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| - Sesi perjuangan adalah sebuah bentuk dan penyiksaan yang dipakai oleh Partai Komunis Tiongkok (PKT) pada terutama pada tahun-tahun tak lama sebelum dan setelah pendirian Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) dan pada Revolusi Kebudayaan. Tujuan sesi perjuangan adalah untuk membentuk opini publik, serta untuk menghina, menyiksa atau mengeksekusi para lawan politik dan orang-orang yang dianggap masuk dalam kategori . (in)
- Een strijdbijeenkomst of vechtbijeenkomst was een methode van de Communistische Partij van China in de tijd van Mao Zedong om de publieke opinie te vormen en politieke rivalen of klassenvijanden te vernederen, te vervolgen en/of uit te schakelen. (nl)
- 批鬥，常指中華人民共和國1949年建政後的一种政治運動形式，在文化大革命（1966-1976年）时期到达顶峰，「批鬥」意思類似「批判」或「批評」，但批鬥明顯帶有嚴重暴力和破壞。文革时期，批斗者常把其認為有違毛澤東思想及意旨的人或事公開，然后進行批判，當中包括文字批評、公開侮辱、傷害肢體等，甚至殺害。受批斗的对象有时包括父母、亲人、朋友、老师等，导致人际关系及社会道德崩坏。批鬥通常以團體形式進行，例如举行批斗大會或“斗争会”，而具体斗争方式常包括剃阴阳头、戴高帽、游街、“喷气式”、言语或肢体攻击，甚至抄家、砸文物、破壞建築物等。一些評論認爲，自习近平2012年底出任中共中央总书记执政以来，文革式批斗在中国社会出现回潮，主要体现为网络上对部分人士的大规模言语攻击，以及政府主导的全网抨击甚至封杀。 (zh)
- Denunciation rallies, also called struggle sessions, were violent public spectacles in Maoist China where people accused of being "class enemies" were publicly humiliated, accused, beaten and tortured by people of whom they were close. Usually conducted at the workplace, classrooms and auditoriums, "students were pitted against their teachers, friends and spouses were pressured to betray one another, [and] children were manipulated into exposing their parents". Staging, scripts and agitators were prearranged by the Maoists to incite crowd support. The aim was to instill a crusading spirit among the crowd to promote the Maoist thought reform. These rallies were most popular in the mass campaigns immediately before and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and during the (en)
- Kampf- und Kritiksitzungen (chinesisch 批鬥會 / 批斗会, Pinyin Pī Dòu Huì) waren öffentlich Massenkundgebungen in Zeiten der Kulturrevolution Chinas, in denen die beschuldigten Opfer gedemütigt und gefoltert wurden, bis sie ihre Schuld bekannten und Selbstkritik übten. Häufig handelt es sich bei den Beschuldigten um Akademiker, die reaktionäre Ideen in den Augen der Rotgardisten verbreiteten. (de)
- Una sesión de lucha fue una forma de humillación pública y tortura utilizada por el Partido Comunista de China durante el gobierno de Mao Zedong, particularmente durante la Revolución Cultural, su fin era moldear la opinión pública y humillar, perseguir o ejecutar rivales políticos y enemigos de clase. (es)
- La séance de lutte (chinois simplifié : 批斗大会 ; chinois traditionnel : 批鬥大會 ; pinyin : pīdòu dàhuì ; litt. « assemblée de critique par la lutte », ou encore : jiǎntǎo[Quoi ?] ; (tibétain འཐབ་འཛིང་, Wylie : ‘thab-‘dzing, THL : thamzing, dialecte de Lhassa API : tʰʌ́msiŋ) est une séance d'autocritique et de critique publique imposée par les maoïstes chinois à certains de leurs prisonniers sous le régime de Mao Zedong, principalement pendant la révolution culturelle, jusqu'à sa fin, en 1978. L'objectif était de réformer la pensée ou d'humilier. Le terme séance de lutte ou de dénonciation est aussi utilisé . (fr)
- Una sessione di lotta era una forma di e di tortura usata dal Partito Comunista Cinese (PCC) in vari momenti dell'era Mao, in particolare anni immediatamente prima e dopo l'istituzione della Repubblica Popolare Cinese (RPC) e durante la Rivoluzione culturale. Lo scopo di una sessione di lotta era quello di plasmare l'opinione pubblica e umiliare, perseguitare o giustiziare i rivali politici e quelli considerati nemici di classe. (it)
- Uma sessão de luta era uma sessão pública de autocrítica e crítica imposta pelos maoistas chineses durante a Era Mao Tse-Tung e até 1978 a alguns dos seus prisioneiros e, durante a Revolução Cultural, a virtualmente qualquer pessoas cujas ideias e comportamento pudessem ser enquadrados, dentro do ideário maoísta, como reacionários. Efetivamente, apesar de pretensões a racionalidade, tratava-se de uma forma de humilhação pública empregada pelo Partido Comunista da China (PCC) para moldar a opinião pública e para ridicularizar, punir ou eliminar rivais políticos — os chamados inimigos do povo. Em geral, a vítima de uma sessão de luta era forçada a admitir diversos delitos diante de uma multidão de pessoas, que abusavam verbal e fisicamente da vítima, até que ele ou ela confessasse. A severid (pt)
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