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Romantic chess is a style of chess popular in the 18th century until the 1880s. This style of chess emphasizes quick, tactical maneuvers rather than long-term strategic planning. Romantic players consider winning to be secondary to winning with style. The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific, Hypermodern, and New Dynamism eras. Games during this era generally consisted of 1.e4 openings such as the King's Gambit and Giuoco Piano. Queen-side pawn openings were not popular and seldom played. The Romantic era is generally considered to have ended with the 1873 Vienna tournament where Wilhelm Steinitz popularized positional play and the closed game. This domination ushered in a new age of chess known as the "Modern", or Classical school, which would last until the 1930s when hype

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  • Escola Romàntica d'escacs (ca)
  • Escuela romántica de ajedrez (es)
  • Xake erromantiko (eu)
  • Ère romantique des échecs (fr)
  • Romantic chess (en)
  • Escola romântica (pt)
rdfs:comment
  • Au jeu d'échecs, l'école romantique ou l'ère romantique des échecs est le nom donné à une conception du jeu prônant l'« attaque à tout va » au détriment du matériel. Cette conception fut représentée au XVIIe siècle par l'Italien Gioachino Greco et atteignit son apogée au milieu du XIXe siècle, avec les deux « magiciens » de l'école romantique : Adolf Anderssen et Paul Morphy, lequel est considéré, à ce jour, comme le premier joueur d'échecs moderne. (fr)
  • L'Escola Romàntica d'escacs fou una escola d'escacs que promulgava l'estil de jugar als escacs que predominava al segle xix. Es caracteritzava pels sacrificis descarats i oberts, i el joc principalment tàctic. Pels representants d'aquesta escola, guanyar era quelcom secundari, l'important era jugar amb estil, crear bellesa sobre el tauler, i per tant, es considerava poc honorós no acceptar un gambit (el sacrifici d'un peó o una peça a canvi d'atac o d'altres compensacions actives). No és coincidència que l'obertura més popular pels romàntics fos el gambit de rei acceptat. (ca)
  • Xake erromantikoaren eskola ala xake erromantikoaren aroa, konbinazio harrigarrien bidez xakean edertasunba bilatzen duen joko-estiloa da. 1830-1880 artean jokatu zen, garai honetan xake joko irekia ez zen beste joko-estilorik ez zen jokatzene, eraso eta kontraeraso etengabeekin, nork jokaldi eder eta harrigarriena egingo. Amaiera partidaren zatitzat besterik ez zen hartzen, aurrez konbinazio harrigarre baten bidez irabazi ez bazen. (eu)
  • Se podría definir a la Era Romántica de ajedrez como aquella que tiende a buscar la belleza en ajedrez a través de fantásticas combinaciones, lo que se plasma en sus ideas sobre el ajedrez y en su práctica. Se desarrolla plenamente entre 1830 y 1880 y durante esa época no se concibe otro tipo de partida que no fuese el juego abierto, con continuos ataques y contraataques en la que la jugada más espectacular era el culmen de la partida. El final sólo era considerado como parte de la partida si no se había ganado antes por medio de una combinación espectacular. (es)
  • Romantic chess is a style of chess popular in the 18th century until the 1880s. This style of chess emphasizes quick, tactical maneuvers rather than long-term strategic planning. Romantic players consider winning to be secondary to winning with style. The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific, Hypermodern, and New Dynamism eras. Games during this era generally consisted of 1.e4 openings such as the King's Gambit and Giuoco Piano. Queen-side pawn openings were not popular and seldom played. The Romantic era is generally considered to have ended with the 1873 Vienna tournament where Wilhelm Steinitz popularized positional play and the closed game. This domination ushered in a new age of chess known as the "Modern", or Classical school, which would last until the 1930s when hype (en)
