The 23rd Rifle Corps was a corps of the Soviet Red Army. It was part of the 4th Army. It took part in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. On 22 June 1941 it was part of the Transcaucasian Military District comprising the 136th and 138th Rifle Divisions. The 45th Army was formed in late July 1941 in the Transcaucasian Military District from the Staff of 23rd Rifle Corps.