The well-field system (Chinese: 井田制度; pinyin: jǐngtián zhìdù) was a Chinese land redistribution method existing between the ninth century BCE (late Western Zhou dynasty) to around the end of the Warring States period. Its name comes from Chinese character 井 (jǐng), which means 'well' and looks like the # symbol; this character represents the theoretical appearance of land division: a square area of land was divided into nine identically-sized sections; the eight outer sections (私田; sītián) were privately cultivated by serfs and the center section (公田; gōngtián) was communally cultivated on behalf of the landowning aristocrat.
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| - Brunnenfeldsystem (de)
- Sistem sumur-sawah (in)
- Sistema dei campi a pozzo (it)
- 井田制 (ja)
- 정전법 (ko)
- Well-field system (en)
- 井田制 (zh)
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| - Das Brunnenfeldsystem (chinesisch 井田制度, Pinyin Jǐngtián zhìdù), abgeleitet von dem chinesischen Schriftzeichen für Brunnen (jǐng 井) war eine Methode im klassischen China, die Felder gemeinschaftlich zu bewirtschaften. Als Beginn einer sozialen Ackerbauwirtschaft bestand es aus der Einteilung des Ackerlandes in je neun Felder, jedes zu hundert Mu (umgerechnet 675,68 Ar). Von diesen Feldern, die in drei Reihen zu je drei Feldern liegen, sind die äußeren acht für das Volk, das zentrale Feld in der Mitte für die Regierung bestimmt. Dieses Konzept wurde von dem Philosophen Menzius vertreten: Ein Quadrat (jing 經) besteht aus 900 Mu 畝. Acht Familien besitzen je 100 Mu und bebauen gemeinsam das öffentliche Feld. (de)
- Sistem sumur-sawah (Hanzi: 井田制度; Pinyin: jǐngtián zhìdù) adalah metode pendistribusian tanah Tiongkok. (in)
- 정전법(井田法)은 중국 최초의 토지 제도로, 주나라 때에 실시되었다고 전한다. 정방형의 토지를 우물 정(井)자형(1정=900무)으로 9등분하여 8가구가 제각기 사전(私田)으로 경작하고, 중앙의 토지 100무는 공전(公田)으로 경작하여 그 수확물은 모두 세금으로 나라에 바치는 제도였다. 왕망 때 실시한 (王田制)나 북위 이후 당대까지의 균전제도 정전법의 이상을 지니고 있다. 맹자는 이 100무의 경지 외에 5무의 택지(宅地)를 백성에게 보장하여 항산(恒産)을 가지게 함으로써 항심(恒心)이 생기게 하려 했다. (ko)
- Il sistema dei campi a pozzo (井田制度T, jǐngtián zhìdùP) era un metodo cinese di distribuzione delle terre. (it)
- 井田制（せいでんせい、拼音: jǐngtián zhì）とは、中国の古代王朝である周で施行されていたといわれる土地制度のこと。周公旦が整備したといい、孟子はこれを理想的な制度であるとした。 (ja)
- 井田制是中国春秋以前土地公有制的实现形式。井田就是方块田。“井田”一词，最早见于《榖梁传·宣公十五年》：“古者三百步为里，名曰井田”“井田者，九百亩，公田居一。” (zh)
- The well-field system (Chinese: 井田制度; pinyin: jǐngtián zhìdù) was a Chinese land redistribution method existing between the ninth century BCE (late Western Zhou dynasty) to around the end of the Warring States period. Its name comes from Chinese character 井 (jǐng), which means 'well' and looks like the # symbol; this character represents the theoretical appearance of land division: a square area of land was divided into nine identically-sized sections; the eight outer sections (私田; sītián) were privately cultivated by serfs and the center section (公田; gōngtián) was communally cultivated on behalf of the landowning aristocrat. (en)
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| - Das Brunnenfeldsystem (chinesisch 井田制度, Pinyin Jǐngtián zhìdù), abgeleitet von dem chinesischen Schriftzeichen für Brunnen (jǐng 井) war eine Methode im klassischen China, die Felder gemeinschaftlich zu bewirtschaften. Als Beginn einer sozialen Ackerbauwirtschaft bestand es aus der Einteilung des Ackerlandes in je neun Felder, jedes zu hundert Mu (umgerechnet 675,68 Ar). Von diesen Feldern, die in drei Reihen zu je drei Feldern liegen, sind die äußeren acht für das Volk, das zentrale Feld in der Mitte für die Regierung bestimmt. Dieses Konzept wurde von dem Philosophen Menzius vertreten: Ein Quadrat (jing 經) besteht aus 900 Mu 畝. Acht Familien besitzen je 100 Mu und bebauen gemeinsam das öffentliche Feld. (de)
- Sistem sumur-sawah (Hanzi: 井田制度; Pinyin: jǐngtián zhìdù) adalah metode pendistribusian tanah Tiongkok. (in)
- The well-field system (Chinese: 井田制度; pinyin: jǐngtián zhìdù) was a Chinese land redistribution method existing between the ninth century BCE (late Western Zhou dynasty) to around the end of the Warring States period. Its name comes from Chinese character 井 (jǐng), which means 'well' and looks like the # symbol; this character represents the theoretical appearance of land division: a square area of land was divided into nine identically-sized sections; the eight outer sections (私田; sītián) were privately cultivated by serfs and the center section (公田; gōngtián) was communally cultivated on behalf of the landowning aristocrat. While all fields were aristocrat-owned, the private fields were managed exclusively by serfs and the produce was entirely the farmers'. It was only produce from the communal fields, worked on by all eight families, that went to the aristocrats, and which, in turn, could go to the king as tribute. As part of a larger feudal fengjian system, the well-field system became strained in the Spring and Autumn period as kinship ties between aristocrats became meaningless. When the system became economically untenable in the Warring States period, it was replaced by a system of private land ownership. It was first suspended in the state of Qin by Shang Yang and other states soon followed suit. As part of the "turning the clock back" reformations by Wang Mang during the short-lived Xin dynasty, the system was restored temporarily and renamed to the King's Fields (王田; wángtián). The practice was more-or-less ended by the Song dynasty, but scholars like Zhang Zai and Su Xun were enthusiastic about its restoration and spoke of it in a perhaps oversimplifying admiration, invoking Mencius's frequent praise of the system. (en)
- 정전법(井田法)은 중국 최초의 토지 제도로, 주나라 때에 실시되었다고 전한다. 정방형의 토지를 우물 정(井)자형(1정=900무)으로 9등분하여 8가구가 제각기 사전(私田)으로 경작하고, 중앙의 토지 100무는 공전(公田)으로 경작하여 그 수확물은 모두 세금으로 나라에 바치는 제도였다. 왕망 때 실시한 (王田制)나 북위 이후 당대까지의 균전제도 정전법의 이상을 지니고 있다. 맹자는 이 100무의 경지 외에 5무의 택지(宅地)를 백성에게 보장하여 항산(恒産)을 가지게 함으로써 항심(恒心)이 생기게 하려 했다. (ko)
- Il sistema dei campi a pozzo (井田制度T, jǐngtián zhìdùP) era un metodo cinese di distribuzione delle terre. (it)
- 井田制（せいでんせい、拼音: jǐngtián zhì）とは、中国の古代王朝である周で施行されていたといわれる土地制度のこと。周公旦が整備したといい、孟子はこれを理想的な制度であるとした。 (ja)
- 井田制是中国春秋以前土地公有制的实现形式。井田就是方块田。“井田”一词，最早见于《榖梁传·宣公十五年》：“古者三百步为里，名曰井田”“井田者，九百亩，公田居一。” (zh)
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