB0A9\uC138\uC790\uC774\uC790 \uC18C\uC720\uC790\uB85C\uC11C \uC778\uC815\uD558\uB294 \uB77C\uC774\uC57C\uD2B8\uC640\uB9AC\uC81C(\u5236)\uAC00 \uC2E4\uC2DC\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uB3C4 \uCD9C\uD604\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . "A zamindar, also known as zomindar, zomidar, or jomidar (Hindustani: Devanagari: \u091C\u093C\u092E\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093E\u0930, zam\u012Bnd\u0101r; Persian: \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631\u200E, zam\u012Bnd\u0101r) in the Indian subcontinent was an autonomous or semiautonomous ruler of a province. The term itself came into use during the reign of Mughals and later the British had begun using it as a native synonym for \u201Cestate\u201D. The term means land owner in Persian. Typically hereditary, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes.During the period of British colonial rule in India many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as maharaja (great king), raja/rai (king) and nawab."@en . . "\u624E\u660E\u9054\u723E\uFF08Zamindar\uFF09\u53C8\u8BD1\u67F4\u660E\u8FBE\u5C14\uFF0C\u6CE2\u65AF\u8A9E\u201C\u571F\u5730\u6240\u6709\u8005\u201D\u4E4B\u610F\uFF0C\u662F\u5370\u5EA6\u6B21\u5927\u9678\u7684\u4E16\u8972\u8CB4\u65CF\u3002\u624E\u660E\u9054\u723E\u64C1\u6709\u5927\u7247\u571F\u5730\u548C\u70BA\u4ED6\u5011\u8015\u4F5C\u7684\u8FB2\u6C11\uFF0C\u5728\u4E1C\u5370\u5EA6\u516C\u53F8\u548C\u82F1\u5C5E\u5370\u5EA6\u65F6\u671F\u6709\u6743\u5411\u519C\u6C11\u5FB5\u7A05\u3002\u653F\u5E9C\u901A\u8FC7\u624E\u660E\u8FBE\u5C14\u5145\u5F53\u4E2D\u95F4\u4EBA\uFF0C\u5411\u519C\u6C11\u5F81\u6536\u7530\u8D4B\u7684\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u4FBF\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u624E\u660E\u8FBE\u5C14\u5236\uFF08Zamindar system\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . "Zamindar (\u091C\u093C\u092E\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093E\u0930 zam\u012Bnd\u0101r, urd\u00FA: \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631 zam\u012Bnd\u0101r, nagari oriental: \u099C\u09AE\u09BF\u09A6\u09BE\u09B0 jomidar) fou un t\u00EDtol a l'\u00CDndia a partir del segle XVI i fins al segle XX. Era el titular d'un zamindari."@ca . . . . . . . . "Gli zamindari (letteralmente \"proprietario terriero\", dal sostantivo persiano \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646, Zam\u012Bn derivante dal sanscrito bhumi, \"terra\", con l'aggiunta del comune suffisso \u062F\u0627\u0631 -d\u0101r, \"titolare\") erano esponenti di una aristocrazia ereditaria indiana che entr\u00F2 in possesso di numerose estensioni di terra, nonch\u00E9 dei contadini che vi lavoravano (dai quali questi nobili si riservarono il diritto di trarre le imposte), ai tempi della dominazione inglese del subcontinente indiano. Spesso questa classe, provenendo anche da rami cadetti di antiche famiglie reali, si fregi\u00F2 di titoli regali quali: Maharaja (grande re), Raja (re), Nawab (signore), Mirza (principe), (signore) ed altri, tipici dei sovrani principeschi sotto protettorato britannico. Anche se gli zamindari sono stati considerati equivalenti a signori e baroni, in alcuni casi si sono considerati come indipendenti, principi sovrani."@it . . . . . . . . "Zamindari \u2013 system podatkowy w\u0142a\u015Bciwy dla teren\u00F3w wiejskich wprowadzony w Bengalu w Indiach przez brytyjskich kolonizator\u00F3w w 1793 (akt Lorda Cornwallisa). Dziedziczne zwierzchnictwo zamindar\u00F3w, kt\u00F3rzy posiadaj\u0105c uprawnienia bliskie prawu w\u0142asno\u015Bci ziemi, egzekwowali sp\u0142aty nale\u017Cno\u015Bci od rolnik\u00F3w i przekazywali je na rzecz w\u0142adz. Z czasem pomi\u0119dzy zamindarem a rolnikiem pojawi\u0142y si\u0119 szczeble po\u015Brednik\u00F3w \u015Bci\u0105gaj\u0105cych podatki lokalnie ."@pl . "Zamindari var namnet f\u00F6r det feodala system som sattes i verket i Stora moguls rike i Indien. Zamindar var i f\u00F6rsta hand namnet p\u00E5 den feodalherre som f\u00E5tt i privilegium att \u00E5 stormogulens v\u00E4gnar samla in skatterna fr\u00E5n folket i ett visst omr\u00E5de, f\u00F6r att sedan vidarebefordra de insamlade skatterna till stormogulen. Zamindar anv\u00E4ndes \u00E4ven under mogultiden och under senare perioder som en synonym f\u00F6r gods\u00E4gare. Slutligen har ordet zamindar anv\u00E4nts som beteckning f\u00F6r sj\u00E4lv\u00E4gande bonde."@sv . . . "\u0417\u0430\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440"@ru . . "Blog source, this article requires WP:HISTRS compliant source"@en . "\u0417\u0430\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0301\u0440 \u2014 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0432 \u0406\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0457, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043A (\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u043E\u044E \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438) \u043D\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438."@uk . "Zamindari"@pl . "Mit dem aus dem Persischen stammenden Wort Zamindar (Plural: Zamindars oder Zamindare, gelegentlich auch Zemindari; w\u00F6rtlich \u201ELandbesitzer\u201C; Urdu: \u0632\u0645\u06CC\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631) wurden urspr\u00FCnglich in erster Linie Personen bezeichnet, die die Aufgabe hatten, f\u00FCr den jeweiligen Herrscher aus einer bestimmten Region die Steuern einzutreiben, um diese dann an ihn weiterzuleiten."@de . . . . . . . "\u624E\u660E\u9054\u723E"@zh . . . . . . "Zamindari \u2013 system podatkowy w\u0142a\u015Bciwy dla teren\u00F3w wiejskich wprowadzony w Bengalu w Indiach przez brytyjskich kolonizator\u00F3w w 1793 (akt Lorda Cornwallisa). Dziedziczne zwierzchnictwo zamindar\u00F3w, kt\u00F3rzy posiadaj\u0105c uprawnienia bliskie prawu w\u0142asno\u015Bci ziemi, egzekwowali sp\u0142aty nale\u017Cno\u015Bci od rolnik\u00F3w i przekazywali je na rzecz w\u0142adz. Z czasem pomi\u0119dzy zamindarem a rolnikiem pojawi\u0142y si\u0119 szczeble po\u015Brednik\u00F3w \u015Bci\u0105gaj\u0105cych podatki lokalnie ."@pl . "\u0632\u0645\u064A\u0646\u062F\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062F\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064A\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0641\u064A \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u064A\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062E\u0628\u0629."@ar . . . .