  • A Escola Italiana ou Escola de Modena, também conhecida como Escola Romântica de xadrez foi uma escola de pensamento enxadrístico do século XVIII baseada nos trabalhos de Ponziani, Lolli e Del Rio que viviam em Modena, na Itália. A Escola Romântica inicia em 1820 com Evans e Adolf Anderssen. Que acabou em 1866, quando Wilhelm Steinitz vence Anderssen em um match, impulsionando a Escola Moderna. Uma outra característica do pensamento italiano foi a oposição das ideias da Escola de Philidor. (pt)
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  • L'Escola Romàntica d'escacs fou una escola d'escacs que promulgava l'estil de jugar als escacs que predominava al segle xix. Es caracteritzava pels sacrificis descarats i oberts, i el joc principalment tàctic. Pels representants d'aquesta escola, guanyar era quelcom secundari, l'important era jugar amb estil, crear bellesa sobre el tauler, i per tant, es considerava poc honorós no acceptar un gambit (el sacrifici d'un peó o una peça a canvi d'atac o d'altres compensacions actives). No és coincidència que l'obertura més popular pels romàntics fos el gambit de rei acceptat. Aquesta manera de jugar es va desenvolupar principalment entre 1830 i 1880, anys en què la majoria de partides reflectien continus atacs i contra-atacs, i en què la pretensió era rematar la partida amb un atac triomfant al rei rival, o amb una combinació espectacular. Alguns dels principals exponents del joc de l'època romàntica van ser Adolf Anderssen, Lionel Kieseritzky, Paul Morphy i Henry Blackburne. L'estil de joc romàntic es va acabar, almenys al més alt nivell, a partir de Wilhelm Steinitz, qui, amb el seu enfocament més posicional de les partides, va aixafar tots els seus contemporanis i va marcar el començament de l'era moderna dels escacs. En èpoques posteriors, hom qualifica de "romàntics" aquells jugadors l'estil de joc dels quals coincideix amb les tesis dels membres de l'escola romàntica del segle xix, com per exemple fou el cas de Rudolf Spielmann (mort el 1942), o de Mikhaïl Tal (Campió del Món, mort el 1992). (ca)
  • Xake erromantikoaren eskola ala xake erromantikoaren aroa, konbinazio harrigarrien bidez xakean edertasunba bilatzen duen joko-estiloa da. 1830-1880 artean jokatu zen, garai honetan xake joko irekia ez zen beste joko-estilorik ez zen jokatzene, eraso eta kontraeraso etengabeekin, nork jokaldi eder eta harrigarriena egingo. Amaiera partidaren zatitzat besterik ez zen hartzen, aurrez konbinazio harrigarre baten bidez irabazi ez bazen. Kurioski, xake erromantikoaren eskola, guztiz antierromantikoak ziren François-André Danican Philidor xakelariaren irakaspenetan oinarrituz garatu zen, baina XIX. mendean zehar erromantizismoaren bilakaerarekin batera, genioaren eta origiltasunaren kultua gizarte osora hedatu zen. Ez zen xakearen atzerakada bat, klasikoen berreskuratze bat baizik. La Bourdonnais eta McDonnellen arteko partidek joera hau definitiboki ezarri zuten, nahiz eta xake erromantikoaren xakelari nabarmenenak Adolf Anderssen, , , Paul Morphy, , Johannes Zukertort, Howard Staunton, Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant eta abar izan. (eu)
  • Se podría definir a la Era Romántica de ajedrez como aquella que tiende a buscar la belleza en ajedrez a través de fantásticas combinaciones, lo que se plasma en sus ideas sobre el ajedrez y en su práctica. Se desarrolla plenamente entre 1830 y 1880 y durante esa época no se concibe otro tipo de partida que no fuese el juego abierto, con continuos ataques y contraataques en la que la jugada más espectacular era el culmen de la partida. El final sólo era considerado como parte de la partida si no se había ganado antes por medio de una combinación espectacular. Curiosamente la Escuela Romántica se desarrolla tras los importantes aportes teóricos de Philidor, totalmente antirrománticos, pero a mediados del siglo XIX el romanticismo, y el culto al genio, era una actitud de vida que impregnaba toda la sociedad. No se trataba de una involución, sino de una recuperación de los clásicos. El encuentro entre La Bourdonnais y McDonnell asienta definitivamente esta tendencia, aunque sus más notables representantes serán Adolf Anderssen, Joseph Henry Blackburne, Lionel Kieseritzky, Paul Morphy, Daniel Harrwitz, Johannes Zúkertort, Howard Staunton, Pierre Saint-Amant, etc. (es)
