About: Four tones (Middle Chinese)

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The four tones of Chinese poetry and dialectology (simplified Chinese: 四声; traditional Chinese: 四聲; pinyin: sìshēng) are four traditional tone classes of Chinese words. They play an important role in Chinese poetry and in comparative studies of tonal development in the modern varieties of Chinese, both in traditional Chinese and in Western linguistics. They correspond to the phonology of Middle Chinese, and are named even or level (平 píng), rising (上 shǎng), departing or going (去 qù), and entering or checked (入 rù). (The last three are collectively referred to as oblique 仄 (zè), an important concept in poetic tone patterns.) They were reconstructed as mid (˧ or 33), mid rising (˧˥ or 35), high falling (˥˩ or 51), and mid (˧ or 33) with a final stop consonant respectively. Due to historic s

Attributes	Values
rdf:type	Thing
rdfs:label	Four tones (Middle Chinese) (en) 사성 (ko) 四声 (ja) 四聲 (zh)
rdfs:comment	( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 사성 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 사성(四聲)은 성조를 가진 중국어의 성모들로 평성, 상성, , 입성을 일컫는다. 현대 중국어의 성조는 보통화의 4개에서 의 10개까지 수가 다양하다. 아래에서는 a('아')를 성조에 따라 발음하는 법을 설명하였다. (ko) 四声（しせい）とは、中国語の声調を、中古漢語の調類に基づいての4種類に分類したもの。中国音韻学では平声（へいせい、ひょうせい、ひょうしょう）・上声（じょうせい、じょうしょう）・去声（きょせい、きょしょう）・入声（にゅうせい、にっしょう）をいう。現代中国語の北方話を基礎とした普通話などの声調をも四声というが内容が異なり、中古漢語にあった入声が失われて平声が二つに分かれ、陰平（第一声）・陽平（第二声）・上声（第三声）・去声（第四声）をいう。 (ja) 四声是汉语音韵学概念，指中古汉语的四種聲調及其演變聲調。四聲在各漢語變體以及其他借用了漢語詞彙的語言（如壯語、越南語）有不同演變，而現今各种漢語標記聲調仍然沿用平、上、去、入四類聲調。提出四聲概念始于南朝士子周顒、沈约等。《梁書·沈約傳》记载沈約写了一本《四声谱》，专门讨论此问题。梁武帝萧衍问周捨何謂四声，周捨答：「天子聖哲。」「天子聖哲」分别對應「平上去入」四種聲调。日本遣唐僧人空海《文鏡秘府論》（804年）有言：「平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。」日本安然《悉曇藏》（990年）卷五則云：「平聲直低，有輕有重。上聲直昂，有輕無重。去聲稍引，無輕無重。入聲徑止，無內無外。平中怒聲，與重無別。上中重音，與去不分。」明朝僧人釋真空在《玉鑰匙歌訣》提到：「平聲平道莫低昂，上聲高呼猛烈強，去聲分明哀遠道，入聲短促急收藏。」 (zh) The four tones of Chinese poetry and dialectology (simplified Chinese: 四声; traditional Chinese: 四聲; pinyin: sìshēng) are four traditional tone classes of Chinese words. They play an important role in Chinese poetry and in comparative studies of tonal development in the modern varieties of Chinese, both in traditional Chinese and in Western linguistics. They correspond to the phonology of Middle Chinese, and are named even or level (平 píng), rising (上 shǎng), departing or going (去 qù), and entering or checked (入 rù). (The last three are collectively referred to as oblique 仄 (zè), an important concept in poetic tone patterns.) They were reconstructed as mid (˧ or 33), mid rising (˧˥ or 35), high falling (˥˩ or 51), and mid (˧ or 33) with a final stop consonant respectively. Due to historic s (en)
rdfs:seeAlso	Tonogenesis
foaf:depiction
dcterms:subject	Middle Chinese Chinese language Phonetics
Wikipage page ID	25530603 (xsd:integer)
Wikipage revision ID	1123342760 (xsd:integer)
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