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The early Buddhist schools are those schools into which the Buddhist monastic saṅgha split early in the history of Buddhism. The divisions were originally due to differences in Vinaya and later also due to doctrinal differences and geographical separation of groups of monks. The original saṅgha split into the first early schools (generally believed to be the Sthavira nikāya and the Mahāsāṃghika) during or after the reign of Aśoka. Later, these first early schools were further divided into schools such as the Sarvāstivādins, the Dharmaguptakas, and the Vibhajyavāda, and ended up numbering 18 or 20 schools according to traditional accounts.

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  • Early Buddhist schools (en)
  • Mazhab-mazhab Buddhis awal (in)
  • Buddhismo dei Nikāya (it)
  • Dix-huit écoles bouddhistes anciennes (fr)
  • 부파불교 (ko)
  • 部派仏教 (ja)
  • Vroege boeddhistische scholen (nl)
  • Wczesne szkoły buddyjskie (pl)
  • 部派佛教 (zh)
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  • 部派仏教（ぶはぶっきょう、英: Early Buddhist schools）とは、釈尊の死後百年から数百年の間に仏教の原始教団が分裂して成立した諸派の仏教。アビダルマ仏教ともいう。部派（ぶは）とはパーリ語のNikāya（ニカーヤ）に由来し、原義では集団を意味する。仏教においては戒や仏典の伝承系統によって分岐した、出家者の集団を指す。 紀元前3世紀頃に原始教団が上座部と大衆部に分裂（根本分裂）したのち、この2部派がさらに分裂して行った。各部派は、釈尊が残した教法を研究・整理して、独自の教義を論（アビダルマ）として作り、互いに論争した。部派仏教は、釈尊と直弟子時代の初期仏教を継承し、大乗仏教の成立後も数世紀に渡りインドで大きな勢力を有していたとされる。のちに興った大乗仏教はこれらの部派仏教を小乗仏教と貶称した。 (ja)
  • L'espressione Buddhismo dei Nikāya è stata coniata dalla storiografia contemporanea per indicare un insieme eterogeneo di scuole buddhiste sorte nei primi secoli dopo la morte del Buddha Śakyamuni (vedi anche Concili buddhisti) che si riconoscevano in un corpo dottrinale e disciplinare, come il Canone pāli, che non comprende quelle scritture indicate successivamente come mahāyāna. (it)
  • De achttien vroege boeddhistische scholen ontstonden door verschillende splitsingen in de monastische Sangha (de gemeenschap van monniken) in de 200 jaar na het overlijden (Parinibbana) van de Boeddha. Zeventien van deze scholen bestaan nu niet meer, al zijn er wel nog een paar geschriften van sommige van deze scholen bewaard gebleven. (nl)
  • 部派佛教，佛教術語，在佛教史中，是指釋迦牟尼佛涅槃後，從上座部與大眾部的“根本分裂”到大乘佛教興起前的時期與發展階段，也是這個時期佛教僧團所形成的各個部派的合稱。 上座部與大眾部的分裂，被稱為根本分裂；此前的階段，通常被稱為原始佛教、根本佛教或初期佛教；此後佛教進一步分化，形成了許多不同的傳統與學說。對於根本分裂的原因和確切時間，目前仍有爭論。 (zh)
  • The early Buddhist schools are those schools into which the Buddhist monastic saṅgha split early in the history of Buddhism. The divisions were originally due to differences in Vinaya and later also due to doctrinal differences and geographical separation of groups of monks. The original saṅgha split into the first early schools (generally believed to be the Sthavira nikāya and the Mahāsāṃghika) during or after the reign of Aśoka. Later, these first early schools were further divided into schools such as the Sarvāstivādins, the Dharmaguptakas, and the Vibhajyavāda, and ended up numbering 18 or 20 schools according to traditional accounts. (en)
  • Les dix-huit écoles bouddhistes anciennes sont ces écoles qui sont apparues par divisions successives du bouddhisme pré-sectaire, dues en premier lieu à des différences de vinaya, et plus tard dues à des différends doctrinaux ainsi qu'à la séparation géographique des divers groupes. (fr)
  • Mazhab-mazhab Buddhis awal adalah mazhab-mazhab yang merupakan perpecahan awal saṅgha monastik Buddhis, awalnya karena perbedaan-perbedaan dalam vinaya dan kemudian juga karena perbedaan-perbedaan doktrin dan pemisahan geografis dari para kelompok biarawan. Materi tekstual yang digunakan bersama oleh mazhab-mazhab awal ini sering disebut dan ini merupakan sumber penting untuk memahami persamaan dan perbedaan doktrinal mereka. (in)
  • 부파불교(部派佛敎, 영어: early Buddhist schools)는 고타마 붓다가 에 든 후 제자들 사이에 견해의 차이가 생겨 불멸 후 100년 경에 보수적인 상좌부(上座部)와 진보적인 대중부(大衆部)로 분열되고, 이어서 이 두 부파(部派: 종파)로부터 여러 갈래의 분열이 일어나 불교가 여러 부파로 나뉘면서 전개되었던 시대의 불교이다. 부파불교는 시기적으로는 원시불교(原始佛敎, pre-sectarian Buddhism) 이후의 시기를 뜻하는데, 대승불교가 서력 기원 전후에 발생한 후에도 부파불교의 부파들 중에는 대승불교의 종파들과 함께 시대적으로 나란히 활동했던 부파들이 있었다. 예를 들어 세친(316~396)은 부파불교의 설일체유부에서 대승불교의 유식유가행파로 전향하였다. 그가 설일체유부의 논사였을 때 저술하였던 《아비달마구사론》은 설일체유부의 교학의 강요서인데, 그는 부파불교의 경량부의 학설 등을 이용하여 비판적으로 설일체유부의 교학을 집대성하였다. 즉, 이 때까지도 부파불교의 부파들이 활발히 활동하고 있었으며, 또한 세친의 시대보다 200여년 후의 인물인 현장(玄奘: 602~664)의 《대당서역기》(大唐西域記)에 따르면 그가 인도로 유학을 갔을 때도 여전히 (正量部, 산스크리트어: Saṃmitīya) 등의 부파불교의 부파들이 상당한 세력으로 존재하고 있었다. (ko)
  • Wczesne szkoły buddyjskie – nazwa nadana szkołom buddyjskim, które pojawiły się po schizmie na II soborze w (lub Vaishali, Wajśali) za panowania króla około roku 386 p.n.e. Sobór ten zwany jest też „Soborem 700 Mnichów”, gdyż siedmiuset mnichów recytowało na nim fragmenty świętych tekstów. Na tym soborze powstał rozłam na szkoły sthaviravady i mahāsaṃghiki. Dwie główne szkoły, jakie powstały po schizmie, uległy dalszemu podziałowi, dając początek szkołom i tradycjom z których niewiele dotrwało do dzisiejszych czasów. (pl)
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  • "Buswell-Lopez" (en)
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