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In the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Old Regime) faced numerous enemies. In response to these threats, the empire initiated a period of internal reform which came to be known as the Tanzimat, which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state, despite the empire's precarious international position. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized, exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era. The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the Nizam-I Cedid (New Order) during the reign of Sultan Selim III and was punctuated by several reform decrees, such as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt-ı Hüma

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  • أفول الدولة العثمانية (ar)
  • Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire (en)
  • Déclin et chute de l'Empire ottoman (fr)
  • Declino e modernizzazione dell'Impero ottomano (it)
  • Declínio do Império Otomano (pt)
  • Упадок Османской империи (ru)
  • 鄂圖曼帝國的衰落 (zh)
rdfs:comment
  • O declínio do Império Otomano é um período marcado por problemas políticos e econômicos que se estende de 1828 seguindo o até 1908 com o início do período de dissolução do Império. Neste período há influência do imperialismo russo e a tentativa de alcançar o ocidente com várias reformas políticas e administrativas. (pt)
  • 十八世紀後期,鄂圖曼帝國面臨眾多敵人。為了應對這些威脅,帝國發起了一項名為坦志麦特的內部改革,這項改革加強了鄂圖曼帝國的中央集權。鄂圖曼帝國政府對其人民的影響比以往任何時代都大。帝國的改革和現代化進程始於蘇丹塞利姆三世統治期間。儘管鄂圖曼帝國當局試圖改革,但帝國內依舊出現高漲的民族主義運動,特別是在巴爾幹半島上經常出現分離主義活動。帝國內無數次的起義和獨立戰爭,以及俄羅斯在東北部和法國(後來英國)在北非的多次入侵,導致19世紀至20世紀初這段時間內帝國的領土不斷喪失。1908年,鄂圖曼軍隊按照西歐軍隊的模式進行了現代化和專業化,但是不久鄂圖曼帝國參加了第一次世界大戰並戰敗,最終於戰後解體。 (zh)
  • مرحلة الأفول (1828–1908)، تتميز هذه المرحلة بانحدار الدولة العثمانية سريعًا وفقدانها لمعظم ممتلكاتها الباقية في أوروبا، وقيام السلطان محمود الثاني بعدد من الإصلاحات الكبيرة الهادفة لجعل الدولة تواكب أوروبا الغربية في التطور والازدهار. وأوّل ما قام به السلطان محمود الثاني في هذا المجال كان إلغائه لطائفة الإنكشارية بعد أن أصبحت إحدى عوامل تخلّف وتراجع الدولة يقينًا، فاعترض الانكشارية على ذلك وحاولوا التمرد وتجمعوا في أحد ميادين الآستانة، فحصدتهم المدفعية العثمانية حصدًا. أعلن السلطان بعد قضائه على الانكشارية نظامًا جديدًا للجند قلّد فيه الأوروبيين، كذلك قام بعدد من الإصلاحات المدنية مثل إقامة المدارس الحديثة ورفع يد الهيئة الإسلامية عن الإشراف على التعليم، وإرسال بعثات طلابية إلى الخارج، واتجه بالبلاد إلى تقليد أوروبا حتى إنه تزيا بزيهم، واستبدل بالعمامة الطربوش، والعباءة والجلباب بالبذلة ال (ar)
  • In the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Old Regime) faced numerous enemies. In response to these threats, the empire initiated a period of internal reform which came to be known as the Tanzimat, which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state, despite the empire's precarious international position. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized, exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era. The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the Nizam-I Cedid (New Order) during the reign of Sultan Selim III and was punctuated by several reform decrees, such as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt-ı Hüma (en)
  • Le déclin et chute de l’Empire ottoman désignent les évènements qui, du XVIIe siècle au début du XXe siècle, ont mené à la perte de territoires puis à la désintégration de l’Empire ottoman, vaste État multiethnique et multiconfessionnel qui compte au XXIe siècle vingt-cinq États-héritiers, dont quinze à majorité musulmane (Turquie, Bosnie-Herzégovine, Albanie, Syrie, Liban, Jordanie, Irak, Koweit, Arabie Saoudite, Yémen, Soudan, Égypte, Libye, Tunisie et Algérie) neuf à majorité chrétienne (Hongrie, Serbie, Monténégro, Macédoine du Nord, Bulgarie, Grèce, Chypre, Ukraine, Géorgie et Arménie) et un à majorité israélite (Israël). (fr)
  • A partire dalla fine del XVIII secolo, l'Impero ottomano affrontò la sfida di difendersi dall'invasione straniera e dall'occupazione. In risposta alle minacce straniere, l'impero iniziò un periodo di forte riforma interna che divenne noto come il Tanzimat, riforma che riuscì a rafforzare significativamente lo stato centrale ottomano, nonostante la precaria posizione internazionale dell'impero. Nel corso del diciannovesimo secolo, lo stato ottomano divenne gradualmente più potente e organizzato, esercitando un maggior grado di influenza sulla sua popolazione rispetto a qualsiasi epoca precedente. Il processo di riforma e modernizzazione dell'impero iniziò con la dichiarazione del Nizam-I Cedid (Nuovo Ordine) durante il regno del Sultano Selim III che fu punteggiato da numerosi decreti di ri (it)
  • В период Танзимата (1839—1876) Порта провела конституционные реформы, которые привели к созданию армии, комплектуемой по призыву, реформирования банковской системы, замены религиозного закона на светский и замены заводов на гильдии. 23 октября 1840 года в Стамбуле было открыто министерство почтовой связи Османской империи. В 1847 году Сэмюэл Морзе получил патент на телеграф от Султана Абдул-Меджида I. После успешного испытания телеграфа, 9 августа 1847 года турки начали строительство первой телеграфной линии Стамбул-Эдирне-Шумен. (ru)
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