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Semu (Chinese: 色目; pinyin: sèmù) is the name of a caste established by the Yuan dynasty. The 31 Semu categories referred to people who came from Central and West Asia. They had come to serve the Yuan dynasty by enfranchising under the dominant Mongol caste. The Semu were not a self-defined and homogeneous ethnic group per se, but one of the four castes of the Yuan dynasty: the Mongols, Semu (or Semuren), the "Han" (Hanren in Chinese, or all subjects of the former Jin dynasty, Dali Kingdom and Koreans) and the Southerners (Nanren in Chinese, or all subjects of the former Southern Song dynasty; sometimes called Manzi). Among the Semu were Buddhist Turpan Uyghurs, Tanguts and Tibetans; Nestorian Christian tribes like the Ongud; Alans; Muslim Central Asian Persian and Turkic peoples including

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rdf:type
rdfs:label
  • Se-mu (cs)
  • Semu (fr)
  • 色目人 (ja)
  • 색목인 (ko)
  • Semu (en)
  • Цветноглазые (ru)
  • 色目人 (zh)
rdfs:comment
  • 色目人(しきもくじん)とは、中国の歴史上における人間集団の分類の一種で、元朝治下における西域(中央アジア・西アジア)諸国出身者を指したもの。色目人の語は、「諸色目人」の略で、さまざまな種目(諸色目)の人という意味。元朝においては支配階級である遊牧民出身のモンゴル人の下に色目人が置かれ、この2つの階級が金の遺民である華北の漢人、南宋の遺民である江南の南人の階級を支配していたとされる。 (ja)
  • 색목인(色目人)은 원(元)나라의 신분 제도 용어이다. 몽골인 다음가는 계급이다. 위구르, 탕구트, 페르시아인 등 몽골인 이외의 중국 출신이 아닌 서방의 여러 나라 사람을 아울러 이르는 말이다. 그 지위는 이들의 몽골제국 창건 공로와 중국인을 향한 견제 차원에서 부여되었다. 최고위 관리나 장군의 지위를 얻었을 뿐만 아니라 대상의 활약은 중국사상 다른 예를 찾아볼 수 없다. (ko)
  • 色目人,意為各色名目之人,是元朝時主要對中亞、西亞、歐洲民族的统称,也是元朝的四类人民之一,在元朝政府的歸類上一切非蒙古人、漢人、南人的族群都算是色目人;其地位在蒙古人之下,漢人、南人之上,並被當時的蒙古人視為「闊端赤」(意為家人、同伴或隨從)。徙居中原的色目人大約有三、四十萬。而在江浙闽地区的色目人,在元朝灭亡后和滞留的蒙古人一起沦为堕民,或自发改汉姓,隐入汉民族当中。 在《元史》提及的名稱包括色目人或諸色人,而色目人一詞亦在元朝《元典章刑部》多次被提及。 (zh)
  • Se-mu nebo se-mu žen (čínsky pchin-jinem Sèmù, Sèmùrén, znaky 色目, 色目人; česky „různé druhy“, „lidé různých druhů“) bylo zkrácené označení druhé třídy obyvatelstva mongolské říše Jüan plným názvem ke-se ming-mu č’-žen (čínsky v českém přepisu ke-se ming-mu č’-žen, pchin-jinem gèsèmíngmùzhīrén, znaky 各色名目之人). Mnozí vzdělaní Se-muové přijali čínskou kulturu a sehráli významnou roli v jejím rozvoji. Po pádu jüanské říše a jejím nahrazení čínskou národní říší Ming se zbylí Se-muové vesměs asimilovali, pouze muslimové vytvořili samostatné etnikum Chuejů žijící především v severozápadní Číně. (cs)
  • Semu (Chinese: 色目; pinyin: sèmù) is the name of a caste established by the Yuan dynasty. The 31 Semu categories referred to people who came from Central and West Asia. They had come to serve the Yuan dynasty by enfranchising under the dominant Mongol caste. The Semu were not a self-defined and homogeneous ethnic group per se, but one of the four castes of the Yuan dynasty: the Mongols, Semu (or Semuren), the "Han" (Hanren in Chinese, or all subjects of the former Jin dynasty, Dali Kingdom and Koreans) and the Southerners (Nanren in Chinese, or all subjects of the former Southern Song dynasty; sometimes called Manzi). Among the Semu were Buddhist Turpan Uyghurs, Tanguts and Tibetans; Nestorian Christian tribes like the Ongud; Alans; Muslim Central Asian Persian and Turkic peoples including (en)
  • Semu (du chinois : 色目 ; pinyin : sèmù, également appelés 色目人, sèmùrén) est le nom d'une caste établie en Chine, sous la Dynastie Yuan, mongole, au XIIIe siècle. Contrairement à ce que l'on pourrait croire, le terme « Semu » (qui se traduit littéralement par œil coloré) n'implique pas que les membres de la caste avaient les yeux colorés, par opposition aux yeux généralement marron des Mongols des Yuans. Il s'agit en fait d'une abréviation, comme on en trouve dans les langues chinoises, de 各色名目, gèsè míngmù, signifiant choses ou catégories, de toutes sortes), et mettant en avant la diversité des semu. (fr)
  • Цветноглазые (кит. упр. 色目人, пиньинь sèmùrén, полностью 各色名目之人) — обозначение людей разных национальностей как отдельной группы населения при династии Юань со стороны монгольской администрации. Связано с недоверием монгольских правителей к этническим китайцам. На высшие административные должности в связи с этим предпочитали набирать грамотных людей из некитайского населения. Многие представители «цветноглазых» приняли китайскую культуру и сыграли значительную роль в её развитии. (ru)
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