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Polish landed gentry (Polish: ziemiaństwo, ziemianie, from ziemia, "land") was a social group or class of hereditary landowners who held manorial estates. Historically, ziemianie consisted of hereditary nobles (szlachta) and landed commoners (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones). The Statutes of Piotrków (1496) restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to hereditary nobility. The non-nobles thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal ennoblement for themselves (not an easy task), or had their property taken away. A rare exception was the burgesses of certain specially privileged "ennobled" royal cities who were titled "nobilis" and were allowed to buy and inherit manorial estates and exercise their privileges (such as jurisdiction over their subjects) and monopolies (ov

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  • Polish landed gentry (en)
  • Ziemiaństwo (pl)
  • Земяне (ru)
  • Ziemiaństwo (sv)
  • Зем'яни (uk)
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  • Ziemiaństwo (również ziemianie, posiadacze ziemscy, posiedziciele ziemscy, obywatele ziemscy) – grupa społeczna i kategoria wytwórców. Właściciele, dzierżawcy i administratorzy większej własności ziemskiej. (pl)
  • Ziemiaństwo kallades i Polen den samhällsklass som bestod av personer som ägde stora gods. 1496 års begränsade detta till ärftlig adel. När kom 1921 avskaffades adeln, men samhällsklassen finns kvar. De har sedan kommunismens fall försökt ogiltigförklara 1944 års jordreform. (sv)
  • Земяне — категория военнослужилого населения Польши и Великого княжества Литовского в XVI—XVIII вв. (ru)
  • Зем'я́ни (ст.-укр. земѧне, землѧне, землѧны, пол. ziemianie, лат. terrigene) — верства шляхетського стану у XIV—XVIII століттях, власники «землі» — маєтків. Існували на теренах Великого князівства Литовського, переважно на Підляшші, Волині та Київщині, як синонім поняття «бояри». Визначальним для зем'янина було умовне чи безумовне володіння земельним наділом, що відрізняло його від безземельної шляхти-голоти. (uk)
  • Polish landed gentry (Polish: ziemiaństwo, ziemianie, from ziemia, "land") was a social group or class of hereditary landowners who held manorial estates. Historically, ziemianie consisted of hereditary nobles (szlachta) and landed commoners (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones). The Statutes of Piotrków (1496) restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to hereditary nobility. The non-nobles thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal ennoblement for themselves (not an easy task), or had their property taken away. A rare exception was the burgesses of certain specially privileged "ennobled" royal cities who were titled "nobilis" and were allowed to buy and inherit manorial estates and exercise their privileges (such as jurisdiction over their subjects) and monopolies (ov (en)
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  • Polish landed gentry (Polish: ziemiaństwo, ziemianie, from ziemia, "land") was a social group or class of hereditary landowners who held manorial estates. Historically, ziemianie consisted of hereditary nobles (szlachta) and landed commoners (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones). The Statutes of Piotrków (1496) restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to hereditary nobility. The non-nobles thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal ennoblement for themselves (not an easy task), or had their property taken away. A rare exception was the burgesses of certain specially privileged "ennobled" royal cities who were titled "nobilis" and were allowed to buy and inherit manorial estates and exercise their privileges (such as jurisdiction over their subjects) and monopolies (over distilleries, hunting grounds, etc.). Therefore, in the szlachta-dominated Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth there was almost no landed gentry in the English meaning of the term, i.e. commoners who owned landed estates. With the Partitions these restrictions were loosened and finally any commoner could buy or inherit land. This made the 20th-century Polish landed gentry consist mostly of hereditary nobles, but also of others. They were the lesser members of the szlachta, contrasting with the much smaller but more powerful group of "magnate" families (sing. magnat, plural magnaci in Polish), see "Magnates of Poland and Lithuania". Compared to the situation in England and some other parts of Europe, these two parts of the overall "nobility" to a large extent operated as different classes, and were often in conflict. After the Partitions of Poland, at least in the stereotypes of 19th-century nationalist lore, the magnates often made themselves at home in the capitals and courts of the partitioning powers, while the gentry remained on their estates, keeping the national culture alive (for a preserved, non-magnate example, see Dąbrowski Manor in Michałowice). (en)
  • Ziemiaństwo (również ziemianie, posiadacze ziemscy, posiedziciele ziemscy, obywatele ziemscy) – grupa społeczna i kategoria wytwórców. Właściciele, dzierżawcy i administratorzy większej własności ziemskiej. (pl)
  • Ziemiaństwo kallades i Polen den samhällsklass som bestod av personer som ägde stora gods. 1496 års begränsade detta till ärftlig adel. När kom 1921 avskaffades adeln, men samhällsklassen finns kvar. De har sedan kommunismens fall försökt ogiltigförklara 1944 års jordreform. (sv)
  • Земяне — категория военнослужилого населения Польши и Великого княжества Литовского в XVI—XVIII вв. (ru)
  • Зем'я́ни (ст.-укр. земѧне, землѧне, землѧны, пол. ziemianie, лат. terrigene) — верства шляхетського стану у XIV—XVIII століттях, власники «землі» — маєтків. Існували на теренах Великого князівства Литовського, переважно на Підляшші, Волині та Київщині, як синонім поняття «бояри». Визначальним для зем'янина було умовне чи безумовне володіння земельним наділом, що відрізняло його від безземельної шляхти-голоти. (uk)
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