Oral-formulaic composition is a theory that originated in the scholarly study of epic poetry and developed in the second quarter of the twentieth century. It seeks to explain two related issues: 1.
* the process by which oral poets improvise poetry 2.
* the reasons for orally improvised poetry (or written poetry deriving from traditions of oral improvisation) having the characteristics that it does
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| - Teori formula (in)
- Teoria dell'oralità (it)
- Théorie de l'oralité (fr)
- Oral-formulaic composition (en)
- Эпическая формула (ru)
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| - Teori formula adalah teori yang dipopulerkan oleh dan . Teori ini kemudian dikenal dengan "Teori Formula Parry-Lord" karena ide dasar konsep tersebut muncul dari Parry, yang kemudian diteruskan oleh muridnya yang bernama Lord. Kedua sarjana yang berasal dari Amerika Serikat tersebut menggunakan teori ini untuk mengkaji Yugoslavia. Mereka berupaya menjelaskan dan membuktikan kelisanan Ilias dan Odisseia karya Homeros. Hasil kajiannya kemudian dibukukan dalam The Singer of Tales (1981). (in)
- La teoria dell'oralità (in inglese oral-formulaic theory, in italiano detta anche tesi di Parry/Lord, dal cognome dei suoi due iniziatori) è una teoria sviluppata nel 1930 per lo studio della poesia epica di Omero dal filologo statunitense Milman Parry. Secondo questa teoria, i poemi omerici sono stati sviluppati come parte di una tradizione orale utilizzando un sistema di modulo di composizione che consentiva all'aedo di improvvisare le sue poesie direttamente al cospetto al pubblico, il tutto senza alcun ricorso alla scrittura. Fin dall'inizio, questo è stato un approccio comparativo, dato che era il risultato di una applicazione al testo di ipotesi omeriche secondo lo studio di epiche serbo-croate; in seguito, è stato esteso ad altre culture e ad altri generi letterari. (it)
- La théorie de l'oralité ou « théorie oraliste » (en anglais oral-formulaic theory ou Parry/Lord thesis du nom de ses deux initiateurs) est une théorie développée pour l'étude des épopées d'Homère par le philologue américain Milman Parry dans les années 1930, et selon laquelle les épopées homériques auraient été élaborées dans le cadre d'une tradition orale utilisant un système de composition formulaire permettant aux aèdes d'improviser directement les vers de leurs poèmes devant leur public, le tout sans aucun recours à l'écriture. Dès l'origine, il s'agit d'une approche comparatiste, puisqu'elle résulte d'une application au texte homérique d'hypothèses formulées d'après l'étude des épopées serbo-croates ; par la suite elle a été élargie à d'autres cultures et à d'autres genres littéraires (fr)
- Oral-formulaic composition is a theory that originated in the scholarly study of epic poetry and developed in the second quarter of the twentieth century. It seeks to explain two related issues: 1.
* the process by which oral poets improvise poetry 2.
* the reasons for orally improvised poetry (or written poetry deriving from traditions of oral improvisation) having the characteristics that it does (en)
- Эпическая формула — мнемотехнический приём, связанный с характером бытования эпоса и достаточно свободно используемый сказителем. Формула в эпосе — это выразительная заготовка, обусловленная тремя факторами:
* ритмом
* синтаксической схемой
* лексической . Эта заготовка (содержанием которой является отдельный образ, идея, черта описания) может быть приспособлена к любой тематической либо фразеологической ситуации. Поэт располагает большим числом формул, позволяющих ему выразить различные конкретные аспекты данной ситуации в соответствии с потребностями момента. (ru)
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| - Oral-formulaic composition is a theory that originated in the scholarly study of epic poetry and developed in the second quarter of the twentieth century. It seeks to explain two related issues: 1.
* the process by which oral poets improvise poetry 2.
* the reasons for orally improvised poetry (or written poetry deriving from traditions of oral improvisation) having the characteristics that it does The key idea of the theory is that poets have a store of formulae (a formula being 'an expression that is regularly used, under the same metrical conditions, to express a particular essential idea') and that by linking the formulae in conventionalised ways, poets can rapidly compose verse. Antoine Meillet expressed the idea in 1923, thus: Homeric epic is entirely composed of formulae handed down from poet to poet. An examination of any passage will quickly reveal that it is made up of lines and fragments of lines which are reproduced word for word in one or several other passages. Even those lines of which the parts happen not to recur in any other passage have the same formulaic character, and it is doubtless pure chance that they are not attested elsewhere. In the hands of Meillet's student Milman Parry (1902-1935), and subsequently the latter's student Albert Lord (1912-1991), the approach transformed the study of ancient and medieval poetry and of oral poetry generally. The main exponent and developer of their approaches was John Miles Foley (1947-2012). (en)
- Teori formula adalah teori yang dipopulerkan oleh dan . Teori ini kemudian dikenal dengan "Teori Formula Parry-Lord" karena ide dasar konsep tersebut muncul dari Parry, yang kemudian diteruskan oleh muridnya yang bernama Lord. Kedua sarjana yang berasal dari Amerika Serikat tersebut menggunakan teori ini untuk mengkaji Yugoslavia. Mereka berupaya menjelaskan dan membuktikan kelisanan Ilias dan Odisseia karya Homeros. Hasil kajiannya kemudian dibukukan dalam The Singer of Tales (1981). (in)
- La théorie de l'oralité ou « théorie oraliste » (en anglais oral-formulaic theory ou Parry/Lord thesis du nom de ses deux initiateurs) est une théorie développée pour l'étude des épopées d'Homère par le philologue américain Milman Parry dans les années 1930, et selon laquelle les épopées homériques auraient été élaborées dans le cadre d'une tradition orale utilisant un système de composition formulaire permettant aux aèdes d'improviser directement les vers de leurs poèmes devant leur public, le tout sans aucun recours à l'écriture. Dès l'origine, il s'agit d'une approche comparatiste, puisqu'elle résulte d'une application au texte homérique d'hypothèses formulées d'après l'étude des épopées serbo-croates ; par la suite elle a été élargie à d'autres cultures et à d'autres genres littéraires. (fr)
- La teoria dell'oralità (in inglese oral-formulaic theory, in italiano detta anche tesi di Parry/Lord, dal cognome dei suoi due iniziatori) è una teoria sviluppata nel 1930 per lo studio della poesia epica di Omero dal filologo statunitense Milman Parry. Secondo questa teoria, i poemi omerici sono stati sviluppati come parte di una tradizione orale utilizzando un sistema di modulo di composizione che consentiva all'aedo di improvvisare le sue poesie direttamente al cospetto al pubblico, il tutto senza alcun ricorso alla scrittura. Fin dall'inizio, questo è stato un approccio comparativo, dato che era il risultato di una applicazione al testo di ipotesi omeriche secondo lo studio di epiche serbo-croate; in seguito, è stato esteso ad altre culture e ad altri generi letterari. (it)
- Эпическая формула — мнемотехнический приём, связанный с характером бытования эпоса и достаточно свободно используемый сказителем. Формула в эпосе — это выразительная заготовка, обусловленная тремя факторами:
* ритмом
* синтаксической схемой
* лексической . Эта заготовка (содержанием которой является отдельный образ, идея, черта описания) может быть приспособлена к любой тематической либо фразеологической ситуации. Поэт располагает большим числом формул, позволяющих ему выразить различные конкретные аспекты данной ситуации в соответствии с потребностями момента. Формула служит микроединицей действия, способной комбинироваться с другими формулами, образуя речевой отрезок. (ru)
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