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The grands rhétoriqueurs or simply the "rhétoriqueurs" is the name given to a group of poets from 1460 to 1520 (or from the generation of François Villon (no rhétoriqueur himself) to Clément Marot) working in Northern France, Flanders, and the Duchy of Burgundy whose ostentatious poetic production was dominated by (1) an extremely rich rhyme scheme and experimentation with assonance and puns and (2) experimentation with typography and the graphic use of letters, including the creation of verbal rebuses. The group is also credited with promoting alternation between "masculine" rhymes (lines ending in a sound other than a mute "e") and "feminine" rhymes (lines ending in a mute "e").

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  • Grands rhétoriqueurs (de)
  • Grandes Retóricos (es)
  • Grands Rhétoriqueurs (en)
  • Grands rhétoriqueurs (fr)
  • Wielcy Retorycy (pl)
  • Великие риторики (ru)
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  • Les grands rhétoriqueurs (ou « grands rhéteurs ») est un terme inventé au XIXe siècle pour désigner des poètes de cour de langue française du milieu du XVe siècle au début du XVIe siècle. D'après Paul Zumthor, Charles d'Héricault extrait, en 1861, le terme de « rhétoriqueur » de la satire des Droits Nouveaux (1481) de Guillaume Coquillart, dans laquelle il désignait les gens de justice. (fr)
  • «Великие риторики» (фр. grands rhétoriqueurs) — французские поэты, пик творчества которых пришёлся на вторую половину XV — начало XVI века, в их произведениях форма зачастую становилась важнее содержания. Главным выразителем идеологии приоритета формы и главой «великих риториков» был Жорж Шатлен (ок. 1410—1475). (ru)
  • Wielcy Retorycy (fr. Les Grands Rhétoriqueurs) - łączne określenie francuskich poetów tworzących zgodnie z koncepcją poezji jako gałęzi retoryki i zawodu, jakiego można się nauczyć i jaki ma do spełnienia określone zadania w społeczeństwie. Wielcy Retorycy działali w okresie od ok. 1470 do ok. 1520, związani z dworem królewskim w Paryżu lub z dworami książąt Bretanii i Burgundii. (pl)
  • Grands rhétoriqueurs (dt. "die großen Rhetoriker") ist ein erfundener Begriff, um abwertend französischsprechende Hofdichter aus der Mitte des XV. bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts zu bezeichnen. Laut Paul Zumthor hat Charles d'Héricault 1861 den Begriff "Rhetoriker" aus Guillaume Coquillarts Satire des Droits Nouveaux (1481) entnommen, wo dieser Juristen kritisierte. (de)
  • The grands rhétoriqueurs or simply the "rhétoriqueurs" is the name given to a group of poets from 1460 to 1520 (or from the generation of François Villon (no rhétoriqueur himself) to Clément Marot) working in Northern France, Flanders, and the Duchy of Burgundy whose ostentatious poetic production was dominated by (1) an extremely rich rhyme scheme and experimentation with assonance and puns and (2) experimentation with typography and the graphic use of letters, including the creation of verbal rebuses. The group is also credited with promoting alternation between "masculine" rhymes (lines ending in a sound other than a mute "e") and "feminine" rhymes (lines ending in a mute "e"). (en)
  • El término Grandes Retóricos (en francés grands rhétoriqueurs) se acuñó durante el siglo XIX para designar despectivamente una serie de poetas franceses de finales del Siglo XV. El término también alude a los "" de la Edad Media. Su nombre procede de la "segunda retórica", que codifica la poesía. No constituyen una escuela propiamente dicha, pero al ser personajes cercanos a los príncipes, diplomáticos, o secretarios, y comunicándose entre sí a veces, adoptaron principios de escritura similares. (es)
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  • Grands rhétoriqueurs (dt. "die großen Rhetoriker") ist ein erfundener Begriff, um abwertend französischsprechende Hofdichter aus der Mitte des XV. bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts zu bezeichnen. Laut Paul Zumthor hat Charles d'Héricault 1861 den Begriff "Rhetoriker" aus Guillaume Coquillarts Satire des Droits Nouveaux (1481) entnommen, wo dieser Juristen kritisierte. Diese Bezeichnung bezieht sich darauf, dass in mehreren Abhandlungen des 15. Jahrhunderts zur Poetik der Ausdruck "Rhetorik" im Titel verwendet wurde, was darauf hindeutet, dass Poesie als ein Zweig der Rhetorik verstanden wurde. (de)
  • El término Grandes Retóricos (en francés grands rhétoriqueurs) se acuñó durante el siglo XIX para designar despectivamente una serie de poetas franceses de finales del Siglo XV. El término también alude a los "" de la Edad Media. Su nombre procede de la "segunda retórica", que codifica la poesía. No constituyen una escuela propiamente dicha, pero al ser personajes cercanos a los príncipes, diplomáticos, o secretarios, y comunicándose entre sí a veces, adoptaron principios de escritura similares. Grupo innovador, afirman su virtuosismo técnico en poemas amplios y recargados, desarrollan las metáforas, abundan en juegos poéticos (acrósticos, palíndromos, rimas equívocas, calambures...). Estos juegos les permiten experimentar con las posibilidades de la lengua francesa en un momento en el que ésta se está estabilizando: los poemas tienen como objetivo ilustrar la lengua, prefigurando de alguna manera las búsquedas y ejercicios de estilo del Oulipo. Estos poetas viven en cortes nobles o reales. Se les paga para que demuestren su virtuosismo, pero también para que elogien al mecenas que los alimenta. (es)