  • Au jeu d'échecs, l'école romantique ou l'ère romantique des échecs est le nom donné à une conception du jeu prônant l'« attaque à tout va » au détriment du matériel. Cette conception fut représentée au XVIIe siècle par l'Italien Gioachino Greco et atteignit son apogée au milieu du XIXe siècle, avec les deux « magiciens » de l'école romantique : Adolf Anderssen et Paul Morphy, lequel est considéré, à ce jour, comme le premier joueur d'échecs moderne. (fr)
  • Romantic chess is a style of chess popular in the 18th century until the 1880s. This style of chess emphasizes quick, tactical maneuvers rather than long-term strategic planning. Romantic players consider winning to be secondary to winning with style. The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific, Hypermodern, and New Dynamism eras. Games during this era generally consisted of 1.e4 openings such as the King's Gambit and Giuoco Piano. Queen-side pawn openings were not popular and seldom played. The Romantic era is generally considered to have ended with the 1873 Vienna tournament where Wilhelm Steinitz popularized positional play and the closed game. This domination ushered in a new age of chess known as the "Modern", or Classical school, which would last until the 1930s when hypermodernism began to become popular. The Romantic era is generally considered to have reached its peak with Alexander McDonnell and Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais, the two dominant chess players of the 1830s. The 1840s were dominated by Howard Staunton, and other leading players of the era included Adolf Anderssen, Daniel Harrwitz, Henry Bird, Louis Paulsen, and Paul Morphy. The Immortal Game, played by Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky on 21 June 1851 in London—where Anderssen made bold sacrifices to secure victory, giving up both rooks and a bishop, then his queen, and then checkmating his opponent with his three remaining minor pieces—is considered a supreme example of Romantic chess. Despite the Romantic era's reputation for dashing tactical play and combinations, positional play and closed games were not at all unknown during this time; they featured prominently at the London tournament of 1851, widely considered the first true chess tournament. Paul Morphy often complained about "dull chess" and criticized the Sicilian Defense and queen's pawn openings for leading to this sort of game. Morphy included a stipulation in his matches that at least half the games had to begin with a 1.e4 e5 opening. During the 1930s, Nazi Germany co-opted chess as a political tool and to that end circulated propaganda alleging that the age of Romantic chess, dominated by dashing Aryan players such as Morphy and Anderssen, had been derailed by "cowardly, stingy" positional chess exemplified by Jewish players like Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, and others. The Romantic era in the arts was roughly analogous to the chess world. The arts were focused on emotional expression more than technical mastery. This would come to an end towards the end of the 19th century as evolution in the arts (Impressionist music and Symbolist poetry) coincided with Steinitz' emergence as the new stylistic force in the chess world. Some notable chess masters have argued that chess is an art form in addition to a science. (en)
  • A Escola Italiana ou Escola de Modena, também conhecida como Escola Romântica de xadrez foi uma escola de pensamento enxadrístico do século XVIII baseada nos trabalhos de Ponziani, Lolli e Del Rio que viviam em Modena, na Itália. A Escola Romântica inicia em 1820 com Evans e Adolf Anderssen. Que acabou em 1866, quando Wilhelm Steinitz vence Anderssen em um match, impulsionando a Escola Moderna. A escola de pensamento preconizava o desenvolvimento das peças, sem se preocupar com elementos da estratégia como controle do centro e a estrutura de peões. Este jogo agressivo, de ataques rápidos e diretos ao rei adversário predominou até por volta de 1840. Uma outra característica do pensamento italiano foi a oposição das ideias da Escola de Philidor. (pt)
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