Bid rigging is a fraudulent scheme in procurement auctions resulting in non-competitive bids and can be performed by corrupt officials, by firms in an orchestrated act of collusion, or between officials and firms. This form of collusion is illegal in most countries. It is a form of price fixing and market allocation, often practiced where contracts are determined by a call for bids, for example in the case of government construction contracts. The typical objective of bid rigging is to enable the "winning" party to obtain contracts at uncompetitive prices (i.e., at higher prices if they are sellers, or lower prices if they are buyers). The other parties are compensated in various ways, for example, by cash payments, or by being designated to be the "winning" bidder on other contracts, or b
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| - Bid rigging is a fraudulent scheme in procurement auctions resulting in non-competitive bids and can be performed by corrupt officials, by firms in an orchestrated act of collusion, or between officials and firms. This form of collusion is illegal in most countries. It is a form of price fixing and market allocation, often practiced where contracts are determined by a call for bids, for example in the case of government construction contracts. The typical objective of bid rigging is to enable the "winning" party to obtain contracts at uncompetitive prices (i.e., at higher prices if they are sellers, or lower prices if they are buyers). The other parties are compensated in various ways, for example, by cash payments, or by being designated to be the "winning" bidder on other contracts, or b (en)
- 围标指以一家企业在投标过程中通过人为操纵，从而实现中标或等同的实际目的。围标在中国大陆属于犯罪行为。在通常的投标过程中，所有单位之间没有直接的利益关系，通过技术（技术标）、综合实力（综合标）、价格报价（商务标）三个考核标准相互竞争，优胜劣汰。但是当一个项目被“围标”之后，就会出现几家企业串通一气。一致以其中一家企业中标为目的，通过集体编撰虚假标书内容，蓄意扰乱投标价格规律等手段打破平等竞争的前提条件，通过舞弊的方式完成投标过程。 圍標也稱為串通投標，它是指幾個投標人之間相互約定，一致抬高或壓低投標報價進行投標，通過限制競爭，排擠其他投標人，使某個利益相關者中標，從而謀取利益的手段和行為。圍標行為的發起者稱為圍標人，參與圍標行為的投標人稱為陪標人。圍標是不成熟的建築招投標市場發展到一定階段所產生的。圍標成員達成攻守同謀，通常在整個圍標過程中陪標人嚴格遵守雙方合作協議要求以保證圍標人能順利中標，並對整個圍標活動全過程保密。 圍標的法律構成要件：意圖影響決標價格或獲取不當利益，而以契約、協議或其他方式之合意，使廠商不為投標或不為價格之競爭者。 (zh)
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| - Bid rigging is a fraudulent scheme in procurement auctions resulting in non-competitive bids and can be performed by corrupt officials, by firms in an orchestrated act of collusion, or between officials and firms. This form of collusion is illegal in most countries. It is a form of price fixing and market allocation, often practiced where contracts are determined by a call for bids, for example in the case of government construction contracts. The typical objective of bid rigging is to enable the "winning" party to obtain contracts at uncompetitive prices (i.e., at higher prices if they are sellers, or lower prices if they are buyers). The other parties are compensated in various ways, for example, by cash payments, or by being designated to be the "winning" bidder on other contracts, or by an arrangement where some parts of the successful bidder's contract will be subcontracted to them. In this way, they "share the spoils" among themselves. Bid rigging almost always results in economic harm to the agency which is seeking the bids, and to the public, who ultimately bear the costs as taxpayers or consumers. (en)
- 围标指以一家企业在投标过程中通过人为操纵，从而实现中标或等同的实际目的。围标在中国大陆属于犯罪行为。在通常的投标过程中，所有单位之间没有直接的利益关系，通过技术（技术标）、综合实力（综合标）、价格报价（商务标）三个考核标准相互竞争，优胜劣汰。但是当一个项目被“围标”之后，就会出现几家企业串通一气。一致以其中一家企业中标为目的，通过集体编撰虚假标书内容，蓄意扰乱投标价格规律等手段打破平等竞争的前提条件，通过舞弊的方式完成投标过程。 圍標也稱為串通投標，它是指幾個投標人之間相互約定，一致抬高或壓低投標報價進行投標，通過限制競爭，排擠其他投標人，使某個利益相關者中標，從而謀取利益的手段和行為。圍標行為的發起者稱為圍標人，參與圍標行為的投標人稱為陪標人。圍標是不成熟的建築招投標市場發展到一定階段所產生的。圍標成員達成攻守同謀，通常在整個圍標過程中陪標人嚴格遵守雙方合作協議要求以保證圍標人能順利中標，並對整個圍標活動全過程保密。 廣義上講，所謂“串標”（圍標），就是串通投標，即投標人為獲取中標而互相串通、損害項目業主利益，或是投標人與發標人、代理機構互相串通，損害其他投標人或項目業主利益，是招投標領域常見的一種企圖非法獲取中標的手段和行為。狹義上講，串標是指除圍標外的串通投標，即排除圍標現像的一般串通投標行為，包括投標人與招標人/招標代理機構之間串通和兩個以上投標人松散型非正當合謀投標(即未達到圍標的操縱強度和影響)。 狹義上的串標與圍標處於平行關系 是同為串通投標的兩種類型，即圍標加一般串標等於廣義串通投標，通常所說的串標可理解為狹義串標。由此可見，廣義上講串標外延和內涵比圍標更加廣泛，圍標是廣義串標中比較特殊的一種，兩者是包含關系。如果把串通投標作為全集，則圍標和串標（狹義）是子集並互為補集。圍標首先表現為串標，即圍標以串標為基礎又高於串標，圍標是串標的發展和深化。 圍標的法律構成要件：意圖影響決標價格或獲取不當利益，而以契約、協議或其他方式之合意，使廠商不為投標或不為價格之競爭者。 (zh)
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