  • The grands rhétoriqueurs or simply the "rhétoriqueurs" is the name given to a group of poets from 1460 to 1520 (or from the generation of François Villon (no rhétoriqueur himself) to Clément Marot) working in Northern France, Flanders, and the Duchy of Burgundy whose ostentatious poetic production was dominated by (1) an extremely rich rhyme scheme and experimentation with assonance and puns and (2) experimentation with typography and the graphic use of letters, including the creation of verbal rebuses. The group is also credited with promoting alternation between "masculine" rhymes (lines ending in a sound other than a mute "e") and "feminine" rhymes (lines ending in a mute "e"). Poets considered "Grands Rhétoriqueurs" include: * Georges Chastellain (1415–1474) * Jean Molinet (1435–1507) * Jean Marot (1450–1526) father of Clément Marot * Jean Meschinot (1420–1491) (active from 1450–1490) * (active from 1460–1500) * Guillaume Crétin (1461–1525) * Jean Lemaire de Belges (1473–1516) * (1476–1555) * (active from 1485–1515) * Octavien de Saint-Gelays (active from 1490–1505) * (active from 1499–1528) * Pierre Gringore (1475–1538) (active from 1500–1535) The following poets are sometimes also grouped with the rhétoriqueurs: * Guillaume Alexis (active from 1450–1490) * Jeacques Millet (active from 1450–1466) * Henri Baude (active from 1460–1495) * Jean Castel (active from 1460–1480) * Roger de Collerye (1470–1538) * Jean Parmentier (active from 1515–1530) The expression "rhétoriqueurs" comes from the publication of several treatises on versification in French in the 15th century that used the term "rhetoric" in their titles, such as in Arts de seconde rhétorique ("Arts of Second Rhetoric", "first rhetoric" being prose and "second rhetoric" being verse), or "rhétorique vulgaire" ("vernacular" as opposed to "Latin" rhetoric). The implication in these poetic manuals was that rhyming was a form or branch of rhetoric. The "rhétoriqueurs", alike in rejecting any taint of the vulgar world outside noble courts, were not a homogeneous group or organized literary movement, and there were great differences between each author's individual creative project. Nevertheless, these authors show great similarities in poetic invention and sound experimentation and represent a period of literary transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The multiplicity of readings in certain texts has been compared to 15th century polyphonic music from the Burgundian School and Franco-Flemish School (such as the music of Johannes Ockeghem), and their fascination with "copia", verbal games and the difficulties of interpretation link them to such Renaissance figures as Erasmus and Rabelais. The vital realism and pessimism of François Villon, and his countercultural vagabond life, set him apart from the rhétoriqueurs. From the late 1540s on, many of the "rhétoriqueurs" were rejected by the French circle of poets around Pierre de Ronsard (sometimes called La Pléiade), who considered them representatives of an outdated medieval tradition. Some of this disdain may have also been tied to class and chauvinism: many of the "rhétoriqueurs" were non-noble poets and writers working for the court of the Duchy of Burgundy, while Ronsard's circle was entirely French and dominated by nobles. The "Grands Rhétoriqueurs" were utterly forgotten, until a revival of interest by specialists in the 19th and 20th centuries. Their verbal games and aural experimentation have been praised by contemporary literary groups, including the writers of the Oulipo movement. (en)
  • Les grands rhétoriqueurs (ou « grands rhéteurs ») est un terme inventé au XIXe siècle pour désigner des poètes de cour de langue française du milieu du XVe siècle au début du XVIe siècle. D'après Paul Zumthor, Charles d'Héricault extrait, en 1861, le terme de « rhétoriqueur » de la satire des Droits Nouveaux (1481) de Guillaume Coquillart, dans laquelle il désignait les gens de justice. (fr)
  • «Великие риторики» (фр. grands rhétoriqueurs) — французские поэты, пик творчества которых пришёлся на вторую половину XV — начало XVI века, в их произведениях форма зачастую становилась важнее содержания. Главным выразителем идеологии приоритета формы и главой «великих риториков» был Жорж Шатлен (ок. 1410—1475). (ru)
  • Wielcy Retorycy (fr. Les Grands Rhétoriqueurs) - łączne określenie francuskich poetów tworzących zgodnie z koncepcją poezji jako gałęzi retoryki i zawodu, jakiego można się nauczyć i jaki ma do spełnienia określone zadania w społeczeństwie. Wielcy Retorycy działali w okresie od ok. 1470 do ok. 1520, związani z dworem królewskim w Paryżu lub z dworami książąt Bretanii i Burgundii. (pl)
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