The situa or citua (in Quechua situwa raymi) was the health and ritual purification festival in the Inca Empire. It was held in Cusco, the capital of the empire, during the month of September on the day of the first moon after the spring equinox, which in the southern hemisphere takes place normally on September 23. It was a very important festival whose rites are well described by the early Spanish chroniclers, in particular Cristóbal de Molina, Polo de Ondegardo and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. The latter witnessed situas as a child after the Spaniards had reduced them to memorials of the actual Inca festival. The situa is also mentioned by Bernabé Cobo, who copied, most probably, its text from Molina, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa and Juan de Betanzos.
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| - La situa o citua era una fiesta solemne celebrada por los incas el primer día de la luna después del equinoccio. Era considerada como un sacrificio de expiación general. El pueblo se preparaba con un ayuno de 24 horas y con una continencia escrupulosa. Hacían una especie de pasta mezclada con sangre, sacada de entre la nariz y las cejas de los niños con la que se frotaban la cabeza, cara, pecho, espalda, brazos y muslos después de haberse lavado todo el cuerpo, operación con la cual creían precaverse de toda clase de enfermedades. Frotaban igualmente con la misma pasta los umbrales de las casas en los que dejaban una pequeña porción para manifestar que habían sido purificados. (es)
- The situa or citua (in Quechua situwa raymi) was the health and ritual purification festival in the Inca Empire. It was held in Cusco, the capital of the empire, during the month of September on the day of the first moon after the spring equinox, which in the southern hemisphere takes place normally on September 23. It was a very important festival whose rites are well described by the early Spanish chroniclers, in particular Cristóbal de Molina, Polo de Ondegardo and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. The latter witnessed situas as a child after the Spaniards had reduced them to memorials of the actual Inca festival. The situa is also mentioned by Bernabé Cobo, who copied, most probably, its text from Molina, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa and Juan de Betanzos. (en)
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| - Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas, end of 16th century (en)
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| - “Illnesses, disasters, misfortunes, and dangers, leave this land!” – ritual cry of the situa festival (en)
- O Creator! [You] who are without equal to the end of the world. [You] who gave life and strength to mankind, and said, "[Let] this one be male,” and to the women, “[Let] this one be female.” Saying this, you created them, shaped them, and gave them life. Protect those that you have created, [let them] live safe and sound, without danger, [and] in peace. Where are you? Are you in the heights of heaven? Or below in the thunder [clouds]? Or in the storm clouds? Hear me, answer me, and grant me [my prayers]; give us eternal life forever. Take us by your hand and receive this offering wherever you may be, O Creator! (en)
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| - La situa o citua era una fiesta solemne celebrada por los incas el primer día de la luna después del equinoccio. Era considerada como un sacrificio de expiación general. El pueblo se preparaba con un ayuno de 24 horas y con una continencia escrupulosa. Hacían una especie de pasta mezclada con sangre, sacada de entre la nariz y las cejas de los niños con la que se frotaban la cabeza, cara, pecho, espalda, brazos y muslos después de haberse lavado todo el cuerpo, operación con la cual creían precaverse de toda clase de enfermedades. Frotaban igualmente con la misma pasta los umbrales de las casas en los que dejaban una pequeña porción para manifestar que habían sido purificados. El gran sacerdote hacía las mismas ceremonias en el palacio y en el templo del Sol, mientras que los demás sacerdotes de un orden inferior purificaban las capillas y otros lugares sagrados. En el instante en que el sol aparecía sobre el horizonte, la nación entera le tributaba sus homenajes. Le presentaba en la plaza de Cuzco un príncipe de la sangre real magníficamente vestido, con una lanza en la mano, adornada de plumas de diversos colores y enriquecido con muchos anillos de oro. Este inca se unía con otros cuatro, igualmente armados de lanzas que él purificaba en cierto modo tocándolas con la suya. Entonces declaraba que el sol les había elegido para quitar de entre ellos todas las enfermedades e inmediatamente estos cuatro corrían por todos los cuarteles de la ciudad, en cuyo momento salían las gentes de sus casas para tocar sus vestidos y frotarse luego la cabeza, el rostro, los brazos y muslos. Estas purificaciones iban acompañada de grandes aclamaciones de alegría y la superstición hacía creer a los peruanos que se habían alejado de su ciudad todas las enfermedades con aquellas ceremonias al menos cinco o seis leguas de la ciudad. (es)
- The situa or citua (in Quechua situwa raymi) was the health and ritual purification festival in the Inca Empire. It was held in Cusco, the capital of the empire, during the month of September on the day of the first moon after the spring equinox, which in the southern hemisphere takes place normally on September 23. It was a very important festival whose rites are well described by the early Spanish chroniclers, in particular Cristóbal de Molina, Polo de Ondegardo and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. The latter witnessed situas as a child after the Spaniards had reduced them to memorials of the actual Inca festival. The situa is also mentioned by Bernabé Cobo, who copied, most probably, its text from Molina, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa and Juan de Betanzos. The festival was held when the rain season had just begun and many illnesses tended to occur. Rituals to the Creator-god were thus executed both in Cusco and in other lands conquered by the Incas in order to purify them and "send the evil away". The four days rites included offerings "rams" (that is llamas and alpacas), carefully chosen for their white color, to the deities, purification by bathing in the river water, lighting large straw torches (like large balls, called panconcos) and preparing and eating the ritual maize buns called sanco (sankhu in Quechua) whose dough was often mixed with blood. All were allowed to drink chicha (fermented beverage, corn beer) during the four days festival «without stopping». A great number of persons and beasts gathered in the main plaza of Cusco (Haucaypata), which in Inca times was much larger than the current Plaza de Armas. Figures of the deities from the huacas (shrines) were carried to their respective temples they had in Cusco. To obtain proper cleanliness of the city, all foreigners and with those with physical defects were banished from the city for a distance of two leagues. According to Molina, Pachacuti Inca was the sovereign who defined the way the festival had to be performed, giving rules to an ancient tradition. (en)
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