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Fēngjiàn (Chinese: 封建; lit. 'enfeoffment and establishment') was a political ideology and governance system in ancient China, whose social structure formed a decentralized system of confederation-like government based on the ruling class consisting of the Son of Heaven (king) and nobles, and the lower class consisting of commoners categorized into four occupations (or "four categories of the people", namely gentries, peasants, laborers and merchants). The system dated back at least to the Shang dynasty, but was formally coined during the Western Zhou dynasty when the Zhou kings enfeoffed their clan relatives and fellow warriors as vassals. Through the fengjian system, the king would allocate an area of land to a noble, establishing him as the de facto ruler of that region and allowing his

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  • Fengjian (ca)
  • Fengjian (es)
  • Fengjian (en)
  • Fengjian (in)
  • 중국 봉건제 (ko)
  • 封建制度 (中國) (zh)
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  • 封建制度是一種政治制度。由共主或中央王朝给宗室成员、王族和功臣分封领地。 「封建」即「封土建國(封邦建國)」,即天子把自己直接管轄的王畿以外的土地,分封給諸侯,並授予他們爵位,诸侯再分封卿大夫,诸侯和卿大夫在自己的领地上有相当的自主权。分封是讓他們建立封國和軍隊,协助统治。 華文对古代中国的中原王朝,所封之地称为“诸侯”(“诸侯国”、“封国”或“王国”),统治诸侯(王国)的君主称为“诸侯王”、“君”或“王”,也使用“诸侯王”的称谓。同时,汉语对欧洲从中世纪起的君主制国家也称为“王国”,君主称为“君主”,尽管两者完全一致,但从纯粹的土地分封来看两者都是一樣的。 (zh)
  • El Fēngjiàn (封建) era una ideologia política desenvolupada pels filòsofs confucianistes i "legalistes" durant l'últim període de la dinastia Zhou de la Xina antiga, l'estructura social de la qual forma un sistema decentralitzat de govern basat en quatre ocupacions, o "quatre categories de les persones". Els reis Zhou infeudaven les terres als seus amics guerrers i parents, creant amplis dominis de terraa. El sistema Fengjian que van crear destinava a una regió o tros de terra a un individu, establint-lo com a sobirà d'aquella regió. Els vassalls es van rebel·lar finalment contra els reis Zhou, i es van desenvolupar en els seus propis regnes, acabant, per això amb el govern centralitzat de la dinastia Zhou. Com a resultat, la història xinesa, des de la dinastia Zhou o Chou (1046 aC–256 aC) f (ca)
  • Fēngjiàn (Chinese: 封建; lit. 'enfeoffment and establishment') was a political ideology and governance system in ancient China, whose social structure formed a decentralized system of confederation-like government based on the ruling class consisting of the Son of Heaven (king) and nobles, and the lower class consisting of commoners categorized into four occupations (or "four categories of the people", namely gentries, peasants, laborers and merchants). The system dated back at least to the Shang dynasty, but was formally coined during the Western Zhou dynasty when the Zhou kings enfeoffed their clan relatives and fellow warriors as vassals. Through the fengjian system, the king would allocate an area of land to a noble, establishing him as the de facto ruler of that region and allowing his (en)
  • Fēngjiàn (en chino: 封建) fue una ideología política durante la última parte de la dinastía Zhou de la China antigua, con una estructura social que formaba un sistema descentralizado de gobierno​ basado en cuatro oficios o «categorías de persona». (es)
  • Fēngjiàn (封建, feodal) adalah sistem ideologi politik dan pemerintahan pada masa Tiongkok kuno, yang struktur sosialnya membentuk sistem desentralisasi pemerintahan seperti konfederasi, berdasarkan kelas pemerintahan yang terdiri dari Putra Surgawi (kaisar), bangsawan dan rakyat kelas bawah (yang dikategorikan menjadi empat kategori: pejabat, petani, buruh dan pedagang). Sistem ini setidaknya sudah ada sejak dinasti Shang, tetapi secara resmi baru didirikan selama dinasti Zhou Barat ketika raja-raja Zhou mengangkat kerabat klan mereka dan sesama prajurit sebagai vasal. Melalui sistem fengjian, raja akan mengalokasikan sebidang tanah kepada seorang bangsawan, menjadikannya sebagai penguasa de facto di wilayah itu dan mengizinkan gelar serta wilayahnya diwarisi oleh keturunannya secara sah. H (in)
  • 봉건(중국어: 封建, 병음: Fēngjiàn 펑젠[*])은 고대 중국에서 시행한 정치 체제로, 지방 분권 형식의 국가 연합체와 유사한 모습을 가진다. 최근까지만 해도 서주시대에 왕가 친척들이나 공신들에게 봉토를 하사한 것에 그 기원이 있는 것으로 여겨져왔지만, 연구를 통해 상나라에도 이와 유사한 제도가 있었음이 밝혀졌다. 봉건제를 통해 왕은 한 지역을 공신에게 하사하여 그 후손들에게 통치권을 부여하지만, 실질적인 지배권은 왕이 가지고 있는 것이다. 이렇게 토지를 하사받은 공신들은 제후(諸侯)라 부른다. 제후는 형식적으로나마 왕에게 신하로서의 예를 갖추었는데, 동주시대에 이르러서는 지역에 대한 자주권을 기반으로 천자에게 반기를 들어 자신들만의 왕국을 세우는데 이르른다. 이에 따라 주나라는 이름뿐인 천자국이 된다. 이후 한나라가 성립되며 유교가 황실의 중심 사상으로 채택된다. 이들은 군현제를 유지하되 그 안에 봉건제의 요소를 추가하는 방향으로 국정을 운영했는데 이렇게 절충안으로 제안된 새로운 정치체는 군국제라 부른다. 그러나 이후 한무제에 이르러 군국제의 봉건적 요소는 거의 사라지다싶이 하여 다시 군현제로 회귀했다 한다. (ko)
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